2002年辽宁本溪地区玉米丝黑穗病发生及防治

辽宁省本溪市辖两县五区,玉米种植面积年基本稳定在2万hm2左右,主要分布在桓仁、本溪两县,品种主要集中在沈单10、沈单16、农大108、东单60及铁单12五个品种。多年来,本溪地区玉米丝黑穗病发病率均不超过3%。其中抗病品种发病率在0.5%～1%;感病品种发病率在2%～3%,未对玉米生产造成严重损失。但也正是多年病害发生较轻,人们忽视了玉米丝黑穗病爆发的危险性,对玉米丝黑穗病的防治缺乏足够的重视。2002年由于多种综合因素所致,本溪地区玉米丝黑穗病发生较重,对玉米生产造成严重损失,是玉米生产上罕见的。为及时、深入了解玉米丝黑穗病发生…     

玉米丝黑穗病及病菌生理分化研究进展

玉米丝黑穗病是玉米生产上的一种主要病害,从玉米丝黑穗病的发生与危害、病原菌生物学、抗病性鉴定与育种、防治、病原菌生理分化以及植物病原菌生理分化鉴定技术等方面进行了综述。     

玉米丝黑穗病防治探讨

近年来玉米丝黑穗病已越来越影响玉米的产量。介绍了玉米丝黑穗病的病害循环,从品种因素、减少初侵染来源、合理耕作管理、掌握播期、药剂防治等方面探讨了丝黑穗病的防治,指出品种的抗病性是防治玉米丝黑穗病发生的主导因素。     

论春玉米区抗丝黑穗病杂交种的选育及应用

丝黑穗病是我国春玉米主产区的主要病害之一,在东北春玉米区,近几年玉米丝黑穗病发病较重,2002年玉米丝黑穗病大发生,个别发病较重地块发病率达60%～70%,给粮食生产造成巨大损失。为此,笔者提出在春玉米区应重视玉米抗丝黑穗病的育种工作,通过改良抗病种质,注重对玉米丝黑穗病的选择,尽快育出高抗丝黑穗病的玉米杂交种,从根本上解决因玉米丝黑穗病造成的危害。     

玉米丝黑穗病的研究进展

玉米丝黑穗病是玉米生产的重要病害.本文首次系统地综述了丝黑穗病的危害、病原、防治措施、抗源鉴定和抗性遗传研究进展,探讨了该领域存在的主要问题.我国应加强对玉米丝黑穗病的抗源鉴定与抗性遗传研究,为抗病育种及种质改良提供技术基础。     

不同浓度戊唑醇包衣处理对玉米丝黑穗病防治效果分析

以高感玉米丝黑穗病品种为试验材料，人工接种丝孢堆黑粉菌，验证在设定药种质量比包衣下，采用0.1%～1.1%不同浓度梯度戊唑醇种衣剂进行不同播期处理，对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果，分析玉米播种至8叶期的土壤温湿度对玉米丝黑穗病发生的影响。结果表明，土壤温度是丝黑穗病菌侵染的关键因子。不同播期处理，玉米丝黑穗病发生率差异较大，播期早，出齐苗时间长，玉米丝黑穗发病重；播期晚，出齐苗时间短，丝黑穗病发生相对轻。0.1%～1.1%浓度戊唑醇种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病效果为53.07%～90.87%，0.9%戊唑醇包衣处理对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果最好。     

种衣剂防治玉米病虫害试验

1997年在辽宁省的三个地区进行了3种种衣剂防治玉米病虫害的田间小区试验。结果表明,17%呋·多种衣剂以1∶50包衣对玉米安全,可有效防治玉米苗期病害和地下害虫,平均防效分别达68.91%和71.35%,适宜在辽宁北部地区使用。17%克·多·酮种衣剂对玉米丝黑穗病有良好的防治效果,平均防效为54.26%,适宜在辽宁中部和南部地区推广。     

2002年东北地区玉米丝黑穗病发生情况初报

2002年9月中旬，对东北三省玉米丝黑穗病进行了实地调查，结果发现，黑龙江省发生玉米丝黑穗病面积约44万hm^2，主要感病品种有白单31号、龙单19号，平均发病率分别为70％、57％；吉林省发生玉米丝黑穗病面积约60万hm^2，主要感病品种有吉单209、掖单44、登海1号、东单60、丹638、丹639等，其中一些品种平均发病率达50％以上，个别地块高达90％；辽宁省发生玉米丝黑穗病面积约3．3万hm^2，主要感病品种有沈单16号、丹638、丹639、丹3040等，沈单16号在本溪市卧龙镇平均发病率达57％。东北三省玉米丝黑穗病发生面积累计107万hm^2，以产量7500kg／hm^2计算，直接损失玉米1．2亿kg，农民减少收入9600万元(按玉米收购价0．80元／kg计算)。     

玉米丝黑穗病的发生与防治

分析了玉米丝黑穗病严重发生的原因,主要包括：土壤中病菌大量积累;玉米多年连作;感病品种不合理种植;气候条件不利;种衣剂使用不正确;栽培管理措施失当。同时分析了玉米丝黑穗病的发生规律和主要症状。提出以选用抗病品种为基础,化学防治为主、农业保健栽培措施为辅的综合防治对策。     

东北春玉米区玉米丝黑穗病大发生原因及对策

2002年东北春玉米区玉米丝黑穗病大发生.本文作者受农业部农业技术推广服务中心良繁处委托,对东北春玉米区玉米丝黑穗病大发生情况进行了普查.结果表明,东北三省发病面积近106.7万hm2,占玉米总面积的19.5%.一般品种发病率在7%左右;感病品种发病率在10%～40%;个别高感品种的发病率在50%以上.主要原因是玉米多年重茬连作,缺乏抗病品种,气候条件变化异常以及农民缺乏科学使用种衣剂的常识.提出以抗病品种为基础,化学防治为主农业保健栽培措施为辅的综合防治对策。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。