蒙新河狸的食性研究

研究表明，蒙新河狸（ＣａｓｔｏｒｆｉｂｅｒｂｉｒｕｌａｉＳｅｒｅｂｒｅｎｎｉｋｏｖ）采食植物达４９种其中木本植物１５种。常采食植物仅为几种，柳树为其关键食物。夏季蒙新河狸以柳树萌生枝条为主要食物，一般不啃伐大的林木：秋季大量啃伐林大营建食物堆以为冬季贮食，贮食期约持续１个月，每个家族在冰下贮存１０００—２０００ｋｇ的杨柳枝条。全年以秋季进食量最大，约为冬季的２倍。     

此案应该如何计算立木蓄积

案情介绍：胡某申请办理了4份林木采伐许可证，共批准采伐马尾松118株，计立木蓄积17．7m。而胡某实际采伐430株，并且采伐的全部是离地面1．8m左右直径15cm以上的林木。由于当地村民有挖树根烧柴的习惯，现地只查到103个伐桩。     

落叶松人工林经营密度的研究

通过对23块落叶松人工林标准地2980株林木胸径与冠幅直径进行调查统计分析，建立落叶松人工林胸径与冠幅直径直线相关关系式为y=0．732 0．148x．求得各径阶林木密度．编制6～17cm径阶的落叶松人工林经营密度表。用固定标准地资料验证．结果表明，伐后保留密度越接近经营密度，单位面积蓄积增长量、单株材积就越高．不仅采伐强度符合技术规定，而且能获得理想的间伐利用木材。     

对缓解河谷林中林牧矛盾的思考

河谷林是新疆四大森林资源之一。主要分布在额尔齐斯河和伊犁河两大河流沿岸。河谷林的生存与发展对稳定河岸,函养水源,调节区域小气候起着重要作用,同时也是沿河地带的重要的牧业优良草场和牲畜的主要庇护场地。但长期以来林牧争地导致了河谷林资源的破坏。由于河谷林资源的减少草场退化,河谷地带面积缩小,又限制了林牧业的发展,长此以往形成了生态的恶性循环。仅阿勒泰地区额尔齐斯河流域每年就有100万头牲畜在不足50万亩的河谷林区越冬,林木受到牲畜的啃食践踏和牧民烧用等。如不采取有效管护措施,现有的河谷林     

冷杉腐朽病研究：Ⅲ.冷杉林木腐朽程度的探讨

冷杉林木腐朽程度是冷杉林分质量变化的重要标志。研究表明,西部高山林区冷杉林木腐朽是严重的,腐朽木的腐朽高度占树高的11.8～32.6％,腐朽材积平均为3.8～20.4％(Ⅱ阶段后期腐朽)。林木腐朽状况以林木年龄为转移,过熟林木腐朽高度为1.8～10.3m,超过中龄林木(0.5～1.8m)的3～6倍。林木径级与腐朽程度(腐朽高度、腐朽材积)成正相关。腐朽高度与出林率为负相关。研究结果,伐根腐朽直径(X)与腐朽高度((?)_1)、腐朽材积((?)_2)、出材率((?)_2)建立回归方程:根据林(原)木的伐根腐朽直径,即可判别其出材等级范围。冷杉林分腐朽状况是个体被害林木的总和,而林木腐朽程度反映了冷杉腐朽病的严重性。可以认为,冷杉林分腐朽率是数量增长的概念,而林木内部腐朽程度则是质量变化的标志。基于此,本文着重从冷杉林木年龄、径级与腐朽程度进行了研究、探讨冷杉腐朽病危害的实质。     

落叶松人工林经营密度的研究

通过对２３块落叶松人工林标准地２９８０株林木胸径与冠幅直径进行调查统计分析，建立落叶松人工林胸径与冠幅直径直线相关关系式为ｙ＝０．７３２＋０．１４８ｘ，求得各径阶林木密度，编制６～１７ｃｍ径阶的落叶松人工林经营密度表。用固定标准地资料验证，结果表明，伐后保留密度越接近经营密度，单位面积蓄积增长量、单株材积就越高，不仅采伐强度符合技术规定，而且能获得理想的间伐利用木材。     

林木定向培育密度公式的普适性研究

林木定向培育密度公式的纵向应用终点是直径 37cm ,而在 37cm以上 ,则用林木定向培育密度对接式代之 ,可应用于最大径级林木的定向培育 ,这样可与林木定向培育密度倍数式构成一个林木定向培育密度应用的全方位总体。     

林木宝向培育密度公式的普适性研究

林木定向培育密度公式的纵向应用终点是直径３７cm, 而在７３cm 以上，则用林木定向培育密度对接式代之，可应用于最大径级林木的定向培育，这样可与林木定向培育密度倍数式构成一个林木定向培育密度倍数式构成一个林木定向培育密度应用的全方位总体。     

小兴安岭阔叶次生林典型树种单木生长模型的建立

以小兴安岭过伐林区阔叶次生林典型类型(杨桦林、硬阔林)为研究对象,通过建立阔叶次生林典型类型(柞树、白桦、黑桦)的单木生长模型,对小兴安岭过伐林区阔叶次生林主要树种的生长进行预测,直接判定各单木树种的生长状况。研究结果表明,林木直径是影响阔叶次生林主要树种单木生长量的最主要因素,直径越大,定期直径生长量也越大;林木直径是影响林木枯损的主要因子,林木直径越大,枯损概率越小。     

张北坝上地区杨树萌芽更新规律研究

为了对坝上地区退化杨树防护林进行更新改造,对张北小二台镇杨树皆伐迹地伐桩萌生条的生长状况进行了调查,以探究其更新规律。研究结果表明:在所调查的伐桩直径范围内,萌生条数量与伐桩直径呈显著的正相关关系;萌生条直径与伐桩直径无显著相关关系,而与萌生条数量及竞争指数存在显著的负相关关系;萌生能力综合指标与伐桩直径之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01),伐桩直径越大,其萌生能力越强。在张北坝上地区退化杨树防护林的改造中,可充分利用衰退杨树伐桩的萌蘖能力进行更新,并通过萌条数量的控制对萌条的生长进行调节,以形成生长迅速、长势良好的植株。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.