Soil Water Flux Below the Root Zone of a Peanut Crop

This paper reports the result of field experiments conducted in Agricultural Engineering Department Farm, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India to estimate changes in water flux below the root zone of a peanut crop with varying irrigation levels in a lateritic sandy loam soil. The magnitude and direction of moisture flux around the root zone were considerably influenced by levels of irrigation and time.     

Effect of Mulch and Irrigation Water Amounts on Soil Evaporation and Transpiration

Soil evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, and yield of pepper as affected by mulch and five amounts of irrigation water were studied in greenhouse pot experiments during 1996 (March 26–July 13). Five different amounts of irrigation water were imposed on covered and open soil surface clay loam soil in five replicates. Water losses by evaporation and/or transpiration were measured daily by weighing. Irrigation water was applied once weekly. The amount of irrigation water added to each treatment was determined from the differences in weights.
Covering soil surface reduced the required amount of irrigation water. With deficit (under) irrigation, the reduction in applied irrigation water was about 14%. and increased to 29 % with excess (over) irrigation. Transpiration in covered soil surface treatments were higher than transpiration in open soil surface treatments with limited irrigation water applied, With limited (deficit) irrigation, increasing irrigation water applied decreased the percentage of soil evaporation and the contribution of soil evaporation to crop evapotranspiration. With excess irrigation, increasing water applied increased the percentage of soil evaporation and its contribution to the total evapotranspiration. Soil evaporation reduced pepper yield significantly, and this might be owing to the reduction in the available soil water associated with limited-to-complete irrigation.     

山西省土壤热扩散率和液态水通量密度研究

为研究山西省土壤热性质的时空分布,对各地区土壤热性质进行比较并讨论不同深度土壤层热性质的差异。利用山西省11个地市气象观测站2009年5—10月的浅层土壤温度资料,采用Gao方法研究山西省土壤热扩散率和液态水通量密度。结果表明：（1）山西省的土壤热扩散率k=0.01×10^-6~5.09×10^-6m2/s和液态水通量密度W=-13.28×10^-6~26.92×10^-6m/s。（2）山西省土壤热扩散率和液态水通量密度在垂直方向上不同性。（3）在0.025m层,大同市的k值和W值都是最小的,而晋城市的k值和W值都是最大的。液态水通量密度的最大值都出现在0.025m层。     

周期性淹水对消落区水土环境的影响及控制对策

三峡库区消落区生态脆弱,在水土交互作用下消落区土壤母岩风化成土进度加快、土壤侵蚀加剧、土壤氮磷等营养物质及重金属大量溶出,其中N、P、COD和重金属是主要的溶出因子,淹没的耕地是主要的污染源。成库初期消落区生态脆弱性增强、水土流失加剧、地质灾难增加、岸边污染加重,尤其在水流缓慢的库湾将会出现局部的富营养化现象;随着消落区稳定的库岸湿地生态系统的形成,水土耦合呈现正的环境效应。为了尽快构建健康的消落区生态系统,防止三峡库区消落区水土环境的退化,必须加强和发挥政府宏观调控职能、建立消落区土地保护区域、推广复合生态技术并做好库区污染防治与修复工作。     

覆沙对松嫩平原盐碱裸地的改良和利用效果研究

本文研究不同覆沙厚度及覆沙后种植农作物和饲草对松嫩平原盐碱裸地的改良和利用效果.结果 表明:覆沙后沙土层土壤含水量、pH和电导率明显低于盐碱土层,且随沙土深度的增加而增加,在同一沙土层随覆沙厚度的增加而降低.不同厚度覆沙后表层盐碱土电导率由初始621 μS/cm降低至389～594 μ,S/cm.2013年覆沙30 c...     

水、土环境变化下消落区生态环境问题研究

三峡水库投入使用后，在库区两岸形成周期性变化的水陆交错地带即消落区。通过调查消落区的类型、分布、面积等基本情况，从消落区水、土相互作用角度，分析了消落区在水、土交互作用下对水、陆生态系统的影响，提出了利用生物缓冲带等技术来建立消落区生态保护的措施。     

典型草原区草地潜热通量特征

为研究局地小气候和草地生态系统变化提供依据。利用2010年6月1日—8月31日开路涡度相关系统和常规气象观测系统资料,分析锡林浩特典型草原区草地潜热通量变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,6—8月总体能量平衡闭合很好,闭合度达83.9%。晴天闭合度为81.4%,阴天闭合度为95.0%,处于国内外同类观测闭合度范围的上等水平;潜热通量日变化呈单峰型二次曲线,日出后逐渐升高,中午左右达到峰值,然后逐渐降低,日落后趋于稳定。晴天和阴天的潜热通量日变化趋势相同,但阴天波动性较大,变幅大于晴天,且峰值滞后于晴天;潜热通量与净辐射、气温、地表温度、地表温度与气温差、呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度呈极显著负相关,而与水平风速的相关性相对较弱。其中,净辐射是最大的影响因素。     

秸秆覆盖下的土壤水热运移

土壤水热耦合运移的数值模拟研究是在二十世纪五十年代在等温水分运动模型的基础上发展起来的,随着秸秆覆盖节水技术的发展,秸秆覆盖下水热耦合运移的数值模型得到不断研究和发展。秸秆覆盖下水热耦合数值模拟由于考虑了覆盖层对水热运移的影响变得复杂,文中综述了土壤水热运移模拟到秸秆覆盖下水热运移数值模拟的发展过程,常用的推求土壤参数的经验公式和秸秆覆盖下土壤水热耦合的上边界条件的确定方法。     

Thermodynamic Condition of Water Evaporation and Diffusion in the Convective Drying Process

On the base of non equilibrium thermodynamic theory and phase equilibrium principle, the physical mechanism of surface water evaporation and vapor diffusion is analyzed in the convective drying of porous material, and the thermodynamic condition of convective drying process is established. A new driving potential of water evaporation and vapor diffusion is set up and the effect of the drying medium temperature and humidity on the driving potential is discussed.     

玛纳斯河流域沙漠与绿洲过渡带土壤水盐变化特征与规律

土壤盐碱化防治是新疆地区农业乃至社会经济发展的重要任务。在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选取了两个耕地土壤剖面和一个丘间地原生土壤剖面进行调查,室内测量其土壤粒径、容重、含水率和含盐量,探讨了原生盐碱荒地及开垦农田水盐变化特征与规律,以便为该地区防治盐碱化提供必要的科学依据。调查分析结果表明：（1）土层物理性质的差异对土壤水盐分布特征有较为明显的影响,粘粒及粉粒较多的土层积盐现象更为明显;（2）土层的结构异质性对水分盐分有阻滞作用,导致土壤中存在盐分堆积层;（3）灌溉水导致土体淋溶强度增大,这虽能降低土体中的盐分却增加地下水矿化的风险。建议该地区土壤盐碱化防治应因土层异质性而设置相应的排水措施,灌排结合以达到土壤盐碱化防治乃至保护地下水的目的。     

呼伦贝尔市农牧交错区典型土壤剖面理化性状特征分析

以呼伦贝尔市农牧交错区典型土壤(黑土、黑钙土、暗棕壤、草甸土、栗钙土)为研究对象,对比研究不同土壤剖面发生层次容重、机械组成、有机碳、全氮、全磷等理化特征的分布规律。结果表明：在呼伦贝尔市农牧交错区,典型土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷均表现出随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低的趋势,而土壤容重、pH值的变化出现相反的趋势,且不同利用方式下土壤容重、有机碳、全氮、全磷含量的累积量不同,牧草地土壤>农田土壤。不同土壤类型有机碳：黑钙土>黑土>栗钙土>草甸土>暗棕壤;全氮：黑钙土>黑土>栗钙土>草甸土>暗棕壤;全磷：栗钙土>黑土>暗棕壤>草甸土>黑钙土。在所有典型土壤中,全钾和机械组成在土壤剖面层次上无明显规律。     

东平湖湖滨带不同植被类型下春季土壤CO2通量研究

为了准确揭示湖滨带不同植被类型的土壤呼吸差异,并为湿地生态系统碳收支研究提供基础理论依据,采用LI-8100A开路式土壤碳通量测量系统,测定东平湖湖滨带3种典型植被类型（香蒲、芦苇、人工杨树林）的春季土壤CO2通量特征。结果表明：（1）3种植物群落中,人工杨树林的土壤有机质明显要高于其他2个原生湿地土壤;（2）3种植物群落的土壤CO2释放速率日变化趋势都均为单峰曲线;土壤碳通量速率最高值在12:00-14:00,最低值出现在6:00。以人为扰动过的土壤,即杨树林群落土壤呼吸速率最大,日平均值达到2.26 μmol/(m2?s);（3）土壤CO2释放速率与近地面大气温度的相关性要高于与土壤温度相关性。分析表明,同一气候区相同环境因子对不同植物群落土壤呼吸的影响作用不同,且因其自身具有明显的日变化,从而导致对土壤呼吸的调控作用也具有明显的日变化模式。     

Estimation of Soil Evaporation During Fallow Seasons to Assess Water Balances for No‐Tillage Crop Rotations

Abstract Estimates of soil evaporation and available soil water of no‐tillage fields under farm conditions are important to assess soil water status at sowing of rainfed grain crops. The objective of this study was to predict stored soil water of no‐tillage fields during the fallow periods following soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) crops by accounting for decreased soil evaporation as a result of the residues left on the soil surface. Three simple phenomenological models were used to simulate stored soil water under field conditions at seven locations in Argentina. Two models calculated decreased soil evaporation based on crop residue mass, and the third assumed a constant fractional decrease in bare soil evaporation. All models gave good estimates of soil water content during the fallow periods following a soybean crop. In cases with large quantities of maize residue, however, the models resulted in more water retention in the soil than observed as a consequence of underprediction of soil evaporation. These results indicate that full benefit of crop residue was not being achieved in these fields, probably due to a failure to finely chop and uniformly distribute the crop material on the soil surface.     

基于前期降水量和蒸发量的土壤湿度预测研究

为了更好地了解和探讨土壤湿度预测方法,根据衡阳2009-2010年土壤湿度资料和相关气象资料,建立了基于前期降水量和蒸发量的土壤湿度预测模型,并进行试报和验证。结果表明：基于1 mm降水与蒸发的差建立的土壤湿度线性回归模型和基于1 mm降水量和1 mm降水与蒸发的差建立的土壤湿度逐步回归模型试报了2009年8-12月0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层的土壤湿度,线性回归模型预报的平均相对误差分别为10.06%、5.56%、7.14%,逐步回归模型预报的平均相对误差分别为10.05%、5.59%、6.85%。2种模型预测的土壤湿度状况基本能反映旱情发展的动态趋势。模型可为准确预测土壤湿度的变化,为开展气象为农服务和防灾减灾提供参考。     

煤矿废水对岩溶区水源及土壤污染、危害与评价

为了研究煤矿废水对地下水、表水、土壤污染及危害状况以及可能对农作物污染程度的评价,通过对研究区的地下水、地表水进行全面调查分析后,对受煤矿废水污染的水源、土壤进行重金属含量及相关项目的检测分析及质量评价。结果表明：未污染的地下水（泉水）水质良好,受煤矿废水直接污染的3、9、17号地下水域及表水水质很坏,除Pb、Cr、Hg外,Cu、Cd、Zn、Ni、As、pH值、SO42-项目全部超出当地地下水背景值,最大达89倍(Cd),质量评级为重度污染。污染水源按饮用水标准,判别出超标项目主要为Cd、Ni元素及pH,最高达9.8倍(Cd),质量评级为重度危害;按农田灌溉用水标准,判别出超标元素为Cd,高达4.4倍,质量评级为重度危害;按土壤环境质量二级标准判别出土壤中污染的元素为Cd,高达10.5倍,质量评级为重度危害、对农作物重度污染。     

Water and Soil Conservation in Taiwan Based on Theoretical Research of Water and Soil Ecology

Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. From the perspective of water and soil ecology theory, new forms of water and soil loss emerged since the industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan, also known as hidden water and soil loss, such as soil hardening, change of original landform, destruction of ecological landscape etc.. These losses should be controlled through water and soil conservation measures such as initial involvement, dynamic analysis, systematic treatment and disaster avoidance, all production and construction activities should follow three elements(water, soil and vegetation) and their correlation laws, in order to maintain water and soil ecological balance. By integrating water and soil ecological concepts, water and soil conservation in Taiwan will make more progress.     

长武县近30年水面蒸发量与温度、降水量关系通径分析

为了揭示各气象因子对于水面蒸发量的影响并找出影响水面蒸发量的主要气象因素。本文先后采用相关分析和通径分析的研究方法,对陕西省咸阳市长武县1979-2008年蒸发量及相关气象因子进行统计分析。结果表明：各个气象因子的变异程度在合理范围内,变异系数的大小为：温度(CV=0.06)<水面蒸发量(CV=0.12)<降水量(CV=0.24);各气象因子与水面蒸发量之间存在着相关性,且相关程度为：温度(r=0.930)>降水量(r=0.764);在进一步的通径分析研究中,从直接效应来看,温度对蒸发量的影响较为明显,降水量则相对较小,且呈现一定的副作用;从通径分析的间接效应来看,降水量主要通过平均温度对蒸发量产生影响。降水量对蒸发量的影响主要是通过温度变化起作用,因此,影响水面蒸发量的主导因素为温度变化。     

Calculation Method of Water Temperature in the Condition of Heat Rrejection for Lake Water Source Heat Pump Systems

The temperature of water used for surface water source heat pump（WSHP） could make dynamic changes in the condition of heat or cold rejection. When the water temperature is over the amount of heat or cold rejection that water can take, WSHP system will run irregularly even paralyze. Based on two dimensional model of the initial water temperature, dynamic model of water used for WSHP was proposed with mass equation and energy equation. And with flow equation coupled with temperature equation, the equation of water temperature changes in load was obtained.     

水分胁迫下土壤水蒸散模型研究

对水分胁迫下农田土壤水分蒸散模型进行了研究，在水分胁迫下实际蒸散量与潜在蒸散量之间关系为：ＥＴ＝ＫＷ·ＥＴＭ，ＫＷ与根层土壤有效水分含量具有直线相关性。模型中考虑根系分布的影响，能明显提高模型精度。