Geographic dispersion and varietal diversity in Vicia faba L.

Summary Twenty-six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) populations, from five geographic areas and five varietal types have been assayed electrophoretically for variation in seven isozyme systems. Isozyme frequencies in populations, botanical varieties and geographical areas were submitted to the principal component analysis (PCA). Varieties grouped together showed no differences among them except for isolated populations. Populations from Ethiopia and China lay far apart in PCA from those of other origins. It seems that no genetic divergence at the isozyme level took place during the varietal formation and dispersion process, except when geographical isolation of the population occurred. The results support the hypothesis of an isolation of the crop in Ethiopia and in China.     

Modelling production of field crops and its requirements

Simulation models are being developed that enable quantitative estimates of the growth and production of the main agricultural crops under a wide range of weather and soil conditions. For this purpose, several hierarchically ordered production situations are distinguished in such a way that the results of simulations on one hierarchical situation are used as input for the calculations of another. For the highest hierarchical production situation, water and plant nutrients are optimally available; in the next situation water may be limiting at times, whereas in further situations limited supplies of the main plant nutrients are also taken into account. The reclamation activities and the yield-increasing inputs that are needed to achieve the simulated yield levels for the various situations are estimated.

The weather data and the physical soil data that are needed for the calculations in the first two hierarchical production situations are specified. It is shown that environmental heterogeneity contributes considerably to the complexity of the problem and that especially the averaging of weather data over time and soil data over space leads to distortion or even destruction of data. To avoid this, the data from the original observation sites should remain accessible at all times. The easy accessibility of computers and data base management systems implies that there is no excuse anymore to average first and then calculate, instead of the other way round.     

Growth responses of cereal crops to organic nitrogen in the field

Eleven rice varieties differing in grain size were grown under controlled environmental conditions during the grain-filling period. The grain weight of upper grains in a panicle was examined at successive stages of growth during the grain-filling period. The effect of temperature on the rate and the duration of the period of grain-filling was determined using Khao Lo, a large-grain variety, and Bom Dia, a small-grain variety. Both the grain-filling rate and duration of the period of grain-filling differed among rice varieties and were positively and significantly correlated with the grain size. The duration of the grain-filling period from flowering to the time when almost maximum grain weight was attained ranged from 12 days at 32/24°C in Bom Dia to 36 days at 20/12°C in Khao Lo. The grain-filling rate was low in small-grain varieties, and generally increased with increasing grain size.

By lowering the temperature, the grain-filling rate decreased, the duration of the grain-filling period increased but the grain weight was almost constant.

Weight per grain was closely correlated with hull size. No relationship was found between weight per grain and nitrogen percentage of brown rice.     

Trade-offs between on-farm varietal diversity and highly client-oriented breeding — a case study of upland rice in India

On-farm varietal diversity is now highest in marginal agricultural environments because, unlike the case in more favourable areas, modern varieties have not been a sufficiently attractive option for farmers to replace their landraces. However, the continued survival of landraces on farm is dependent on the continuing failure of plant breeding to provide better alternatives. Highly client-oriented breeding can produce suitable modern varieties for areas that were dominated by landraces. We examine here the case of the adoption of two upland rice varieties in three states in eastern India, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa, where our surveys had confirmed low adoption of modern varieties in the upland ecosystem. The two new upland varieties were readily accepted by farmers who rapidly adopted them on large proportions of their land. On-farm diversity is maintained by the need to trade-off among varieties but once a variety with overall superiority was found this incentive was removed. The new varieties from the client-oriented breeding did not have weaknesses that farmers had to trade-off against their landraces so they were more likely to replace them. They also replaced older modern varieties. Farmers had previously maintained them along with landraces because they had to trade-off the higher yield of Kalinga III against the more stable yield of landraces or the higher yield of Vandana against the higher gain quality of the landraces. Only mean count per household could be used to test the significance of the differences between individual years. In all states, this revealed a significant reduction in landrace diversity with the adopting farmers when the addition of the two new varieties was not considered. Trends across years for mean varietal count, total count and Shannon–Wiener index showed a significant decline in Orissa, irrespective of whether the two new varieties were included in the analysis or not. In Jharkhand there was a significant decline only for mean count when the new varieties were not included. In Orissa, it was possible to test if rare landraces were as readily replaced as more common ones. Landrace replacement was unmitigated by increasing rarity yet the most rare landraces have the highest priority for genetic conservation. Some landraces were completely replaced by the farmers in the sample despite a diverse variety portfolio being a risk-reducing strategy in a region where there is a high risk of crop failure. There was little environmental heterogeneity in the marginal, drought-prone areas to slow this decline. The new varieties had an impact on the farming system because sometimes farmers brought additional upland into cultivation. They also introduced these varieties into more favourable, medium land. The strategy of releasing two new upland varieties met with some success in maintaining diversity.     

广灭灵CS及其混剂对豆田杂草防除效果及对后茬作物的影响

试验研究广灭灵CS与其混剂对豆田杂草防除效果及对后茬作物的影响结果表明,广灭灵36CS单剂对豆田禾本科杂草防除效果良好,对部分阔叶杂草无效;广灭灵与氯嘧磺隆混用,对豆田禾本科及阔叶杂草都有较理想的防效,但对玉米株高、穗位高度、秃顶有一定影响。广灭灵单剂及其混剂在玉米苗期可引起玉米白化现象,但对后茬小麦的生长较安全。     

Taxonomic and functional diversity of the soil microbiome recruited from alternative crops in a rotation system

Intensive cropping is considered to contribute to negative effects both on soil physiochemical properties and on long-term grain yield, which can be alleviated by appropriate crop rotations. The soil microbial community can vary with different crop rotations, which in turn affect soil quality and grain yield. Therefore, it is of great significance to elucidate the response of the soil microbial community to crop rotation. In this study, the structural and functional changes of microbial community in different crop rotations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics analysis in a field experiment. The continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was the control, and three crop rotations were established in October 2016 as follows: (1) spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize, (2) winter wheat-summer peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and (3) spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize. Soil samples were collected in September 2021 for soil microbial assessment. The results showed that the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the soil of spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize was significantly higher (15.2%) than that in the control. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher (19.8%–23.2%) in the soil following crop rotation compared with the control. Compared with the control, spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize enriched energy metabolism genes, and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize reduced the genes related to plant–pathogen interaction. Compared with the control, crop rotation significantly decreased the relative abundance of the inorganic phosphorus solubilization gene (gcd) and the phosphorus transport gene (upgE) and increased the abundance of organic phosphorus mineralization genes (phoA and phyA). Based on these results, we concluded that the composition of the soil microbial community and functional genes can be altered by crop rotation, and spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize had more significant effects. This study provided a reference for the selection of crop rotations in the North China Plain based on the soil microbial community and its function.     

作物研究过程中生态场理论的应用

生态场理论是物理生态学的基本理论，现主要应用于森林生态领域研究，而在作物研究领域尚未应用。研究分析了近年来作物育种、生理和栽培的研究方向与特性，初步尝试如何在农作物育种、生理和栽培方面应用生态场理论，对现代育种研究和栽培理论发展具有指导意义。     

甘蔗五个引进新品种的种性研究

以新台糖22号（T22）为对照，对园林2号（Y2）、园林3号（Y3）、园林6号（Y6）、德蔗93／102（DZ93／102）、德蔗93／94（DZ93／94）等5个甘蔗新品种，从农艺性状、生理生化特性、产量和品质性状等几个方面进行种性研究。试验结果表明，园林6号、园林3号是比较优良的品种。     

两年期多熟制西瓜、花生主体栽培模式研究

利用开封沙区光热水肥资源,通过不同作物间的合理配置,提高资源利用效率。简介了早熟西瓜、无籽西瓜、蔬菜、花生等主要作物栽培模式的布局、介入方式及栽培技术,并对预期的经济效益进行了客观评估,该区传统的小麦花生轮作制2年生产投入0.867万元/hm^2,收入1.926万元/hm^2,净赢利1.059万元/hm^2,而采用该模式栽培2年生产投入1.374万元/hm^2,收入5.31万元/hm^2,净赢利3.936万元/hm^2,比传统模式经济效益提高271.7％。     

Microsatellite-based analysis of genetic diversity in 91 commercial Brassica oleracea L. cultivars belonging to six varietal groups

Brassica oleracea L. includes various types of important vegetables that show extremely diverse phenotypes. To elucidate the genetic diversity and relationships among commercial cultivars derived by different companies throughout the world, we characterized the diversity and genetic structure of 91 commercial B. oleracea cultivars belonging to six varietal groups, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale and kai-lan. We used 69 polymorphic microsatellite markers showing a total of 359 alleles with an average number of 5.20 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.06 to 0.73, with an average of 0.40. Among the six varietal groups, kohlrabi cultivars exhibited the highest heterozygosity level, whereas kale cultivars showed the lowest. Based on genetic similarity values, an UPGMA clustering dendrogram and a two-dimensional scale diagram (PCoA) were generated to analyze genetic diversity. The cultivars were clearly separated into six different clusters with a tendency to cluster into varietal groups. Model-based structure analysis revealed six genetic groups, in which cabbage cultivars were divided into two subgroups that were differentiated by their head shape, whereas cauliflower and kai-lan cultivars clustered together into a single group. Furthermore, we identified 18 SSR markers showing 27 unique alleles specific to only one cultivar that can be used to discriminate 22 cultivars from the others. Our phylogenetic and population structure analysis presents new insights into the genetic structure and relationships among 91 B. oleracea cultivars and provides valuable information for breeding of B. oleracea species. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of SSR markers as a powerful tool for discriminating between the cultivars. The SSR markers described herein will also be helpful for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) test of new cultivars.     

基于可形变VGG-16模型的田间作物害虫检测方法

由于田间害虫种类多,大小、形态、姿态、颜色和位置变化多样,且田间害虫的周围环境比较复杂,使传统田间害虫检测方法的性能不高,而现有基于卷积神经网络的作物害虫检测方法采用固定的几何结构模块,不能有效应用于田间多变的害虫检测。该研究在VGG-16模型的基础上构建了一种可形变VGG-16模型（Deformable VGG-16,DVGG-16）,并应用于田间作物害虫检测。在DVGG-16模型中,引入可形变卷积后能够适应不同形状、状态和尺寸等几何形变的害虫图像,提高了对形变图像的特征表达能力,然后利用1个全局平均池化层替代VGG-16模型中的3个全连接层,以加快模型的训练。通过DVGG-16模型与VGG-16模型对比试验发现,DVGG-16模型提升了对田间害虫图像的形状、大小等几何形变的适应能力,在不改变图像空间分辨率的情况下,实现了对不规则田间害虫图像的特征提取,在实际田间害虫图像数据库上的检测准确率为91.14%。试验结果表明,DVGG-16模型提升了VGG-16模型对害虫多样性图像的特征表达能力,具有一定的图像形变适应能力,能够较准确地检测到田间形状变化多样的害虫,可为田间复杂环境下作物害虫检测系统提供技术支持。     

智慧农业水田作物网络化精准灌溉系统设计

传统水田粗放型灌溉不仅对作物生长带来不利影响,而且不能够充分利用自然降水,在很大程度上造成了水资源的浪费。该研究设计了基于智慧农业技术的网络化水田作物精准灌溉系统。建立了通信节点最优部署模型、作物耗水预测模型、降水预测模型、最优化灌溉决策模型以及基于模糊控制理论的精准灌溉决策系统;提出了基于维诺图改进的飞蛾扑火优化算法（Voronoi Moth Flame Optimization,VI-MFO）的灌溉网络通信节点优化部署方法,以提升灌溉网络通信效率并降低通信能耗;最后,将水田状态信息及气象参数作为精准灌溉决策系统输入,经过系统决策,自适应控制水田灌溉设备进行精准灌溉。对江苏地区水稻田进行仿真,结果表明,所提出的智能灌溉系统与传统非智能决策系统相比,灌溉设备动作频次降低26.67%,灌溉量减少40.82%,排水量减少33.89%。所提出的智能灌溉决策系统节约了水资源。     

Utilization by wheat crops of nitrogen from legume residues decomposing in soils in the field

Ground ¹⁵N-labelled legume material (Medicago littoralis) was mixed with topsoils in confined microplots in the field, and allowed to decompose for 7 and 5 months in successive years (1979, 1980) before sowing wheat. The soil cropped in 1979 (and containing ¹⁵N-labelled wheat roots and legume residues) was cropped again in 1980.The results support evidence that ungrazed legume residues, incorporated in amounts commonly found in southern Australian wheat growing regions, contribute only a little to soil available N and to crop N uptake, even in the first year of their decomposition. Thus mature first crops of wheat, although varying greatly in dry matter yield (2.9-fold) and total N uptake (2.4-fold), took up only 27.8 and 20.2% of the legume N applied at 48.4 kg ha^?1, these corresponding to 6.1 and 10.8% of the N of the wheat crops. The availability of N from medic residues to a second wheat crop declines to <5% of input. For both first and second wheat crops, uptake of N from legume residues was approximately proportional to legume N input over the range 24.2 to 96.8 kg ha ^?1.The proportional contributions of medic N to soil inorganic N, N released in mineralization tests, and to wheat crop N, differed between seasons and soils, but for a given crop did not significantly differ between tillering, flowering and maturity. In both years, grain accounted for 52–65% of the total ¹⁵N of first crops, roots for < 5–6%. In neither year did the amounts of N or ¹⁵N in the tops change significantly between flowering and maturity, despite a gain in tops dry matter in 1979; by contrast N and ¹⁵N of roots decreased significantly during ripening in both years. Wheat plants at tillering contained about 75% of the N and ¹⁵N taken up at flowering. The amounts of legume-derived ¹⁵N in mature first wheat crops were equivalent to 82–88% of the amounts of inorganic ¹⁵N in the soil profiles at sowing. Wheat straw added at the rate of 2.5 t ha^?1, 2 months before sowing, decreased the uptake of N (15%) and ¹⁵N (18%) by wheat in a nitrogen responsive season.     

稻秸还田提高我国南方典型稻田冬绿肥产量和养分积累

  【目的】  提高冬绿肥的产量和养分积累量有利于轮作系统中主作物的高产稳产和光、温、养分资源的高效循环利用。研究稻秸还田对冬季豆科绿肥生长和养分积累及土壤性状的影响,为稻田豆科绿肥的高产栽培及稻秸资源化利用提供指导。  【方法】  在广西、四川和安徽,分别以盐渍水稻土、紫色土和黄棕壤为供试土壤,进行相同处理的豆科绿肥盆栽试验,供试品种均为当地主栽品种。稻秸添加量设 3个水平:0、3000、6000 kg/hm2 (S0、S1、S2),每个稻秸添加水平下设两个施氮水平:0和45 kg/hm2 (N0、N45),共包括6个处理。于豆科绿肥盛花期采集植株和土壤样品,测定鲜草产量和土壤理化性状。  【结果】  与稻秸不还田且不施氮肥处理(RS0N0)相比,盐渍水稻土、紫色土和黄棕壤上稻秸还田与氮肥配施处理的绿肥鲜草产量分别提高了63.0%～66.0%、35.2%～53.8%和103.6%～117.1%,植株氮累积量分别提高了19.1%～41.5%、43.7%～67.2%和65.1%～70.5%,磷累积量分别提高了12.1%～68.9%、31.4%～57.3%和37.9%～45.3%,钾累积量分别提高了22.0%～58.7%、30.7%～35.0%和89.2%～102.9%。在盐渍水稻土、紫色土,稻秸还田(S1、S2)均可提高绿肥鲜草产量和氮磷钾养分积累量,配合施氮没有进一步提高鲜草产量和氮磷钾养分积累量;而在黄棕壤与秸秆半量还田相比,稻秸全量还田降低了绿肥产量,但在一定程度上增加了绿肥地上部养分积累量,稻秸还田配合施用氮肥则显著增加了绿肥的产量和地上部养分积累量。盐渍水稻土稻秸还田与氮肥配施处理(RS1N45和RS2N45)提高了土壤有效磷含量;黄棕壤土壤有效磷含量、土壤速效钾含量随稻秸添加量增加先下降后上升,与不施肥对照相比,3种土壤上稻秸与氮肥配施处理均显著提高了土壤无机氮含量。偏最小二乘法路径模型分析表明,稻秸还田及土壤类型对豆科绿肥鲜草产量和地上部氮、磷、钾的累积量均有极显著正影响(P < 0.01),氮肥处理仅对豆科绿肥鲜草产量有极显著正影响(P < 0.01)。  【结论】  稻秸还田不同程度地促进了豆科绿肥对土壤速效养分的吸收,提高了豆科绿肥鲜草产量和地上部氮磷钾累积量。在肥力较高的盐渍水稻土和紫色土上,稻秸全量还田可显著增加豆科绿肥的鲜草产量,维持土壤有效养分,无需配合施用氮肥。在肥力较低的黄棕壤上,全量还田(6000 kg/hm2)需配施氮肥才可充分发挥稻秸还田的增产效果,缓解土壤中有效养分含量的下降。     

An assessment of the core-break method for estimating rooting density of different crops in the field

Most of the methods available for plant rooting studies in field soil are very tedious and time-consuming. Several investigations have shown that the core-break technique, in which roots are counted that appear at the faces of a broken core of soil, provides acceptable estimates of root length density in some situations. We investigated the usefulness of the core-break technique for evaluating rooting density of four plant species in two soil types. We encountered several problems, but recommend the core-break method to researchers who wish to quantify root development rapidly under various soil tillage practices.     

Soil bacterial functional diversity in a potato field

Nutrient availability of plants varies according to different processes governed by soil biota. In agroecosystems, human intervention may affect soil biota and therefore it has a crucial impact on system productivity and its maintenance. Based on the above information, we assumed that sequencing bacterial functional diversity in agrosystems will be affected by plant growing stages and human activity (agricultural practice). During the study period, soil samples comprising five cores (5 cm diameter) from upper (0 to 10 cm) and deeper (10 to 20 cm) layers were collected individually from a potato field and from a control site with zero input treatment. Soil moisture, total organic carbon and bacterial functional diversity were assessed. The results obtained from the field and laboratory studies demonstrate differences between growing stages. The percentage of soil moisture content ranged between 10–12 % during the study period, independent of depth, location (treatment and control) and growth stage, whereas total organic carbon (TOC) oscillated between 0.15–0.35 %. Soil microbial biomass (SMB) measured in the upper layer (0 to 10 cm) increased from values of 100 μg C·g^–1 soil before planting to 190 μg C·g^–1 soil after yield harvesting, and in the deep soil layer (10 to 20 cm) a mean value of 80 μg C·g^–1 soil was obtained. Bacterial functional diversity (BFD) was evaluated using the Biolog method. Values of Shannon diversity H’ = 16·10^–2 obtained in the upper layer during the pre-planting stage decreased to H’ = 5·10^–2 after planting. At the deep layer (10 to 20 cm), similar trends to those measured in the upper layer (0 to 10 cm) were obtained, except during the harvesting and post-harvesting seasons, when maximal values of H’ = 30·10^–2 were detected. In this context, we tried to comprehend the dynamics of microbial community and the diversity of bacterial populations participating in key soil processes of agroecosystems.     

稻田复种应用经济绿肥效应研究

试验研究确定了适宜亚热带稻田种植的蚕豆、豌豆、大豆、豇豆和小黑麦等主要经济绿肥作物及其利用方式 ,配置实施了蚕豆 早稻 晚稻、豌豆 早稻 晚稻、油菜 大豆 晚稻、油菜 豇豆 晚稻、小黑麦 早稻 晚稻等 5种稻田高效复种模式 ,并分析了其经济与生态效益     

豫北低山丘陵区农田边界系统植物多样性的研究

通过野外调查研究了豫北低山丘陵区不同农田边界的植物丰富度、均匀度、生态优势度和多样性指数。结果表明: 植物丰富度指数依次为灌草丛>水渠边>稀疏林地>路旁>果园边际>作物边界带, 灌草丛物种丰富度显著大于其他边界类型, 作物边界带的物种丰富度显著小于其他农田边界类型; 植物均匀度指数依次为稀疏林地>灌草丛=水渠边>路旁>作物边界带>果园边际, 稀疏林地均匀度指数显著大于其他边界类型, 果园边际地的均匀度指数显著小于其他农田边界类型; 植物多样性指数和生态优势度指数变化趋势一致, 依次为水渠边>稀疏林地>灌草丛>果园边际>路旁>作物边界带, 水渠边的生态优势度和多样性指数均显著大于其他边界类型, 作物边界带的生态优势度和多样性指数均显著小于其他边界类型。灌草丛、路旁、水渠边、稀疏林地和果园边际地相互间的共有植物种较多, 其物种相似系数均在0.7以上, 而作物边界带与其他边界类型间的共有植物种较少, 物种相似系数也较低, 均在0.7以下, 其中, 作物边界带和灌草丛相似系数最低, 为0.47。     

不同作物间作对黄瓜病害及土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

分别采用RAPD和T-RFLP技术,研究了小麦、毛苕子和三叶草分别与黄瓜间作对黄瓜病害、黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性和黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明,小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜间作均能提高黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性,其中,小麦-黄瓜间作对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响最为突出;3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均显著提高了黄瓜产量(p<0.01),其中小麦-黄瓜间作的产量优势最强;同时,3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均降低了黄瓜角斑病、白粉病、霜霉病和枯萎病的病情指数和尖孢镰刀菌的数量。间作有利于提高土壤微生物群落的多样性、减轻病害、提高黄瓜产量。