The incidence of honey bee pests and diseases in England and Wales

The Central Science Laboratory (CSL) National Bee Unit (NBU) has been responsible for maintaining the Integrated Bee Health Programme in England and Wales since the early 1990s. The role of the Bee Health Programme is to protect the honey bee, a major pollinator of agricultural and horticultural crops and wild flora, and to provide up-to-date technical support to beekeepers. The Bee Health Programme is funded in England by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and in Wales by the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG). The work includes inspection of honey bee colonies, disease and pest diagnosis, development of contingency plans for emerging threats, minimising the risk of introduction of potentially serious exotic pests and diseases through importation by import risk analysis and related extension work and consultancy services to both government and industry. There is also an underpinning programme of research and development.     

Effect of intercropping beans with maize on the severity of angular leaf spot of beans in Kenya

Angular leaf spot severity was evaluated on Phaseolus beans which had been planted alone (monocrop) and also simultaneously with maize (intercrop) at Kabete, Kenya, in November 1986 (short rains), and at Kabete and Thika in April 1987 (long rains). Intercropping reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the short rains at Kabete and at Thika in the long rains by 23–33% at bean: maize proportions of 2:1 for some leaf positions, but did not reduce AUDPC significantly at Kabete in the long rains. Additional treatments to evaluate bean density and planting pattern (row against random) conducted in the short rains had no effect on AUDPC, although disease was reduced by 12–17% at higher bean densities when maize was not present. Fertilization increased AUDPC by 135–205% in the long rains at both sites. Microclimatological observations made at Kabete during the long rains indicated reductions in leaf temperature and air temperature, and increases in relative humidity, in most plots. These changes were small, averaging 0·6°C, 0·2°C, and 1·8%, respectively. Wind velocity was reduced by 55–63% in the intercrop in relation to the monocrop. The results reflect the variable response of angular leaf spot to maize intercrops seen in other studies.     

玉米大豆间作对玉米主要病虫害发生及其产量的影响

为明确玉米大豆间作模式对玉米主要病虫害发生及其产量的影响,利用2017—2018年2年的田间小区试验及2019年的大田试验,在作物生长期对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、东方黏虫Mythimna seperata和玉米大斑病等主要病虫害发生情况进行调查和统计分析,并于收获期对间作作物产量进行测定。结果显示:与单作玉米相比,以被害株率、百株蛀孔数和百株活虫数为指标,玉米大豆间作对1代亚洲玉米螟种群数量和为害程度无显著影响,但能够显著降低2代亚洲玉米螟虫口数量和为害程度;且玉米大豆间作对东方黏虫为害株率和百株活虫数以及玉米大斑病的病情指数均无显著影响。与单作玉米相比,玉米大豆间作模式下玉米百粒重虽然降低,但玉米单位面积产量能够提高9.95%以上。表明玉米大豆间作能够显著降低2代亚洲玉米螟为害,并提高单位面积玉米产量。     

5种药剂对蚕豆病毒病的防治效果

为了筛选防治蚕豆病毒病的有效药剂,选用0.06%甾烯醇ME、0.5%香菇多糖AS、30%毒氟磷WP、8%宁南霉素AS、20%吗胍·乙酸铜WP等5种药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明:5种抗病毒药剂对蚕豆病毒病均有较好的防治效果,其中30%毒氟磷WP防效最佳,3次施药后,防治效果分别为67.87%、70.59%和75.39%,并能有效增加蚕豆产量和百粒重,在蚕豆生产中具有一定的推广价值。     

“中国香稻”病虫害全程无害化治理技术

“中国香稻”是农业部专家组顾问、中国水稻研究所黄发松研究员历经 1 5年选育出的长粒籼型高档优质香稻品种 ,在国际国内处于领先地位。“中国香稻”丰产性好 ,品质优秀 ,抗病性较强 ,适宜于长江中下游稻区种植 ,在我省用作一季晚和双季晚稻种 ,在孝感市主要用以一季晚稻种植。 2 0 0 1年孝感市“中国香稻”种植面积占全省 40 % ,主要分布在孝南区、孝昌县和应城市。为了确保“中国香稻”优良品质和安全无害 ,有效占领市场 ,提高种植效益 ,特制定“中国香稻”病虫害全程无害化治理技术 :1　“中国香稻”主要栽培技术“中国香稻”在孝感市作…     

玉米病害发生现状与推广品种抗性对未来病害发展的影响

 随着全球气候变化、耕作方式改变和新品种推广,我国玉米病害的发生也有所改变。在春玉米区,丝黑穗病仍然持续严重为害,大斑病呈加重趋势;在夏玉米区,局部地区小斑病发生较重,而矮花叶病普遍发生较轻;以往的次要病害已成为重要病害:如,南方锈病在夏玉米区南部严重发生,瘤黑粉病成为生产中的突出问题,土传病害日益加重,细菌性病害发生渐多。对玉米主要推广品种、近年国家和主产省份审定品种的抗病性分析表明,在北方春玉米区,由于品种抗性水平降低、个别感病品种的推广及病原菌致病力变异,大斑病在近年仍将呈现较重发生趋势;丝黑穗病的发生则由于推广抗病品种和种子包衣技术而有所减轻,但局部地区仍会严重发生;由于缺乏抗病品种,灰斑病和弯孢菌叶斑病的发生将主要取决于气候因素。在北方夏玉米区,小斑病暴发的可能性较小,但已有强致病力菌株出现;由于推广品种普遍对茎腐病抗性水平较低并受耕作制度的影响,茎腐病和苗枯病将成为主要病害;多数品种对南方锈病缺乏抗性,南方锈病发生面积将继续扩大,发病程度也将增加。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种对3种玉米地下害虫的防治效果

为明确氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对玉米田地下害虫的防治效果,筛选出合适的田间用药剂量,通过室内盆栽接虫与田间接虫相结合综合评价了氯虫苯甲酰胺对玉米地下害虫沟金针虫、铜绿丽金龟以及小地老虎的综合防治效果。结果表明,盆栽播种后20 d,氯虫苯甲酰胺4 g/kg拌种处理对沟金针虫、铜绿丽金龟和小地老虎的盆栽防效分别为78.15%、80.26%和81.05%;田间播种后20 d,氯虫苯甲酰胺4 g/kg拌种对沟金针虫、铜绿丽金龟和小地老虎的田间接虫防效分别为83.87%、86.27%和88.37%;高剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺对玉米田地下害虫的田间综合防效优于对照药剂吡虫啉和氟虫腈。氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种处理对玉米种子无不良影响,对出苗和生长有一定的促进作用,有明显的防虫增产作用,可推广应用于防治玉米田地下害虫。     

马占相思林病虫害调查

对广东省从国外引入的马占相思林病虫种类及其危害状况进行了调查,记录了危害马占相思的病虫害47 种,其中病害21种、虫害22种、恶性杂草3种、有害动物1种,并提出了综合防治措施。     

辽宁花生病虫发生危害及种类鉴定

近年来辽宁花生产业迅猛发展,病虫害发生日趋严重.2011年对辽宁花生主产区系统调查发现病虫害共27种,其中病害10种,虫害17种.危害较严重的病虫害分别是花生网斑病、褐斑病、疮痂病、蛴螬、双斑长跗萤叶甲、尺蠖.     

宜春的天气状况及其对病虫害发生的影响

天气状况与人类的生活生产和社会、经济、科技、军事等活动的关系十分密切。在对农作物病虫害的测报与防治中 ,笔者逐渐形成了一种对天气状况比较关注和积累关于降水和气温两个主要气象因素资料的习惯。现就 1 961～ 2 0 0 0年宜春的降水和气温资料 ( 1 961～ 1 995年的资料承蒙宜春市气象局张立工程师提供 ,1 996～2 0 0 0年的资料系笔者从该局发布的气象信息中摘录整理 )作一分析 ,做一次外行谈天的试尝。其目的一是为加深对这两个主要气象因素及其动态平衡的认识 ,以能在测报判断与防治决策时作为辅有助参考 ;二是试图探讨降水、气温的相…     

小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系

小麦是我国的主要粮食作物,病虫害是影响其稳产、高产的重要生物灾害。本文综述了自“七五”以来,我国小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系的主要研究进展,内容涉及综合防治的指导思想与策略、基本思路以及不同麦区病虫害综合防治技术体系基本模式,并对现有综合防治体系中存在的问题和发展前景进行了讨论。     

加强玉米有害生物发生规律与防控技术研究,保障玉米安全生产

<正>玉米是我国第一大粮食作物,也是重要的饲料作物,在发展我国的畜牧业和水产养殖业中具有战略性意义,在医药、化工方面也有广泛用途(仇焕广等,2013)。近十年来,随着农业种植结构的调整和耕作栽培方式的转变,玉米品种选育加快,种植面积迅速增加,玉米病虫害发生一直呈加重趋势,一些次要害虫在全国范围或局部地区为害不断加重,甚至上升为主要害虫,加之一些新发生的病害,对玉米安全生产构成了威胁(石洁等,2005;秦子惠等,2014;赵立萍等,2015)。     

病虫综合防治的理论和实践

农业是一种同自然风险作斗争的产业，农业生产的丰歉除了受温度、降雨等气候因素影响以外，很大程度上还受病虫灾害等生物因素的影响。因此，有害生物的治理是确保农业生产持续、稳定发展的重要因素。本世纪４０年代后，农作物上有害生物的防治基本上是化学防治占主导地位...     

雪松几种病虫害的发生及防治方法

雪松为世界著名的观赏树种，在园林绿化中被广泛应用。主要病虫害有根腐病和枯梢病2种及马尾松毛虫，松褐天牛和松红蜘蛛3种，作者对其发生规律，危害特点，防治方法进行了介绍。     

四川柑橘主要病虫害的发生与绿色防控对策

2003～2007年,笔者根据四川柑橘病虫害的发生防治情况,多点试验示范了以螨治螨、频振诱杀和应用生物制剂防治柑橘病虫害等技术,取得明显防治效果;并提出了示范推广柑橘病虫害绿色防控的一系列切实可行的对策、措施.     

The incidence of Pythium spp. and Aphanomyces cochlioides associated with the sugar-beet growing soils of Britain

In a survey of fungi causing seedling diseases of sugar beet using a soil bioassay, Aphanomyces cochlioides and Pythium spp. were found to occur in 39% and 31%, respectively, of 341 sugar-beet fields selected in a stratified random sample in England, The frequency of A. cochlioides-infested soils varied widely in the different sugar-beet growing areas of the country. Soil pH was the single factor most strongly associated with the distribution of the pathogen, but regression models applied to combinations of factors indicated that soil texture and the interval between sugar-beet crops were also relevant to its frequency. It was detected less often in soils of high pH (≥ 75). heavy texture and where the interval between sugar-beet crops exceeded 5 years. No significant associations were found between the proportion of soils with Pythium spp. and soil or cropping factors.     

Occurrence and incidence of viruses infecting green beans in south-eastern Spain

A study was conducted to determine the identity and prevalence of viruses in 455 greenhouses in the main Spanish green bean growing area. Directed surveys were conducted in 422 crops from 2000–2004 to collect samples from diseased plants displaying symptoms that could be attributed to viruses. The samples were analysed to detect any virus by means of dsRNA extraction, mechanical inoculation to test plants, as well as ELISA and/or RT-PCR tests to detect potyviruses, geminiviruses and viruses previously known to infect beans in Spain. Random surveys were conducted in the years 2002 and 2005 (in 21 and 12 greenhouses, respectively) to study the actual incidence of known viruses in the area. Symptoms were recorded in 23,108 plants from which 664 plants were collected and analysed by ELISA or RT-PCR. The results of the directed surveys showed that all the analyzed crops carried the cryptic virus Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus (PVuV), whereas phytopathogenic viruses appeared in smaller percentages of the crops: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) 20.4%, Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) 9.0%, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) 4.0%, and the new species Bean yellow disorder virus (BnYDV) that broke out in 2004 with occurrence values higher than 34.3% that year. From 2000–2004 an important decrease in TYLCV was observed, along with a slight increase in SBMV and a consistently low occurrence of TSWV. The results of the random surveys confirmed the increased occurrence of virus detected during the directed surveys, and furthermore demonstrated the percentage of incidence for each virus.     

云南树莓病虫害调查初报

为了解经济植物树莓栽培中的病虫害危害情况,2005-2007年在云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所基地对树莓病虫害进行了系统调查．发现危害树莓的病虫害共有9种,分别是叶斑病、炭疽病、茎枯病、茎腐病、灰霉病、稻绿蝽、小长蝽、拟小黄卷叶蛾和果蝇。树莓病虫害总体发生数量少、危害程度轻,是一种优良的新型果树,可进一步扩大种植。本文对其主要病虫害发生情况及其相应的防治技术措施作了概述。     

宁夏甘草病虫害记述

1998～2001年以宁夏主要县市的甘草分布区为基点对甘草病虫害发生情况进行了调查采集和分类鉴定 ,查清了危害甘草的害虫23种、病害7种 ,并对主要病虫害发生趋势做了分析评估     

木豆病虫发生与防治研究

木豆在生长过程中遭受病虫害侵害，导致严重减产，为了种好木豆，我们对木豆的病虫发生为害与防治进行了研究，对木豆病虫种类进行了调查，害虫47种[1]，病害5种[2]，并对主要病虫害发生与防治进行了系统观察与防治试验。