口服硫酸安普霉素在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对 5头健康猪口服和静脉注射国产硫酸安普霉素 ,研究其在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。用微生物法测定血清药物浓度 ,结果平均回收率为 99.0 3%,血清最低检测浓度为 0 .0 5 μg/ ml,日内日间变异系数为 2 .2 %～ 5 .0 %,且血清浓度在0 .0 5～ 3μg/ m l范围呈良好线性关系 (r=0 .996 5 )。以 2 0 mg/ kg口服和以 2 0 mg/ kg静脉注射硫酸安普霉素后 ,经 Mcpkp药代动力学计算机程序处理 ,体内药物运转分别符合开放型一室和二室模型 ,生物半衰期 t1 / 2 分别为 (7.36± 1 .5 2 ) h和 (3.1 7± 0 .75 )h;CLB分别为 4 .82 L / kg· h和 0 .1 6 L / kg· h;AUC值分别为 4 .1 4和 1 30 .6 2。口服 :Cmax为 (0 .2 4± 0 .0 3)μg/ ml;Tp为 (5 .1 2±0 .6 1 ) h;T1 / 2 K为 (7.36± 1 .5 2 ) ;生物利用度 (AUCp.0 / AUCi.v)为 (3.1 92 8± 0 .70 4 4 ) %。上述药代动力学数据为动物临床用药提供有价值的理论依据     

硫酸安普霉素在猪体内的药代动力学研究

实验猪6头,单剂量(20mg/kg)静脉注射国产硫酸安普霉素,用微生物法测定血清药物浓度,研究其在猪体内的药代动力学.结果平均回收率为99.03%,血清最低检测浓度为0.05μg/ml,日内日间变异系数为2.2%～5.1%,且血清浓度在0.05～3.00μg/ml范围呈良好线性关系(r=0.9965).猪静脉注射硫酸安普霉素血药浓度,经Mcpkp药代动力学计算机程序处理,体内药物运转符合开放型二室模型,t1/2c(0.75士0.21)h,t12β(3.019±0.67)h,CLB为(0.16士0.01)1/kg·h     

硫酸多粘菌素E在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

健康断奶仔猪 5头 ,分别进行单剂量肌注 (2 5和 5 0mg/kgb .w .)和静注 (2 5mg/kgb .w .)给药 ,并用微生物学方法对硫酸多粘菌素E在猪体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度进行了研究。以 3P97程序处理血药浓度—时间数据 ,结果表明 ,以 2 5和 5 0mg/kgb .w .的剂量肌注给药时 ,其血清中药物的峰浓度 (Cmax)分别为 3 73± 0 2 8μg/ml和 6 40± 0 1 8μg/ml,达峰时间分别为 32 2 2± 1 51min和 34 1 8± 1 76min ,消除半衰期 (t1 / 2 β)为 2 55 99± 1 3 65min和 2 64 0 8± 2 8 57min ;以 2 5mg/kgb .w .的剂量静注给药时 ,其消除半衰期 (t1 / 2 β)为 2 51 2 8± 1 2 53min。静注和肌注在体内的分布均为一级吸收二室模型。肌注 2 5和 5 0mg/kgb .w .剂量的注射液时 ,其平均绝对生物利用度分别为 98 30 %和 88 54 %。     

头孢噻呋钠在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

用微生物杯蝶法测定血清药物浓度,6头实验猪按5 mg/kg单剂量静注、肌注头孢噻呋钠(Ceftiofur Sodium),对其药代动力学和生物利用度进行了研究.试验菌为蜡样芽孢杆菌1.1687,结果平均回收率为96.52%,血清最低检测浓度为0.15 μg/ml,日内日间变异系数为2.5%～4.9%,血清浓度在0.3～0.8 μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9884).药时数据经Mcpkp药代动力学计算机程序处理,猪静注、肌注头孢噻呋钠体内药物运转都符合二室开放模型,其中静注的药代动力学参数为T1/2α=2.22 h,T1/2β=14.64 h, K12=0.09/h, K21=0.078/h, Kel=0.20/h, V1=0.34 l/kg, VB =1.38 l/kg, CLB=0.07 l/kg/h,AUC=76.56 mg/l*h; 肌注药代动力学参数为Tmax=0.69 h,Cmax=12.09 μg/ml,T1/2ka=0.19 h,T1/2β=15.18 h,Kel=0.23/h,K12=0.14/h,K21=0.08/h;生物利用度为AUCi.m/AUCi.v=87.97%.     

阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度研究

研究阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学特征,并评价其与市售注射用阿莫西林钠的生物等效性。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定血浆中阿莫西林浓度,通过Data Analysis System（DAS 3.0）计算药动学参数,采用非房室模型分析方法对药代动力学参数进行评价,猪经内服给药后,药物平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为3.12±0.41h,平均达峰时间Tmax为1.63±0.35h,平均达峰浓度Cmax为4101.35±631.55μg/L,平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为13540.33±3445.51μg/L×h,消除速率常数λz为0.36±0.14/h,半衰期t1/2z为2.48±1.73h。猪经静脉注射给药后,平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为1.54±0.35h,平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为8522.56±1430.51μg/L×h,消除速率常数λz为0.23±0.12/h,半衰期t1/2z为3.84±2.03h。结果表明：受试制剂阿莫西林可溶性粉经内服给药后,具有较快的吸收速度,吸收进血液后在体内的停留时间较短,代谢较快,平均达峰时间短,药物消除速度较快,平均绝对生物利用度为79.44%,为临床制定合理用药方案提供科学依据。     

硫酸安普霉素及其制剂的研究进展

安普霉素(Apramycin)是美国于19世纪60年代研制出的具有广谱抗菌活性、畜禽专用的一类抗生素，亦称阿泊拉霉素，它是由黑暗链霉菌族菌产生的一种氨基环醇类抗生素，主要通过干扰原核生物核蛋白质的合成而抑制细菌的繁殖，对畜禽感染的革兰氏阴性菌有较强抗菌活性，特别是对对其他抗生素耐药的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等有强抗菌作用，且不易产生耐药性，有广泛的市场前景和需求，国内先后有多家进行了研制。     

猪肌注硫酸安普霉素的血清浓度测定

给６头健康猪单剂量肌肉注射国产硫酸安普霉素（２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,采取血样,用微生物法测定硫酸安普霉素的血清药物浓度。结果平均回收率为９９．０３％,血清是低检测浓度为０．１μｇ／ｍｌ,日内、日间变异系数为２．２％～５．１％,血清药物浓度在０．１～３．０μｇ／ｍｌ范围呈良好线性关系（ｒ＝０．９９６５）,用此法对６头猪肌注硫酸安普霉素的血清药物浓度测定,得出药时,曲线数据。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定硫酸安普霉素含量的研究

建立了HPLC-ELSD法测定硫酸安普霉素、硫酸安普霉素可溶性粉和硫酸安普霉素预混剂中安普霉素的含量.采用XBridge C18柱(4.6×150 mm,5μm),以0.2 mol/L三氟乙酸-甲醇溶液(98:2)为流动相,柱温30℃,流速1.0 ml/min,雾化器加热级别为60%,漂移管温度为60℃,气体压力为35psi,增益为5.对照品在进样量为0.4-10μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997),安普霉素回收率为99.5%-102.7%.该方法简便、准确、快速,适合硫酸安普霉素及其制剂的质量控制.     

硫酸安普霉素注射液中硫酸安普霉素含量的测定

本研究采用旋光法测定硫酸安普霉素注射液中硫酸安普霉素含量。结果表明：硫酸安普霉素在5～40mg/ml的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.99986,n=5）,回收率为99.6%,RSD：1.0%。说明能够简便、快速、重现性较好的测定硫酸安普霉素注射液（5ml：0.5g（500000IU））中硫酸安普霉素的含量,与药典规定的抗生素微生物检定法测定的结果有较好的可比性。适合药厂对该制剂中间产品的质量控制。     

泰地罗新注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及绝对生物利用度研究

为了研究泰地罗新注射液肌内注射和静脉注射在猪体内的药动学特征和绝对生物利用度,16只健康猪采用随机单剂量、平行试验设计,分别以4 mg/kg BW肌内注射和以1 mg/kg BW静脉注射泰地罗新注射液。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪血浆中泰地罗新的浓度,以药动学分析软件WinNolin 6.4非房室模型计算药动学参数。结果显示,猪肌内注射泰地罗新注射液的药动学参数分别为Tmax(0.58±0.36)h,Cmax(0.88±0.17)μg/ml,AUClast(11.00±4.05)μg.h/mL,T1/2λz(33.58±22.01) h,MRTlast(35.60±10.00 )h。猪静脉注射泰地罗新注射液的药动学参数分别为AUClast(3.56±1.62)μg.h/mL,T1/2λz(50.91±23.47)h,MRTlast(37.53±4.52 )h,Vz(17.59±8.09)L/kg,Cl(0.31±0.14)L/h.kg。肌内注射泰地罗新注射液的绝对生物利用度77.15%,在猪体内的药动学特征是吸收迅速,血浆达峰时间短,消除半衰期长,绝对生物利用度高。     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

为了研究硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性,将10头健康猪随机分成两组,按2 mg/kg体重肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中硫酸头孢喹肟的浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性.肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液后两组的消除半衰期(T1/2β)、达峰浓度(Cmax)、曲线下面积(AUC)等参数差异不显著(P＞0.05).采用双单侧t检验进行判断,受试组AUC 90％置信区间为108.2％ ～ 115.3％,在对照组均值的80％～120％范围内;Cmax90％置信区间为91.9％～115.3％,在对照组均值的70％ ～130％范围内.两种产品在猪体内具有生物等效性和类似的药代动力学,为临床给药方案的制定和临床合理用药提供了参考.     

恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药动学及生物利用度

本文比较了恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液在猪体内的药动学特征和生物利用度。选用 7头健康猪按拉丁方设计进行静注、肌注恩诺沙星溶液和肌注恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药物动力学研究。 3种给药方法的剂量均为 10mg/kg。猪静注给药的药时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1/ 2α0 6 4± 0 15h ,t1/ 2 β9 0 6± 2 47h ,Vd(area) 4 40± 0 88L/kg ,ClB0 35± 0 0 6L·kg-1·h-1,AUC2 9 85± 4 11L·kg-1·h。猪肌注恩诺沙星溶液和恩诺沙星混悬液的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,其主要药动学参数分别为t1/ 2ka0 2 4± 0 10h和 1 2 5± 1 0 9h(P <0 0 5 ) ;t1/ 2ke8 90± 2 0 2h和 18 95± 4 5 5h(P <0 0 1) ;Tmax1 2 5± 0 41h和 5 14± 2 95h(P <0 0 1) ;Cmax1 5 4± 0 2 5 μg/ml和 0 87± 0 2 1μg/ml;AUC2 1 49± 4 94mg·L-1·h和 2 8 97± 10 80mg·L-1·h ;F72 0 %±17 4%和 97 7%± 35 0 %。比较肌注恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液的主要药动学参数 ,二者有显著差异 ,前者的t1/ 2ka、Tmax、t1/ 2ke和Cmax分别为后者的 5 2、4 1、2 1和 0 6倍。这些差异说明恩诺沙星混悬液肌注后吸收缓慢 ,消除半衰期延长 ,临床应用 48h给药 1次仍能维持对常见病原菌的有效血药     

Pharmacokinetics of Sulpiride After Intravenous,Intramuscular, and Oral Single-Dose Administration in Nurse Mares

Sulpiride (SLP) is an antipsychotic drug used in humans. Although no pharmacokinetic data are available for horses, it is commonly used to encourage ovulation in noncycling mares and to stimulate lactation in adoptive mares. The aim of this study is to assess the pharmacokinetics profile of SLP after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral (PO) administrations in normal horses. Animals (n = 6) were treated with 1 mg/kg SLP, administered by IV, IM, and PO routes according to a randomized crossover design (3 × 3 Latin square). Blood samples (5 mL) were collected at a programmed time and analyzed using a validated with fluorescence detection method. SLP was present at a detectable concentration up to 24 hours postadministration for all routes, except for one animal in the PO group. IV and IM administrations gave similar curves, with an IM average bioavailability of 118.0%. These high values were mainly the result of the profile generated by two horses, in which a secondary concentration peak occurred in the terminal phase of the curve. After PO administration, AUC_0-∞, and consequently bioavailability (20.4%), was low. This finding could be owing to the physicochemical features of the drug. Indeed, considering that SLP is a weak base, existing in the ionized form at gastric and physiological pH, it is unsurprising that it is poorly absorbable, especially in horses with a particularly acidic gastric pH. In conclusion, injective routes are definitely preferable to PO dosing because of the low bioavailability using this route.     

安普霉素中妥布霉素检查方法的研究

采用薄层色谱法。浆样品溶液与安普霉素及妥布霉素标准溶液,分别点５μｇ于硅胶ＧＦ２５４薄层板上,以甲醇－氯仿－氨水（６：２：４）为展开剂,开展后,置碘蒸气中熏后,在紫外光灯（２５４ｎｍ）下检视,将样品、安普霉素、妥布霉素各溶液显示的主斑点位置进行比较,能较理想的确定样品中是否含有妥霉素。     

Pharmacokinetics after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of difloxacin in sheep

The disposition kinetics of difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration were determined in sheep at a single dose of 5mg/kg. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental (after IV dose) and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics method (after IV, IM and SC administration). Plasma concentrations of difloxacin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Steady-state volume of distribution (V(ss)) and clearance (Cl) of difloxacin after IV administration were 1.68+/-0.21L/kg and 0.21+/-0.03L/hkg, respectively. Following IM and SC administration difloxacin achieved maximum plasma concentration of 1.89+/-0.55 and 1.39+/-0.14mg/L at 2.42+/-1.28 and 5.33+/-1.03h, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after IM and SC routes were 99.92+/-26.50 and 82.35+/-25.65%, respectively. Based on these kinetic parameters, difloxacin is likely to be effective in sheep.     

盐酸多西环素注射液在猪体内药效-药代动力学研究

为研究自制盐酸多西环素注射液在猪体内的药代动力学-药效学,对10头健康猪单次肌内注射盐酸多西环素注射液,采用UPLC法测定血浆中药物浓度,利用药代动力学软件WinNonlin进行数据处理。结果显示,主要药代动力学参数：消除半衰期t1/2为（31．3±9．2）h,达峰时间Tmax为（0．80±0．7）h,峰浓度Cmax为（4132±2475）μg/L,药时曲线下面积AUC为（88378±88095）（μg／L）·h,平均滞留时间MRT为（20．5±2．5）h;PK／PD参数T〉MIC为24h,AUC／MIC〉50。试验表明该制剂以10mg／kg剂量肌内注射,给药间隔两天一次为宜。     

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Florfenicol Following Intravenous,Intramuscular and Oral Administrations in Rabbits

This study examined the disposition kinetics and bioavailability of florfenicol after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administration to rabbits at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW. Serial blood samples were collected through an indwelling catheter intermittently for 24 h for various routes. Plasma antibacterial concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay method with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as a reference organism. Plasma concentration-time data generated in the present study were analysed by non-compartmental methods based on statistical moment theory. Following i.v. administration, the overall elimination half-life (t1/2beta) was 1.54 h, mean residence time (MRT) was 1.69 h, mean volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) was 0.57 L/kg, and total body clearance (Cltot) was 0.34 L/kg/h. After i.m. and oral dosing, the terminal part of the curve should correspond to the absorption phase, instead of to the elimination phase, with terminal half-lives of 3.01 and 2.57 h, respectively. The mean absorption time (MAT) was 2.65 h for i.m. and 2.01 h for oral administration. Elimination rate constants differed with i.v., i.m. and oral administrations, suggesting a flip-flop situation. The observed mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax obs) were 21.65 and 15.14 microg/ml achieved at a post-injection time (Tmax obs) of 0.5 h following i.m. and oral dosing, respectively. The absolute systemic availabilities were 88.25% and 50.79%, respectively, and the extent of plasma protein binding percent was 11.65%.     

Pharmacokinetics after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of moxifloxacin in sheep

The disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration was determined in sheep at a single dose of 5 mg/kg. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental (after IV dose) and non-compartmental (after IV, IM and SC administration) pharmacokinetic methods. Plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Steady-state volume of distribution (V_ss) and clearance (Cl) of moxifloxacin after IV administration were 2.03 ± 0.36 L/kg and 0.39 ± 0.04 L/h kg, respectively. Following IM and SC administration, moxifloxacin achieved maximum plasma concentration of 1.66 ± 0.62 mg/L and 0.90 ± 0.19 mg/L at 2.25 ± 0.88 h and 3.25 ± 1.17 h, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after IM and SC routes were 96.12 ± 32.70% and 102.20 ± 23.76%, respectively. From these data (kinetic parameters and absence of adverse reactions) moxifloxacin may be a potentially useful antibiotic in sheep.     

硫酸安普霉素对哺乳仔猪黄白痢的预防试验

为了解国产硫酸安普霉素对哺乳仔猪黄痢和白痢发病率、成活率及体重的影响 ,用国产硫酸安普霉素对 2 0头哺乳母猪和 1 55头哺乳仔猪分别进行了为期 3 0 d的饲喂试验 ,结果表明 :在母猪或仔猪或同时添加硫酸安普霉素 ,均能提高仔猪成活率 ,降低仔猪黄痢、白痢发生率 ,促进仔猪生长。