水田除草剂药害产生的原因与补救措施

近年来水田除草剂药害污染事故上升较快,致害药剂不仅包括水田除草剂,还包括旱地除草剂残留药害,灭生性除草剂飘移药害、误用药害。非耕地除草剂流失药害等,近年来我市水田缓苗期间除草剂药害造成水稻病苗滞长现象很多,每年稻田除草剂药害事故估计可迭30～50起,文章结合生产实际对水田除草剂药害产生的原因与补救措施进行探讨。     

寒地水田除草剂药害症状及预防措施

对寒地水田除草剂药害进行了分析,认为药害主要有3类:长残留除草剂引起药害、苗床除草剂药害和本田除草剂药害,总结了其药害症状,并提出预防措施。     

玉米除草剂药害的症状识别及防治方法

<正>1玉米除草剂药害的症状识别近年来,玉米除草剂的使用非常普遍,由于使用不当造成的药害时常发生。主要有三种类型:除草剂残留药害、当年使用化学除草剂药害、除草剂飘移药害。1.1除草剂残留药害。前茬用过氯磺隆、甲磺隆和过量使用氟磺胺草醚、异噁草松的地块,第二年种玉米会产生严重药害,特别是有机质低于4%的     

麦田除草剂药害调查诊断与预防对策

提出除草剂药害调查方法,论述了麦田除草剂药害症状。误用非麦田除草剂、误导宣传、技术不当、不良气候等因素是造成麦田除草剂发生药害的主要原因。要加强宣传培训,科学使用除草剂,强化农资经营服务理念和农药市场管理,出现药害后采取相应措施及时补救,减少药害带来的损失。     

除草剂药害及其预防和补救措施

随着除草剂的使用面积逐年增加,除草剂药害问题已经成为制约除草剂广泛应用和致使作物减产的重要因素,本文简要介绍了除草剂药害的类型和主要症状,分析和探讨了除草剂药害产生的主要原因,并针对性的提出了药害的预防和补救措施,以期对避免除草剂药害的产生有所帮助。     

水稻除草剂药害症状与解救措施

<正>近年来除草剂种类不断增多,农户对其选择性不够谨慎,威胁着水稻的生长,致使大面积产生药害,甚至死亡。笔者对水稻田除草剂产生的药害症状、发生原因及解救措施进行了分析和探讨,为除草剂药害的控制提供依据。1水稻除草剂药害症状及诊断除草剂药害按作用原理可分为内吸传导型和触杀型的药害,按危害时期可分为当茬除草剂药害和长残留除草剂药害,按接触方式可分为直接、漂移和残留药害。一般分为5级:1级是作物生长正常;2级轻微药     

除草剂药害发生的原因及预防补救措施

阐述了除草剂药害的症状及其危害,分析了除草剂药害发生的原因,提出了避免除草剂药害的措施以及药害发生时的补救方法,以为在农作物上应用除草剂提供参考。     

水稻除草剂药害预防及补救措施

文章总结了避免除草剂药害的措施以及药害发生时的补救方法,以达到降低水稻除草剂药害的发生几率、降低除草剂药害的程度、减轻或避免经济损失的目的,为农场农业生产提供参考。     

悦读

<正>除草剂安全使用与药害鉴定技术作者:陶波主编韩玉军、滕春红、马红副主编出版社:化学工业出版社出版时间:2014年5月本书在简述杂草发生、危害及除草剂药害发生情况与发展现状的基础上,详细介绍了各种农作物田杂草防除中除草剂的安全使用技术,重点阐述了除草剂药害种类及症状、除草剂药害产生原因、诊断及评估方法、药害的鉴定程序、除草剂药害的补救措施及解决方法等相关知识。内容科学实用,并附有大量高清原色彩图,易于读者掌握。     

除草剂药害发生原因及诊断

近几年来,随着除草剂的推广应用,除草剂药害发生频繁,在生产中造成了巨大的损失,严重影响着农作物的产量和品质,已经成为阻碍杂草化学防治的重要因素.在除草剂大面积使用中,作物产生药害的原因多种多样,只有认识药害、把握药害,才能避免药害、解除药害,实现真正意义上的除草剂科学应用.     

玉米叶片SPAD值在除草剂药害早期诊断中的应用

绿色植物叶片SPAD值变化灵敏,能够反映植物的生长状况。通过对玉米喷施高于推荐用量的供试除草剂,使玉米产生药害,并测量除草剂处理后玉米叶片SPAD值、受害玉米的株高及地上部鲜质量,分析叶片SPAD值与玉米株高及地上部鲜质量的相关性,研究玉米叶片SPAD值与除草剂药害的关系。结果表明,喷药5 d后玉米叶片SPAD值与15 d后的株高、地上部鲜质量呈显著正相关,即SPAD值越低,株高及地上部鲜质量越小,玉米受除草剂药害越重。     

除草剂安全剂对丁草胺解毒效果研究

采用室内生物测定的方法,通过对小麦生理指标-株高的测定,研究了除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷保护小麦免受除草剂丁草胺在不同浓度时的伤害.结果表明：当安全剂与丁草胺按一定浓度配比混合,对小麦有较好的保护效果,保护率可达60%～170%.     

除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2-甲基-2-乙基-1，3-嗯唑烷对绿磺隆解毒效果研究

主要采用室内生物测定的方法,通过对玉米生理指标—根长、根鲜重的测定,研究了除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷保护玉米免受除草剂绿磺隆在不同浓度时的伤害。结果表明:当安全剂与绿磺隆按一定浓度配比混合,对玉米有较好的保护效果,保护率可达60%￣170%。     

黑龙江省2005年农药药害发生特点及2006年预防建议

总结了黑龙江省2005年农药药害的发生情况,提出了2006年生产上预防药害的建议.气象条件异常是导致药害发生的主要原因,作物生育前期低温多雨,作物长势弱,抵抗力差,后突遇高温,导致药害大面积暴发.除草剂药害、残留药害、除草剂飘移及误用药害发生严重,种衣剂、水稻壮秧剂及复合肥导致农作物药害和缺素症大面积发生.     

Detection of Internal Leaf Structure Deterioration Using a New Spectral Ratio Index in the Near-Infrared Shoulder Region

Spectral reflectance in the near-infrared （NIR） shoulder （750-900 nm） region is affected by internal leaf structure, but it has rarely been investigated. In this study, a dehydration treatment and three paraquat herbicide applications were conducted to explore how spectral reflectance and shape in the NIR shoulder region responded to various stresses. A new spectral ratio index in the NIR shoulder region （NSRI）, defined by a simple ratio of reflectance at 890 nm to reflectance at 780 nm, was proposed for assessing leaf structure deterioration. Firstly, a wavelength-independent increase in spectral reflectance in the NIR shoulder region was observed from the mature leaves with slight dehydration. An increase in spectral slope in the NIR shoulder would be expected only when water stress developed sufficiently to cause severe leaf dehydration resulting in an alteration in cell structure. Secondly, the alteration of leaf cell structure caused by Paraquat herbicide applications resulted in a wavelength-dependent variation of spectral reflectance in the NIR shoulder region. The NSRI in the NIR shoulder region increased significantly under an herbicide application. Although the dehydration process also occurred with the herbicide injury, NSRI is more sensitive to herbicide injury than the water-related indices （water index and normalized difference water index） and normalized difference vegetation index. Finally, the sensitivity of NSRI to stripe rust in winter wheat was examined, yielding a determination coefficient of 0.61, which is more significant than normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）, water index （WI） and normalized difference water index （NDWI）, with a determination coefficient of 0.45, 0.36 and 0.13, respectively. In this study, all experimental results demonstrated that NSRI will increase with internal leaf structure deterioration, and it is also a sensitive spectral index for herbicide injury or stripe rust in winter wheat.     

皖南烟区植烟土壤除草剂应用现状

介绍了除草剂的不同类型和皖南烟区主要除草剂的药害,分析了其产生的原因,并提出了防治措施,为皖南烟区除草剂的使用提供了参考。     

60 %环·敌可湿性粉剂在甘蔗田使用的安全性评价

对60%环.敌可湿性粉剂不同剂量、不同施药时期、不同施药方式进行对比试验,探讨该除草剂在甘蔗田使用的安全性。结果表明,从施药时期看,以甘蔗生长2~4叶期施药比芽前施药或6~8叶期施药较安全;从施药方式看,以相对定向喷雾比直接封顶喷雾安全;从剂量看,以900 g a.i./hm2造成的药害轻且容易恢复,而2700 g a.i./hm2不仅药害重且不易恢复,1800 g a.i./hm2则介于上述两者之间。     

Determination of differences in crop injury from aerial application of glyphosate using vegetation indices

Crop injury caused by off-target drift of herbicide can seriously reduce growth and yield and is of great concern to farmers and aerial applicators. Farmers can benefit from identifying an indirect method for assessing the level of crop injury. This study evaluates the combined use of statistical methods and vegetation indices (VIs) derived from multispectral images to assess the level of crop injury. An experiment was conducted in 2009 to determine glyphosate injury differences among the cotton, corn, and soybean crops. The crops were planted in eight rows spaced 102 cm apart and 80 m long with four replications. Seven VIs were calculated from multispectral images collected at 7 and 21 days after the glyphosate application (DAA). At each image collection date, visual injury estimates were assessed and data were collected for plant height, chlorophyll content, and shoot dry weight. From the seven VIs evaluated as surrogate for glyphosate injury identification using a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), the Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI) showed the highest correlation with field-measured plant injury data. CVI image values were subtracted from the CVI average values of the non-injured area to generate CVI residual images (CVI_res). Frequency distribution histograms of CVI_res image values were calculated to assess the level of injury between crops. These data suggested that injury increased from 7DAA to 21DAA with corn exhibiting higher severity of injury than cotton or soybean, while only moderate injury was observed for cotton. The techniques evaluated in this study are promising for estimating the level of glyphosate herbicide drift, which can be used to make appropriate management decisions considering crop proximity.     

主要农作物除草剂药害比较及预防对策

造成主要农作物药害的除草剂品种有磺酰脲类、二苯醚类、苯氧羧酸类的部分品种,以及百草枯、草甘膦、乙草胺等,但以磺酰脲类除草剂造成的药害较为常见。笔者探讨了药害的表现及其补救、预防措施。     

我国油菜田农药的登记及应用概况

概述了目前我国油菜生产、种植情况,油菜田发生、危害的主要有害生物等.我国油菜田登记的农药品种和产品情况,并分析了在油菜生产过程中的有害生物控制方面存在几个问题,包括药害、后茬、残留与摄入风险及抗性等.衡量我国油菜上目前登记的除草剂和杀菌荆品种、产品、荆型和防治谱,可基本满足我国油菜生产的需要.如能科学、合理使用除草剂,可避免当茬和后茬药害问题,保障农产品安全.但在油菜田的害虫和逆境胁迫的治理和预防方面,尤其是在突发的低温、涝害、冻害等方面,还需要更多的药剂、配套栽培与管理技术,增强抗灾、减灾能力,以保证农产品安全,促进油菜产业的可持续发展.