射频识别技术(RFID)在鱼道监测中的应用

过鱼效果的监测评价及相应技术优化是鱼道成功运行的保证。通过对比射频识别技术与其他水生生物监测技术之间的优缺点,从鱼类生理伤害度、监测精度、标签遗失率以及适用鱼类个体尺寸范围和监测成本等方面,阐述了射频识别技术在鱼道监测工作中的优越性。结合射频识别技术在鱼道内部通过效果、鱼道进口吸引效果和鱼道河流连通性修复方面的应用,概括了射频识别技术应用现状及其所包含的关键技术,加强射频识别技术的研究对鱼道监测、评价、优化具有重大意义。     

峡江水利枢纽鱼道过鱼效果的初步研究

为了解峡江水利枢纽鱼道过鱼效果,采用张网法和截堵法,于2019年10月、2020年1月、2020年4月、2020年8月对峡江水利枢纽鱼道的过鱼效果开展季度调查.鱼道内共采集鱼类4605尾,计42种,隶属于4目、9科、34属,以中小型鱼类为主,体长范围为2.3～48.5 cm,优势种为宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus...     

峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4-7月,流速0.7~1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂( Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

我国过鱼设施现状分析及鱼道适宜性管理的关键问题

水电开发对于洄游性鱼类产生的负面影响最为直接,阻碍了其繁殖、索饵以及越冬等生命行为。在调查的25个水电项目中,有17个采取了鱼类保护措施,其中采取增殖放流措施的占82.4%,仅有1个项目修建了鱼道。介绍了“莱茵河-2000计划”和哥伦比亚河鱼道建设及运行效果。鱼道不单纯是洄游性鱼类的通道,更是实现大坝上下游物质与能量循环的生态廊道。国内开展鱼道适应性管理的关键问题是：建立鱼道长效运行与保障机制,对鱼道过鱼进行长效监测以及研究鱼道过鱼效果评价方法。     

过鱼设施与鱼类资源的关系

近几年来各地结合水利工程修建了不少过鱼设施,对保护鱼类资源,发展水产生产起了积极作用。经过不断地摸索和总结,为我国今后搞好过鱼建筑物提供了丰富的经验。本文扼要地叙述有关过鱼设施与鱼类资源的若干问题。     

洋塘鱼道过鱼效果的观察

洋塘鱼道位于湖南衡东县境内洣水下游的洋塘水轮泵水电站枢纽工程的左侧，是以灌溉、发电为主，兼顾航运与过鱼的洋塘水轮泵水电站枢纽的重要组成部分。     

涵洞过鱼效果评价方法述评

涵洞作为常见的输水建筑物,也承担着修复河流连通性的功能。 本文概述了涵洞过鱼的障碍类型,包括落差障碍、下游水深不足障碍,流速障碍,水深障碍,概述了涵洞过鱼效果评价方法,包括简易评价法、监测评价法和虚拟评价法,分析了各方法优缺点,并指出虚拟评价法在涵洞过鱼效果评价中的巨大优势与发展前景,提出了提高模拟精度的方向：利用开放水槽获得更精确的鱼类游泳能力数据;深入研究鱼类贴壁运动的行为,量化鱼类实际运动区域的面积和位置;深入分析鱼类的跳跃行为与下游水深、流量,起跳速度和方向的关系,量化各因素对鱼类跳跃的影响程度;合理选取分析对象;适当调整水力计算方法以适应国内规范;量化鱼类运动模式与环境因子水力学条件的响应关系等。     

关于葛洲坝工程不必附建过鱼设施的意见

葛洲坝水利枢纽是在长江干流上兴建的第一个大坝工程。这个坝在湖北省宜昌市附近江面上拦断了滚滚江水,那里的部分鱼类将不能象原来那样上下游动。这一情况是否影响长江的整个鱼类资源?哪些鱼类可能受到影响?影响程度怎样?是否要给某种鱼类设置鱼道，即“过鱼设施”?有鱼道是否就能过鱼?除了鱼道外，还有没有其他保护鱼类资源的措施和方法?这一系列问题，引起了人们的极大关注。     

竖缝式鱼道桩柱结构过鱼效果探索

竖缝式鱼道作为一种协助鱼类洄游上溯从而缓解提升河流连通性 的设施得到广泛的应用,但是多数鱼道的实际过鱼效能并不理想,尤其 是鱼道的池室结构尚具有一定的提升空间。本研究通过数值模拟和对照性过鱼试验对池室内部未增加和4种方式增加桩柱的池室水流结构进行了比较分析。结果表明在鱼道主流中间增设桩柱结构,可以有效减小回流区面积,减幅达49%;并减小竖缝处紊动能,最大紊动能减小18%;增加鱼类上溯路线分布,提高了池室空间利用率更高 。分析两种结构的上溯轨迹发现,齐口裂腹鱼多选择回流区外侧上溯,避免进入回流区中心,多选择较高的水力应变与紊动能区域调整作为上溯方向 ,且上溯路线中偏好较低水力因子区域上溯,上溯偏好流速范围0.01~0.09m/s,紊动能范围0.001~0.008m2/s2,水力应变范围0.2~3.0s-1     

不同位置和朝向的鱼道进口诱鱼效果

为了探明不同进口朝向的布置方式和进口位置对诱鱼效果的影响,本研究通过建立鱼道进口概化模型,设计3种环境流速工况,以马口鱼为实验对象,针对不同朝向和不同位置鱼道进口分别进行放鱼实验。结果显示,在同一鱼道进口位置时,垂直于河道水流方向上的鱼道进口其诱鱼效果明显优于顺河道水流方向的鱼道进口;当开启与电站不同相对位置不同的进口时,其诱鱼效果受河道水流速度和进口位置的影响较为显著;在所设计实验工况中,环境流速为0.3 m/s时,鱼道进口诱鱼效果最好。研究结果将对水利工程中鱼道进口布置具有重要的参考意义并指导工程实践。     

Evaluation of a flat-plate PIT tag interrogation system at Bonneville Dam

In the spring of 1996 and 1997, a prototype 400 kHz flat-plate (pass-by) passive integrated transponder tag interrogation (PIT tag) system was installed at the terminus of the downstream migrant (DSM) channel of the Bonneville Dam First Powerhouse, located on the Columbia River. The system was designed to interrogate previously PIT tagged juvenile salmonids migrating down the Columbia River without interfering with the traditional subsampling of fish passing through the facility. In addition, the design enables fish of virtually any size, and debris, to pass over the system's antennas without the port restrictions imposed by traditional pass-through PIT tag interrogation systems. We describe the fish facility in addition to the flat-plate system and its operation. The system tag reading efficiency was evaluated during 1996 and 1997 using a direct method based on the release of known numbers of tagged test fish and an indirect statistical procedure based on tagged run-at-large fish. The results showed that PIT tag reading efficiency during both years using the direct method averaged 97%, while that using the statistical procedure averaged 99% for the dual multiplexed antenna array. During the 1996 and 1997 field seasons 4371 and 14 733 fish, respectively, were recorded. Daily system functionality was monitored using stick tests (i.e., the passing of PIT tagged sticks across the antenna array).     

Tagging juvenile European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) with passive integrated transponders—Impact of fish size on growth performance and tag retention

The study examined the effect of PIT tagging and size on the growth, survival, food conversion, tag retention and wound healing in juvenile European whitefish. Three size classes of juvenile whitefish (class S—body weight (b.w.) approx. 4.0 g; class M—b.w. approx. 8.0 g; class L—b.w. approx. 13.6 g) were tagged with PIT implanted intraperitoneally (TROVAN^®, United Kingdom). These groups formed S‐P, M‐P and L‐P respectively. Fish from the control groups (groups S‐C, M‐C and L‐C) were not tagged. Whitefish from the tagged and control groups were reared for 28 days in recirculating aquaculture systems. Only in the fish from the smallest group (group S‐P) was tagging confirmed to have a negative impact on growth rate and survival, which, after 28 days, was 70% in comparison with 94.4% in group S‐C. The rate of wound healing in all whitefish groups was similar. After 28 days following PIT implantation, all wounds were healed. Short‐term PIT retention (28 days) for all the groups was > 90%, and no differences were noted among groups. In summary, it is recommended that whitefish be PIT‐tagged using the intraperitoneal method after they have attained a body weight > 8 g. Tagging smaller specimens of this species leads to higher mortality.     

确定性前沿模型及其在测定我国农户精养淡水鱼技术效率中的应用

研究概述了确定性前沿模型的产生、分类、特点、参数求解方法及其在我国的应用现状。在此基础上,以2002年和2003年我国农户精养淡水鱼成本收益资料为样本,应用前沿模型理论建立了我国农户精养淡水鱼的确定性统计前沿模型并测定了这两年中我国主要淡水鱼养殖省市的农户精养淡水鱼技术效率,得出结论为:物质资本投入对我国农户精养淡水鱼产出的影响远大于劳动力投入;我国农户精养淡水鱼生产处于规模报酬不变阶段;我国农户精养淡水鱼生产存在着较大的技术无效性和管理缺失现状,这一现状存在着明显的地区差异和时间差异。     

北盘江董箐与光照库区鱼类资源水声学调查

2014年7月16-28日,首次利用双频识别声纳DIDSON对贵州北盘江光照与董箐库区的鱼类进行了水声学调查,同步进行水质监测。航线均采用"之"字形,平均航速约5 km/h,董箐库区航程15.30 km,光照库区航程总计11.57 km。同步水质监测使用Hydrolab DS5多参仪,走航过程中坐标位置由GPS(Mobile Mapper 10)读取。水质采样点上用vector Pluse多普勒点式流速仪测量该点表层流速。监测期间,在各个江段进行水声学探测后,使用网目6 cm的流刺网在水体底层进行生物采样。董箐库区体长50~100 cm鱼所占比例为49.48%,光照库区体长20~50 cm鱼比例达60.55%。董箐库区的鱼类多分布在0~15 m的中上层水层,而光照库区的鱼类多集中在15~30 m的中下层水层。各水层分布的鱼类数量,董箐库区相差不大,而光照库区差异较大。2库区表层水体中温度、溶氧和叶绿素a值存在显著差异;中层水体中温度、溶氧和叶绿素a值差异显著;底层水体的温度和溶氧差异显著。董箐与光照库区表层水流流速差异显著。鱼类平均密度董箐库区为(17 240±6 240)×103尾/km3,光照库区为(11 750±1 860)×103尾/km3。董箐库区探测江段共收集渔获物94 580.62 g,鱼类20种、231尾;放流的长臀鮠C.bouderius、光倒刺鲃S.hollandi、白甲鱼O.sima和花鱼骨H.maculats占渔获物重量66.17%、数量44.23%。光照库区探测段共收集渔获物92 165.45 g,鱼类13种、155尾;放流的4种鱼占渔获物重量28.22%、数量31.41%。北盘江梯级电站开发以来,董箐和光照库区现存鱼类资源密度偏低,但生长结构基本合理。     

水产技术推广资源配置效率及其区域差异分析

渔业在我国国民经济中占有重要地位和作用,水产技术推广体系是保证我国渔业持续健康发展的基础。本文采用数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)中的BCC模型分析2013—2015年全国各地区的水产技术推广资源配置效率,以探究我国各地区水产技术推广资源配置效率的差异。结果表明,我国水产技术推广资源整体配置效率不高,区域间的配置效率差异明显,中南地区水产技术推广资源配置综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率都高于全国平均水平,东北地区低于全国平均水平。建议通过增加水产技术推广资源总量、因地制宜的配置水产技术推广资源、建立水产技术推广体系联合协作工作机制等方法来提高水产资源配置效率。     

Emigration and mortality of juvenile brown trout in a New Zealand headwater tributary

We investigated juvenile brown trout migration and mortality in a headwater tributary of the Motueka River, New Zealand, by tracking 1000 young‐of‐the‐year passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged fish over autumn to summer to (i) partition total loss into emigration and mortality and (ii) determine the influence of season and flow on emigration. Fish were tracked using mobile and fixed PIT tag readers. Of the 1000 fish tagged, 173 remained within the Rainy River; emigration contributed 60% and mortality 29% to loss. Only 11% of fish tagged in autumn were predicted to remain in the upper reaches of the stream by early summer, and this agreed with density data collected in a parallel study. We identified a two‐phase downstream migration pattern with early movement of large young‐of‐the‐year fish in autumn (mainly during floods). This was followed by another substantial period of movement in spring (during floods and lower flows) by fish that were initially smaller at the time of PIT tagging. The management implications for damming and fish screening in headwater tributaries are discussed.