不同用药方案对防治水稻主要害虫的效果评价

通过田间试验研究不同用药方案对稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟防治效果、田间节肢动物群落多样性及水稻产量的影响.结果表明,施用噻嗪酮和氯虫苯甲酰胺(用药方案 A)处理田稻飞虱虫口减退率和防治效果均显著低于施用吡虫啉和毒死蜱(用药方案B)处理田,用药方案A处理田卷叶率显著低于用药方案B.用药方案A田间节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)高于用药方案B,优势集中性指数(C)低于用药方案B,水稻产量比用药方案B增产24%.说明用药方案A对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的控制作用,对田间节肢动物群落影响较小,并且能够显著提高水稻产量.     

丙溴磷对稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟和稻飞虱3种水稻害虫的控制效果评价

用50％结果表明．丙溴但对稻飞虱的防虱的兼治药剂。丙溴磷乳油防治稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟和稻飞虱3磷对稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟具有良好的防治效果,效差．与目前广泛使用的吡虫啉药效相比,差异种水稻害虫的田闽试验。在生产上具有应用价值：极显著．建议不作为稻飞     

不同类型杀虫剂对水稻二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟的田间防治效果评价

基于同时防治水稻二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫药剂较少的现状,2014年采用田间小区试验探索了有机磷类、沙蚕毒素类、酰肼类、多杀菌素类、取代苯基吡唑类、缩氨基脲类、噁二嗪类、大环内酯抗生素类及双酰胺类等9类16种杀虫剂对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果。结果表明,200g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC和10%阿维·氟酰胺SC能有效控制二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟危害,且速效作用好、持效期长达28d,药后7~28d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为84.85%~93.37%和80.40%~86.16%。60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC、20%氟苯虫酰胺WG、40%氯虫·噻虫嗪WG、6%阿维·氯苯酰SC和10%四氯虫酰胺SC对二化螟的防治效果好而对稻纵卷叶螟有一定的兼治作用,药后7~28d防治效果分别为81.13%~97.17%和62.17%~85.26%。240g/L氰氟虫腙SC对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果好而对二化螟有较好的兼治效果,药后7~28d防治效果分别为76.98%~92.16%和76.37%~80.98%。1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME对二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果较好,速效性好且持效期较长,药后7~28d防治效果分别为69.29%~83.61%和68.84%~82.95%。此外,5%丁虫腈EC和30%茚虫威WG分别对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效,而20%三唑磷EC、40%水胺硫磷EC、29%杀虫双AS和240g/L甲氧虫酰肼SC难以有效控制二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟危害。在水稻生产实践中,建议轮换使用双酰胺类和大环内酯抗生素类杀虫剂、乙基多杀菌素和氰氟虫腙防治二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟。     

几种药剂防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟幼虫田间药效试验报告

田间药效试验表明:丁烯氟虫腈5%乳油50mL/667m2、茚虫威150g/L悬浮剂12mL/667m2、甲维·毒20%乳油100mL/667m2、氟虫腈80%水分散粒剂2g 毒死蜱40%乳油100mL/667m2、阿维菌素1.8%乳油30mL 硫丹35%乳油100mL/667m2、氟虫腈5%乳油50mL/667m2等6个处理的防治效果都在90%以上。     

多靶标杀虫剂——三氟苯嘧啶混配剂对水稻害虫的田间防治效果

基于兼治水稻害虫二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱的杀虫单剂缺乏的现状,2014-2015年采用田间小区试验评价了三氟苯嘧啶与氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、甲氧虫酰肼、茚虫威、阿维菌素或甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐混配以及吡蚜酮与氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对以上几种害虫的防治效果。结果表明,三氟苯嘧啶与氯虫苯甲酰胺混配最为理想,能有效控制二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱为害;药后14~21d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为89.40%~93.62%和86.57%~90.81%,药后42d对稻飞虱的防治效果为77.60%~82.24%。其次为三氟苯嘧啶与溴氰虫酰胺混配,对二化螟和稻飞虱高效且兼治稻纵卷叶螟;药后14~21d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为80.43%~86.75%和67.31%~75.30%,药后42d对稻飞虱的防治效果为79.07%~84.30%。三氟苯嘧啶与甲氧虫酰肼、茚虫威、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐或阿维菌素混配对稻飞虱高效,但难以有效控制二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害。而吡蚜酮与氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效,但后期对稻飞虱的控制作用一般。在水稻生产实践中,使用三氟苯嘧啶与氯虫苯甲酰胺或溴氰虫酰胺混配,可有效控制二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟及稻飞虱为害。     

有机硅肥对控制水稻螟虫的辅助作用

科学合理施肥对提高农作物产量、减少病虫害有着至关重要的作用。本研究在湖北随州、孝感和浠水等地点试验了施用叶面硅肥对水稻的增产作用和对螟虫的抑制效果。田间调查发现喷施硅肥的水稻植株较对照组明显健壮,始穗期提早4d,抽穗期提早3d,齐穗期提早2d且整齐度高,成熟期提早4d,水稻产量提高7.13%~8.10%。当25%液体硅肥稀释1 500倍时,较对照组每蔸平均多1.91个分蘖、被蛀分蘖率降低23%、平均每蔸降低0.56个卷叶。以上表明25%液体硅肥1 500液喷施对水稻螟虫的抑制效果最好,不仅可以提高水稻的产量,而且还可以减少水稻螟虫的危害。     

金龟子绿僵菌等生物药剂飞防水稻虫害效果试验

本文针对金龟子绿僵菌等生物药剂飞防对水稻虫害的效果开展了试验。结果表明,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐+金龟子绿僵菌CQMa(421)+高浓缩有机硅、短稳杆菌+高浓缩有机硅、金龟子绿僵菌CQMa(421)+高浓缩有机硅生物药剂处理均对螟虫和稻飞虱有较好的防治效果和增产效果,其中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐27mL/667m2+金龟子绿僵菌CQMa(421)80mL/667m~2+高浓缩有机硅处理每667m~2实际产量652.9kg,较空白对照增产29.3%,值得大面积示范推广。     

N-3型无人直升机施药方式对稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟防治效果的影响

为了阐明喷洒药械N-3型无人直升机(N-3 UAV)对稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果及应用前景,进行了飞机不同作业高度和不同喷洒浓度的田间药效试验.结果表明,在水稻分蘖后期,飞机每公顷喷洒48％毒死蜱·锐劲特EC 432 g(有效成分,下同),施药后3、5、10d对稻飞虱的防治效果为96.93％、92.21％、88.12％,对稻纵卷叶螟的保叶效果为63.29％、54.00％、58.33％,均优于传统担架式喷雾机喷洒防治效果.在水稻孕穗期,无人机在3m和5m的作业高度下,每公顷喷洒25％吡蚜酮SC 75 g,施药后10 d对稻飞虱的防治效果与每公顷喷洒60 g和52.5 g时防治效果无显著差异;每公顷施用40％二嗪·辛硫磷EC 480 g和384 g防治稻纵卷叶螟,施药后10d,3m作业高度下的杀虫效果均达90.90％,优于5m和7m的杀虫效果.     

虫酰·辛硫磷20%乳油防治稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱初步试验

试验结果表明：在稻纵卷叶螟的卵孵始盛期和稻飞虱的若虫盛期,用虫酰·辛硫磷20%乳油100g/667m2,药后15d对稻纵卷叶螟与稻飞虱的防治效果均达到95%以上。对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果显著优于稻丰散50%乳油120g/667m2,对稻飞虱的防治效果与吡蚜酮25%可湿性粉剂25g/667m2之间无显著差异。     

虫酰·辛硫磷20%乳油防治稻纵卷叶螟和禾舀飞虱初步试验

试验结果表明:在稻纵卷叶螟的卵孵始盛期和稻飞虱的若虫盛期,用虫酰-辛硫磷20%乳油100g/667m2,药后15d对稻纵卷叶螟与稻飞虱的防治效果均达到95%以上.对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果显著优于稻丰散50%乳油120g/667m2,对稻飞虱的防治效果与吡蚜酮25%可湿性粉剂25g/667m2之间无显著差异.     

杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾不同虫态的室内活性

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是一种联合国粮农组织预警的全球重大害虫。为了评价杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜力,在室内条件下测定了杀虫真菌金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421、球孢白僵菌ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫、蛹、成虫和卵的杀虫活性以及对卵孵化率、蛹羽化率等影响。结果显示：26℃条件下,菌株CQMa421和ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫具有杀虫活性,接种10 d后对1龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为35.6%和50.5%,但随虫龄增大杀虫活性降低,其中菌株CQMa421对4龄幼虫几乎没有杀虫活性;菌株CQMa421和ZJU435都引起草地贪夜蛾蛹黑化,降低其羽化率50%以上;但对成虫没有杀虫活性,也不影响成虫的产卵;卵接种菌株CQMa421和ZJU435后,孵化率分别为82.8%和90.7%,显著低于空白对照的100%,并极大地降低新孵化幼虫的存活率,分别为20.8%和0.0%,而空白对照为79.4%。结果表明,杀虫真菌CQMa421和ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫、蛹和卵具有杀虫活性,同时降低卵的孵化率、新孵化幼虫存活率和蛹羽化率,对草地贪夜蛾种群控制极具潜力。     

三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺对水稻稻飞虱及螟虫的田间防治效果评价

2015-2016年,采用田间小区试验评价了23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC、10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、10%溴氰虫酰胺SC与50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等水稻害虫的防治效果。结果表明,23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC能有效控制稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为75.12%～100.00%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为82.09%～99.12%和78.34%～95.71%。10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱高效,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟效果很差;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果分别为81.94%～97.76%和74.91%～93.56%,药后15～30 d对二化螟的防治效果分别为18.23%～43.14%和35.34%～42.71%、对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为20.04%～48.06%和13.62%～34.78%。10%溴氰虫酰胺SC对稻飞虱有一定效果却难以控制其危害,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为33.28%～62.11%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为90.51%～96.60%和86.51%～95.26%。综上,建议在对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟发生做好监测预报的基础上,采用如下措施:若只有稻飞虱发生达到防治指标而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟轻发生,只需使用10%三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂25 g/hm^2即可;若稻飞虱发生较轻未达到防治指标,而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟达到防治指标,则只需使用10%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂45 g/hm^2即可;当稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟均达到防治指标时,建议于稻飞虱低龄若虫盛发期或二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟低龄幼虫盛发期施用1次23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC 34.5 g/hm^2,对水450～750 L/hm^2茎叶均匀喷雾。     

两株杀虫真菌对陕西榆林草原蝗虫的防治效果

本研究对两株杀虫真菌金龟子绿僵菌QL-107和球孢白僵菌GYS-13对东亚飞蝗的毒力进行了测定,并利用其对榆林草原蝗虫进行了田间防治试验.通过室内生测发现球孢白僵菌GYS-13和金龟子绿僵菌QL-107对东亚飞蝗均具有较强的毒力,田间防治试验证明,两株杀虫真菌在山地草原对蝗虫综合防治效果达到75％以上,特别是球孢白僵菌...     

氟虫双酰胺防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟研究

2010和2012年,采用田间小区试验分别探索了氟虫双酰胺种子包衣处理、喷雾处理对水稻稻纵卷叶螟的实际防治效果.2010年试验结果表明,24％氟虫双酰胺水分散粒剂种子包衣处理对稻纵卷叶螟的控制作用较好,且持效期长.2012年试验结果表明,氟虫双酰胺不同剂型(20％悬浮剂、20％水分散粒剂)喷雾处理能有效防控该害虫危害,且持效性长达28 d,药后7～28 d卷叶防治效果分别为75.72％～97.21％、79.71％～97.43％;同时,该药剂对稻纵卷叶螟低龄及高龄幼虫的杀灭效果高,药后7～21 d防治效果大于92％.     

Biopesticide based sustainable pest management for safer production of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and Africa

Vegetables are one of the important crops which could alleviate poverty and malnutrition among the smallholder farmers in tropical Asia and Africa. However, a plethora of pests limit the productivity of these crops, leading to economic losses. Vegetable producers overwhelmingly rely on chemical pesticides in order to reduce pest‐caused economic losses. However, over‐reliance on chemical pesticides poses serious threats to human and environmental health. Hence, biopesticides offer a viable alternative to chemical pesticides in sustainable pest management programs. Baculoviruses such as nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and granulovirus (GV) have been exploited as successful biological pesticides in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Maruca vitrata multiple nucleocapsid NPV (MaviMNPV) was found to be a unique baculovirus specifically infecting pod borer on food legumes, and it has been successfully developed as a biopesticide in Asia and Africa. Entomopathogenic fungi also offer sustainable pest management options. Several strains of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been tested and developed as biopesticides in Asia and Africa. This review specifically focuses on the discovery and development of entomopathogenic virus and fungi‐based biopesticides against major pests of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and Africa. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

阿维菌素及其复配药剂对稻纵卷叶螟田间防治效果

为筛选防治稻纵卷叶螟的高效、低毒、低残留杀虫剂,在南昌用阿维菌素及其复配药剂进行了砌间药效试验。试验结果表明,37％阿维菌素·丙溴磷乳油（卡蒙,含2％阿维菌素和35％丙澳磷）和2％阿维菌素乳油对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果最好,每667m^2用150ml的卡蒙和2％阿维菌素乳油对稻纵卷叶螟的72h校正死亡率分别为86．2％和87．3％,10d的保叶效果分别为87．5％和87．2％,且对水稻生长安全,具有应用价值。     

Susceptibility of larvae and adults of Monochamus galloprovincialis to entomopathogenic fungi under controlled conditions

Six entomopathogenic fungal isolates were tested under controlled conditions, as biological control agents against Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (Olivier), the vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) (Steiner and Buhrer). The fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, Metarhizium sp. and Fusarium sp. were tested against larvae and adults of the insect, by comparing two exposure techniques: continuous contact and spraying. Regarding the larvae, only Fusarium sp. and Metarhizium sp. killed more than 40% of the individuals, while B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were found to kill 50% of the adults (LT₅₀) within five days. Exposure to B. bassiana reduced adult longevity by 19 days, when compared to untreated beetles, and had a direct efficacy of 46%. Continuous contact with the fungi proved to be more effective than spraying. A larval disinfection protocol was developed to eliminate other fungal isolates from the wood-collected tested individuals. The implications of the results and possible applications of selected strains as bio-control agents against M. galloprovincialis are discussed.     

Efficacy of dose-dependent indigenous microbial insecticides against cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) at various temperature regimes

Strain selection based on temperature may be warranted when choosing an isolate for development as a microbial control agent. To this end, the effects of three temperature regimes, namely 20, 25 and 30°C, on the virulence of four Beauveria and two Metarhizium isolates against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, were investigated under controlled conditions, 65–70% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (light: dark) hours. The isolates did vary significantly in their activities of efficacy over a range of temperatures. The highest mortality and lowest survival times were observed at 25°C for DLCO41 and at 30°C for DLCO87; while mortality decreased and survival time increased at temperatures of 20°C. Besides the tested fungal isolate DLCO87 had the lowest LC₅₀ value (6.84 × 10⁵ conidia mL^?1) at 30°C. The promising result of this study should enable us to conduct further studies to determine the potential use of the fungus as an agent against Aphis gossypii both in greenhouse and under field conditions.