水稻土的力学性质与水分含量的关系

土壤的抗剪强度和抗压强度以及变形性质是决定耕作阻力、机具的通行性能及耕作质量的重要因素,也是机具正确设计所必须考虑的因素。过去对于耕作土壤的强度研究,多从旱地的松散状况出发,把土体的粘结只归因于水膜的表面张力和水膜的数量,并得出结论:土壤强度与含水量呈抛物线关系。对于搅动后土壤粘结的机制,认为包括水膜粘结和分子引力粘结两种^[1]。最近山中金次郎指出^[2],在这二种不同粘结机制的转折处有明显的破折现象,但对水稻土的情况研究极少。     

汶川典型植物根-土复合体抗剪强度影响因素评价

为探究不同植物根-土复合体抗剪强度的差异性及各因素对其的影响程度,选取汶川县针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛、草地4种不同植被覆盖区为研究区,通过野外制取16种优势植物根-土复合体和无根裸土原状试样并开展室内快剪试验.分析了汶川县典型植物根系对土体抗剪强度和抗变形能力的增强作用,运用灰色关联法分析影响复合体抗剪强度的因素.结果 表...     

不同类型土壤—柠条根系复合抗剪力学特性的比较

为揭示柠条根系固土抗蚀机理,以柠条锦鸡儿与低液限粘土、砒砂岩风化土、含细粒土砂3种土壤类型的根土复合体做为对象进行室内直剪试验,研究3种土壤类型的柠条根土复合体抗剪强度及强度指标,分析其差异性.结果表明:3种不同土壤类型下柠条根土复合体剪切规律均服从摩尔—库仑强度破坏准则.0.05显著水平下,12.5kpa下根系提高土...     

Effect of sodicity and salinity on disaggregation and tensile strength of an Alfisol under different cropping systems

The influence of electrolyte concentration (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the tensile strength and aggregate stability via flocculation and dispersion behaviour of an Alfisol varying in organic carbon content due to different cropping systems was assessed using a split-split plot experiment involving eight soils, three levels of EC and seven levels of SAR.

Generally, at a given SAR value, mean weight diameter (MWD) increased with organic matter status of the soil in the following order: virgin pasture>wheat>wheat-fallow. As MWD decreased, the amount of dispersible clay increased at a given SAR indicating that more surfaces exposed due to slaking of aggregates led to more clay dispersion. Statistical analysis of changes in tensile strength with various factors showed that an increase in organic matter decreased the magnitude of changes in strength induced by sodicity because organic matter tends to increase aggregate stability (higher MWD). While individual soils had significant relationships between the tensile strength of the aggregates and the amount of spontaneously dispersible clay, this relationship was poor when the results of all soils were pooled together. The amounts of dispersible clay from dry aggregates were higher than from wet aggregates and dispersive breakdown of the aggregates of sodic soils occured irrespective of the mode of wetting. The most important factor in determining the soil strength was the amount of clay dispersed during wet-sieving analysis followed by MWD.     

元谋干热河谷坡面表层土壤力学特性对其抗冲性的影响

为了研究元谋干热河谷区坡面表层土壤的抗侵蚀性能,通过对燥红土机械组成、团聚体组成、基质吸力、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ等参数的分析,并用原状土进行冲刷试验测定土壤的抗冲指数ANS,探讨了这些参数对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明,土壤分散率和ANS(soilanti-scourability)呈一元三次多项式变化,随着分散率的逐渐增加,ANS逐渐下降,ANS随着平均重量直径MWD的增大呈幂函数增长,随着基质吸力、黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的逐渐增加,ANS也呈对数函数增长;ANS与各力学参数的相关程度依次为:抗剪强度τf>φ>MWD>分散率>基质吸力>c,逐步回归表明,黏聚力c、平均重量直径MWD和抗剪强度τf与ANS呈较好的线性关系(R2复=0.983),偏相关系数(RMWD(0.915)>Rc(0.829)>Rτf(0.776))表明水稳性团聚体的稳定性、颗粒及团聚体之间的胶结凝聚力和土壤抵抗水流的剪切破坏力对ANS影响较大。     

斥水剂作用下非饱和土壤抗剪强度测定及其变化规律

为获得斥水性土壤抗剪强度的变化规律,采用二甲基二氯硅烷(dimethyldichlorosilane,DMDCS)作为斥水剂,获得了不同斥水程度的改性砂土。在此基础上配制了不同斥水剂体质比和不同含水率的改性砂土及不同亲水黏土质量分数的改性混合土,并采用非饱和土直剪仪开展了不固结不排水剪强度试验。结果表明:1)不同DMDCS体质比下的5种改性砂土斥水等级均为极度。改性混合土的斥水等级受DMDCS和黏土含量的共同影响。相同DMDCS体质比下,随着黏土含量的增加,改性混合土的斥水性能不断减弱;相同黏土含量下,随着DMDCS体质比的增加,改性混合土的斥水性能不断增大。2)不同DMDCS体质比、含水率及黏土含量下的改性土壤抗剪强度均可用摩尔-库仑强度准则描述。DMDCS体质比从0增至1%时,黏聚力从19.6陡降至10.4 kPa,随后缓慢降低,最终趋于稳定。内摩擦角则随着DMDCS体质比的增加缓慢减小,从0时的16.2o降至3%时的11.8o;随着含水率的增加,改性砂土黏聚力逐渐减小,而内摩擦角呈先升后降形态;随着黏土含量的增加,改性混合土黏聚力显著增大,内摩擦角表现为先升后降,变幅不大。纯改性砂土的黏聚力仅为9.3 kPa,而掺入5%的黏土时,其黏聚力骤升至27.2 kPa;当黏土质量分数为50%时,混合土黏聚力为55.1 kPa;内摩擦角最大值为16.2°(黏土质量分数15%),最小值为9.7°(黏土质量分数50%)。该成果可为深入研究斥水性土壤力学性能及工程应用提供参考。     

Die Stabilität von Sandböden in Abhängigkeit vom Gehalt an organischer Substanz und deren Humifizierungsgrad

The Stability of Sandy Soils and its Dependence on Humification Degree and Content of Organic Matter The influence of organic matter on the strength parameters cohesion and friction angle was investigated with mixtures of a fine sand and 0-8% peat of different humification degrees - determined by using a thermobalance - and under different soil water suction. The results show that the strength parameters cohesion and friction angle increase with increasing organic matter content, but the increase is greater with lower humification degree. Especially if the organic matter content is lower than 5%, cohesion and friction angle depend on soil water suction and have a maximum in the range of about 50 hPa soil water suction. A simplified model based on the capillary theory for the calculation of cohesion was proposed to explain the influence of content and humification degree of organic matter on cohesion. One possible reason for the lower cohesion with higher humification degree is its lower wettability. The dependence of friction angle on soil water suction and humification degree of organic matter needs further examinations.     

Soil mechanical properties as influenced by exchangeable cations

The tensile strengths of dried, undisturbed aggregates and of dried, artificial aggregates and the shear strengths of freshly-moulded, moist soils were investigated as functions of their contents of exchangeable cations. Tensile strength increased with increasing exchangeable sodium and decreased with increasing exchangeable calcium. Shear strength of moist soil, as assessed through the Atterberg limits, increased with increasing exchangeable calcium, potassium and sodium. The influence of exchangeable magnesium was variable in that it tended to increase the tensile strength of the soils when dry, whereas it tended to decrease the shear strength of one of the sets of soils in the moist state. It is concluded that the exchangeable cations which give rise to greater repulsion between, and dispersion of, clay particles in water also give rise to greater strength in the dried soil. It is proposed that this is because greater particle repulsion in the soil water during drying enables particle rearrangements to take place more readily and this results in denser packing arrangements and increased strength.     

冻融循环和土壤性质对东北黑土抗剪强度的影响

为了揭示东北黑土区季节性冻融循环作用和土壤性质对土壤可蚀性的影响,采集黑龙江省宾县典型薄层黑土区(BX)和克山县典型厚层黑土区(KS)0—20cm的耕层土壤,通过室内冻融循环模拟和土壤直剪试验,分析了冻融作用和土壤性质对土壤抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:(1)经历1次冻融作用后BX和KS 2种供试土壤抗剪强度分别减小3.9%和9.2%,二者黏聚力分别减小15.2%和29.4%,内摩擦角分别减小1.4%和3.6%。经历7次冻融作用后,BX和KS2种供试土壤抗剪强度分别减小9.1%和15.1%,土壤黏聚力分别减小40.7%和74.5%,土壤容重分别减小6.7%和9.2%。受土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、黏粒含量等的影响,KS土壤抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角和土壤容重的减小幅度皆大于BX供试土壤。(2)2种供试土壤抗剪强度皆随冻融循环次数的增加呈先逐渐减小后趋于稳定的变化趋势;第1次冻融循环对土壤抗剪强度破坏最大,经历1次冻融循环后2种土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力的减小量分别占7次冻融循环土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力总减小量的43.4%和61.0%,37.3%和39.4%。(3)土壤抗剪强度与土壤容重和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)呈极显著的正相关,而与冻融循环次数呈极显著的负相关。     

不同布根形式对草本植物根土复合体抗剪强度试验

为研究不同根系布置方式(方形、梅花形、环形)对草本植物根—土复合体抗剪强度影响,引入面积置换率的概念,解决了相同含根量或相同根数时无法同时满足方形、梅花形和环形布置的难题。在此基础上选取中国过渡带北侧山地土壤与莎草科植物开展植物根—土复合体抗剪强度试验研究,分析了相同布置形式下含根量对根—土复合体抗剪强度的影响、根系布置方式(方形、梅花形、环形)对草本植物根—土复合体抗剪强度增强作用以及抗剪强度指标变化规律。结果表明:根—土复合体试样的抗剪强度和黏聚力随着含根量的增大而逐渐增加;根—土复合体试样的内摩擦角随着含根量的增加变化不明显。根—土复合体试样的抗剪强度和黏聚力随着径级的增加而逐渐增大;根—土复合体内摩擦角与根系径级关系不大且规律性不明显。在法向应力较小时,根系的布置形式对根—土复合体的抗剪强度影响较小,当法向应力较大时,根系的布置形式对根—土复合体的抗剪强度影响不能忽略,且面积置换率越大,该误差越大。根—土面积置换率的较小时,方形布置的根系对黏聚力和内摩擦角影响最大,随着根—土面积置换率的增加,方形、梅花形及环形布置形式对根—土复合体黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响趋于稳定。     

A comparison of five instruments for measuring soil strength in cultivated and uncultivated cereal seedbeds

A torsional shear box, shear vane. cone penetrometer, drop-cone penetrometer and pocket penetrometer were used to measure soil strength at several depths less than 150 mm in cultivated and uncultivated seedbeds in a loam and a sandy clay loam. From the shear box results, cohesion was higher and the angle of friction was lower in the sandy clay loam than in the loam. Angle of friction was independent of cultivation but cohesion was higher in uncultivated than in cultivated soil. Despite these differences cone resistance was similar in both soils above 70 mm depth. Vane shear strength and drop-cone penetration, although empirical, indicated strength differences between soils and cultivations similar to those found with the torsional shear box. Vane shear strength, at 42 kPa, was about twice as high as cohesion in the sandy clay loam and, at 33 kPa, over four times as high as cohesion in the loam. These overestimates increased with increasing bulk density. The range of measurement of the pocket penetrometer was inadequate to cover the range of soil strengths encountered. The coefficient of variation within plots for cone resistance decreased from 76 per cent at 10 mm depth to about 22 per cent at 70 mm depth and below, and for vane shear strength it was 33 per cent near the soil surface. The drop-cone penetrometer results were the most variable, reflecting the log-normal distribution of penetrations. The cone penetrometer was the fastest method, followed by the shear vane, drop-cone penetrometer and torsional shear box in that order.     

南亚热带不同母质发育土壤团聚体特征及其稳定性

团聚体是土壤的基本结构单位,其稳定性是评价土壤质量的重要指标。以南亚热带地区不同母质(石灰岩、第四纪红黏土、砂页岩)发育的土壤作为研究对象,采用湿筛法和LB法测定不同母质发育土壤团聚体稳定性特征。结果表明:(1)随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重呈上升趋势,而孔隙度、有机质和游离氧化铁含量呈下降趋势。砂页岩母质发育的土壤有机质含量最高,为22.44～42.97 g/kg。石灰岩和第四纪红黏土母质发育的土壤以黏粒(40.93%,42.51%)和粉粒(41.69%,42.31%)为主,砂页岩母质发育的土壤黏粒含量最低,为33.79%。(2)经湿筛法处理后,石灰岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为91.58%～92.31%,第四纪红黏土母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为76.45%～90.80%,砂页岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为79.18%～86.67%,3种土壤团聚体的稳定性都随着土层深度增加而降低。(3)LB法处理后土壤团聚体MWD值均表现为慢速湿润处理预湿润振荡处理快速湿润处理,砂页岩母质发育的40—60 cm土层对消散和机械破碎作用最为敏感,其相对消散指数RSI和相对机械破碎指数RMI分别为0.78和0.42。不同母质土壤团聚体稳定性均与黏粒、有机质、游离态铁含量呈正相关。     

Structural stability of two Romanian soils as influenced by management practices

The effects of non-arable vs. arable land use as well as of wheeled traffic, crop rotation, manure applications and inorganic fertiliser application on soil stability parameters were investigated. The stability of a soil's structure was assessed by the dispersibility of clay in water, by measurement of the proportions of water-stable aggregates, and by the tensile strength of dry soil aggregates. An index of soil structural stability is defined and used. In general, there were trends towards increasing soil structural stability with non-arable agriculture, less wheeled traffic, crop rotations rather than monoculture, and fertiliser application.     

Die Bestimmung der Aggregatstabilität - ein Methodenvergleich

The determination of aggregate stability - a comparison of methods The mechanical load bearing capacity and strength of aggregates against external forces can be described and quantified by indirect test (wet sieving method) and direct tests (e.g. crushing test, direct shear test). With the mean of the crushing test and the direct shear test in the shear box it is possible to achieve definite stresses, with which the influence of pore water pressure on soil stability can be explained by the occurence of water menisci forces. It is also possible to proof the pore water pressure dependent increase of strain by the particle reorientation during the process of aggregation. By the method of wet sieving, however, the summarized effect of hydraulic and mechanical processes can be described qualitatively only. A definite relation to single processes is therefore not possible.     

基于流变学法研究容重和含水率对土壤结构力学稳定性的影响

土壤结构力学稳定性不仅与土壤质量和肥力密切相关,而且还与农业器具设计和农业水土工程建设紧密联系。该研究以黄土高原广泛分布的塿土和黄绵土为研究对象,采用振幅扫描试验模拟振荡荷载过程,研究土壤容重和含水率对土壤结构力学稳定性的影响。结果表明：1）随土壤容重的增加,土粒间接触点增多,使得剪切强度参数：线性黏弹区的剪切应力、屈服点的剪切应力、最大剪切应力及屈服点的储能模量均增加,土壤结构强度增强;其在较大剪切应变下的弹性和总的弹性（屈服点的剪切应变和积分z）先增大后降低,表明土壤颗粒存在一个最稳定的排列组合方式。同时,剪切强度参数对土壤容重的响应更为敏感。2）随含水率的增加,土壤颗粒间黏聚力和摩擦力降低,剪切强度参数：线性黏弹区的剪切应力、屈服点的剪切应力、最大剪切应力及屈服点的储能模量均降低,土壤结构强度降低;当剪切应变在线性黏弹区时,弹性随含水率的增加而增加,而较大的剪切应变下的弹性和总的弹性随含水率增加均降低。3）对比2种土壤,因塿土的黏粒、有机质、阳离子交换量、比表面积等较高,增加了土粒间的胶结强度,使得塿土的弹性和剪切强度较高,而黄绵土结构更具脆性。该研究结果表明基于流变仪中的振幅扫描测试所获取的流变学参数能够定量表征土壤细观结构力学稳定性,为进一步深入认识土壤微观力学特性提供了丰富的评价参数。     

Clay mineralogy differs qualitatively in aggregate‐size classes: clay‐mineral‐based evidence for aggregate hierarchy in temperate soils

Clay minerals have a major role in soil aggregation because of their large specific surface area and surface charges, which stimulate interactions with other mineral particles and organic matter. Soils usually contain a mixture of clay minerals with contrasting surface properties. Although these differences should result in different abilities of clay minerals regarding aggregate formation and stabilization, the role of different clay minerals in aggregation has been seldom evaluated. In this study, we took advantage of the intrinsic mineral heterogeneity of a temperate Luvisol to compare the role of clay minerals in aggregation. First, grassland and tilled soil samples were separated in water into aggregate‐size classes based on the aggregate hierarchy model. Then, clay mineralogy and organic C in the aggregate‐size classes were analysed. Interstratified minerals containing swelling phases accumulated in aggregated fractions compared with free clay fractions under the two land‐uses. The accumulation increased with decreasing aggregate size from large macroaggregates (> 500 µm) to microaggregates (50–250 µm). Carbon content and carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio followed the opposite trend. This fully supports the aggregate hierarchy model, which postulates an increasing importance of mineral reactivity in smaller aggregates than in larger aggregates in which the cohesion relies mostly on physical enmeshment by fungal hyphae or small roots. Consequently, differences in the proportion of the different 2:1 clay minerals in soils can influence their structure development. Further research on the links between clay mineralogy and aggregation can improve our understanding of mechanisms of soil resistance to erosion and organic matter stabilization.     

Mechanismen der aggregatstabilisierung in einem tonboden mittels branntkalk

In the present paper, investigations are described which were conducted to find out how stabilization observed in a field experiment was effective if the applied lime was very largely in contact with the surfaces of aggregates.Shearing of undisturbed samples from the field experiment showed a decrease of maximum shearing resistance in the limed soil. Ultimate strength, however, was not measurable in the unlimed control because no yield-stress-equilibrium was reached.In laboratory samples (10–50 g CaO/1000 cm³ of soil) an increase of the angle of internal friction and a simultaneous decrease in cohesion were found with increased application of lime. Again no ultimate strength could be measured for the unlimed samples.Compaction tests on laboratory samples showed significant differences in structure that were in line with increasing resistance of the sample to shearing.These results suggest that the additional stability of the limed aggregates was due to preserving aggregate boundaries. This helped to avoid the development of neutral stresses in the aggregates when under load. The effect was found to be more strongly expressed in laboratory samples because their aggregates were smaller than those in the field soil.     

The method of cohesion determination in soil aggregates

Theoretical fundamentals and experimental methods to study the strength of water-stable bonds in soil aggregates are discussed. The strength of water-stable aggregates characterized by cohesion is proved to be one of the important structural and mechanical properties of soil. The regular variation of this parameter inthe soils under study is related to the content of humus and physical clay.     

基于土-水特征曲线的植物边坡抗剪强度研究

土-水特征曲线通常用于估计非饱和土壤的抗剪强度,但是由于植物根系的吸水作用和加筋效应,使得植物边坡的抗剪强度不能直接利用基于基质吸力的非饱和土抗剪强度计算公式进行计算。以裸露边坡和植被边坡为研究对象,采用张力计现场测试和室内剪切试验相结合的方法,拟合水土特征曲线关系。结果表明:(1)植物根系的植入有效地提高了边坡土体的进气值,较素土进气吸力值增幅41.10%。在同等含水率条件下,植物边坡基质吸力明显大于素土边坡,提高了边坡土体的持水能力。(2)边坡红黏土基质吸力与含水率的关系符合V-G模型,利用最小二乘法得到模型参数。(3)随着体积含水率的增大,带根土与素土的抗剪强度参数值变化趋势大致相同,均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但带根土的变化参数大,当含水率21.29%时,带根土黏聚力相较于素土增加了4.86 kPa,增幅18.55%,而内摩擦角对根系存在的敏感程度不如黏聚力。(4)随着土壤基质吸力不断增大,植被边坡与素土边坡的抗剪强度力学参数变化趋势大体相同,当土基质吸力为60～90 kPa土体的黏聚力提高最为明显,但植被边坡由于植物根系的存在,土体内基质吸力对边坡土体的抗剪强度提高幅度更大,黏聚力与内摩擦角最大增长幅度分别为37.34%和40.30%。通过建立土-水特征曲线参数与植物边坡抗剪强度的关系,可计算不同含水率或基质吸力条件下植物边坡的抗剪强度,为进一步分析工程实际中植物边坡的稳定性提供理论依据。     

基于三轴UU试验的土体含水率对根土复合体强度特性的影响

为研究自然边坡其强度特性随含水率的变化规律。通过设计不同体积含水率(20%,27%,35%,40%,45%)和2种含根量(RAR=0.1%,0.3%)的重塑土进行不固结不排水三轴试验,以研究含水率对土体破坏方式、抗剪强度和初始切线模量的影响。结果表明：(1)试样破坏模式多为剪切变形和剪胀变形,在含水率为20%,27%时,出现明显剪切贯穿面破裂带,其余含水率下表现为剪胀变形;(2)含水率对根土复合体抗剪强度主要体现在黏聚力上,含水率从20%升至45%时,2种含根量的根土复合体黏聚力分别降低67%,72%;含水率低于35%时,可用对数关系表示,随含水率升高,黏聚力明显降低;含水率达到35%以上时,可用线性关系表示,黏聚力下降速度减缓;含根量增加,抗剪强度提高;(3)不同含根量和围压下根土复合体初始切线模量与含水率关系可以用线性关系拟合,含水率从20%升至45%时,2种含根量的根土复合体初始切线模量平均分别降低43%和47%。综合考虑土体弹塑性和植物因素对土体位移或变形的影响,可提高边坡稳定性计算精度。研究结果可为植物边坡以及水土保持植被建设治理提供科学参考,丰富根系固土领域的科学理论。