土壤酶对土壤环境质量指示作用的研究进展

土壤环境质量是土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染的能力。各种污染物(农业、工业)进入土壤后,都会对土壤的环境质量造成一定的影响。土壤酶作为土壤中的重要组成部分,是土壤中产生专一生物化学反应的生物催化剂,对土壤环境质量的变化反应迅速,常被用来作为指示土壤环境质量的生物学指标。因此本文综述土壤酶对化肥、农药、污水污泥、城市垃圾和重金属的指示作用,为污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

Chemical Behavior of U(VI) in the Presence of Soil Components

Soil components from different environments (forest (OF), semiarid (SZ), and sand (AS)) were separated from fulvic and humic substances, characterized by DRX, EDS(SEM), and zero-charge points were determined. The sorption of U(VI) by these materials was determined considering contact time, concentration of U(VI), pH, ionic strength, and presence of sodium chloride and humic acids. The time to reach the kinetic sorption equilibrium was ca. 1 min for the components of the SZ and AS soils, whereas those from OF required longer times. The zero-charge points of the materials indicate that in the experimental conditions, the surfaces of the materials are positively charged, as are uranyl ions. The sorption kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model, which indicates chemical sorption. The maximum sorption capacities for U(VI) obtained from data fitted to the Langmuir model of OF and SZ were 49 and 19.8 mg g^?1 respectively. Sorption isotherm data for AS were best fitted to the Freundlich model (q_e?=?5.4 mg g^?1). The maximum values of distribution coefficients (K_d) were 23?±?7 L kg^?1, 545?±?64 L kg^?1, and 1178?±?229 L kg^?1 for AS, SZ, and OF, respectively; these values may depend on pH, contact time, initial concentration of U(VI), and the composition of the materials. Sodium chloride in the aqueous solutions affects U(VI) sorption by the materials SZ and AS. The effect of humic acids depends on pH, only in acid media soluble humate complexes may be formed.     

庐山不同林分类型土壤活性有机碳及其组分与土壤酶的相关性

土壤活性有机碳直接参与土壤生物化学转化过程,影响土壤酶活性,对土壤养分有效化作用明显。以庐山3种不同林分类型下土壤为研究对象,通过对不同林分下土壤活性有机碳及其组分与土壤酶活性状况进行相关分析。结果表明:（1）3种林分类型下WSOC和DOC平均含量排序均为阔叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 针叶林,而ROC由大到小依次为针阔混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林;针阔混交林下MBC平均含量较高,针叶林下MBC平均含量较低。（2）3种林分类型下土壤蔗糖酶活性排序为针阔混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林;纤维素酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的大小顺序为针叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 阔叶林;针阔混交林下脲酶活性最低,阔叶林最高;针阔混交林下多酚氧化酶活性最高,阔叶林最低;过氧化氢酶活性高低序列为阔叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 针叶林。（3）3种林分类型下土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶等水解酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分的相关性较好,多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶等氧化酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分之间没有表现出明显的相关性。     

Lead Bioavailability in Soil and Soil Components

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The use of enhanced-flushing technologies has emerged as a promising technique for the remediation of sites contaminated with immiscible liquids. An important...     

Soil Bioremediation: Combination of Earthworms and Compost for the Ecological Remediation of a Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil

A three-dimensional (3D) off-line chemical transport model (CTM) has been used to study an Arctic ozone minihole event in early December 2002, when the meteorological conditon were severely colder than in recent years. The minimum temperatures were below 188 K on 6 December 2002 and remained below 195 K for the entire month. Such temperatures are low enough for the formation of PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) which were observed by a visible/near infrared solar occultation instrument by the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III experiment. The SLIMCAT model compares well with the depth and evolution of the ozone distribution as observed by the second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). The combined effect of a very strong and large intrusion of sub-tropical air, and uplifting of air masses of low ozone concentrations from the troposphere plays important role in the fomation of the ozone minihole. The modelled chemical ozone loss rate was relatively fast in the lower stratosphere in the region of frequent PSCs and higher levels of ClO and BrO. The observed PSCs in the vicinity of the minihole supports the model-predicted location of PSCs and chlorine activation. However, ozone miniholes have been attributed almost entirely to dynamical effects due to its short duration.     

石油烃污染对土壤持水特征及水分有效性的影响

石油烃污染土壤已经成为我国一个严重的环境问题,污染后的土壤理化性质发生改变,直接影响土壤的持水特性及水分有效性,确定石油烃污染对土壤持水特征和水分有效性的影响及其程度可为揭示石油烃污染对土壤性质的影响提供新的科学认识。通过人工配置柴油和原油不同污染浓度污染的黄绵土,利用离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线,分析了土壤的持水特征与水分有效性。结果表明:(1)不同浓度柴油与原油污染土壤后,水分特征曲线均位于未污染土壤的下部,其中原油污染的影响更甚。(2)水分特征曲线van Genuchten模型参数θ_s、θ_r随着污染浓度的增加呈现指数衰减,参数α值呈幂函数减小、n值出现随污染浓度对数增加的特点。(3)土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量以及凋萎含水量均随柴油、原油污染浓度的增加出现下降趋势,表观土壤有效含水量随污染浓度表现出先降后升的U字形的变化模式。无论原油还是柴油污染土壤,均会影响土壤的持水特征和水分有效性,影响的大小与石油烃的类型和浓度密切相关。     

土壤CaCO_3淀积对降水量及环境变化的指示

测定了三工河流域土壤的pH值和CaCO3含量,分析了二者的变化趋势。结合土壤CaCO3的淀积深度,根据年降水量与碳酸钙淀积深度之间的定量关系模型(y=305x+168.5)估算了全新世以来的气候变化。得出在该区域曾有过一段降水较为丰沛的时期。并依据土壤CaCO3含量在垂直剖面上的变化预测了该区域的气候条件是向暖湿、不利于碳酸盐保存的气候环境变化的。这与近期的研究资料得出的结论相一致。本文的结论可作为研究该地区气候变化的参考依据。     

Clay Dispersion of Hardsetting Inceptisols in Southeastern Nigeria as Influenced by Soil Components

Abstract

Hardsetting soil properties are undesirable in agricultural soils because they hamper moisture movement and soil aeration. The soils of the floodplain of Niger River in eastern Nigeria hardsets upon drying, following dispersion, puddling, and slaking during the waterlogged period. Ten soil samples collected from a depth of 0–20 cm were analyzed for their properties. The soils are classified as Fluvaquentic Eutropepts or Dystric Gleysol (FAO). The objective was to investigate the influence of some soil properties on water‐dispersible clay (WDC) of the soils, which is the precursor of the hardsetting process. The total clay content (TC) correlated significantly with WDC (r=0.94??), whereas the water‐dispersible silt (WDSi) was higher than its corresponding total silt content. The WDC showed a positive correlation with dithionite extractable Fe (Fed), Al (Ald), and oxalate extractable Fe (Feo) (r=0.75?, 0.89??, and 0.76? respectively). Exchangeable Mg²⁺ correlated significantly with WDSi (r=0.70). Principal component analysis of the soil variables indicates that 15 soil components, which influence WDC as hardsetting properties, were reduced to 5 orthogonal components. The parameters that influence hardsetting properties are exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fed, Alo, and Feo. Other soil properties are kaolinite, smectite, illite, and WDC, including soil organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), and ESP. Therefore, those soil properties, which explain hardsetting characteristics most, are exchangeable Na⁺, Fed, OC, Mg²⁺, and Alo. There are negative consequences on the erodibility, runoff, infiltration and tillage of the soils at both submerged and dry conditions due to clay dispersion, low OC, and hardsetting behavior of the soil.     

不同施肥处理对棕壤腐殖酸组成和性质的影响

23年定位试验结果表明:施用有机肥可提高土壤腐殖酸含量, HA/FA升高,土壤胡敏酸的羧基/酚羟基比升高,E4 /E6 值较高。施化肥处理HA/FA下降,羧基/酚羟基比下降,E4 /E6 值下降。有机无机配施HA/FA下降较明显,其它指标介于有机肥和化肥之间。有机无机配施处理土壤活性胡敏酸平均含量高于有机肥和化肥。松结态腐殖酸占总腐殖酸的10% ~20%。胡敏酸占3% ~8%,富里酸占6% ~11%。施肥可显著降低松结态腐殖酸、胡敏酸和富里酸的比例。化肥的施用可促进紧结态的腐殖酸向松结态的转化,加速地力的消耗。有机无机配施处理可较大幅度地提高松结态胡敏酸的比例,而减低松结态富里酸的比例。     

长期定位施肥对黄绵土酶活性及土壤养分状况的影响

本研究以25年的肥料长期定位试验为平台,探讨了长期不同施肥处理对土壤活性有机质、氮磷养分及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:长期施肥土壤活性有机质、全氮、碱解氮及速效磷含量显著提高,土壤转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增强,其中有机肥化肥配施(NPM)的作用明显大于施用化肥(N、NP);长期施肥不能增强土壤过氧化氢酶活性。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、转化酶及碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤活性有机质、氮磷养分含量呈显著正相关,且三种酶活性间呈极显著正相关关系。综合土壤养分与土壤主要酶活性的密切关系,认为将土壤酶与土壤养分相结合进行土壤肥力研究,对该区培肥土壤具有重要的指导意义。     

北京地区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物分布特征及污染源分析

对北京地区具代表性的环境功能区表层土壤饱和烃的组成与分布特征进行分析,并讨论了饱和烃污染物的来源。研究结果表明,在不同环境功能区表层土壤样品中均检测到了正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷烃等饱和烃化合物,其中正构烷烃和类异戊间二烯烷烃占优势。不同环境功能区和土壤类型的表层土壤样品中饱和烃的组成、分布特征和来源均存在明显差异,其中城区土壤受人为污染最为严重。表层土中饱和烃类化合物的来源比较复杂,既有人为污染源,又有天然来源。其中,中-低碳数正构烷烃主要是人为来源,高碳数正构烷烃主要为生物来源;类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜类化合物则主要来源于矿物油、化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。     

Thermal Behavior and Nonfreezing Water of Soybean Protein Components

Thermal denaturation and hydration of two soybean protein components were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results showed that temperature of denaturation (T_d) of both 11S and 7S globulins decreased sharply with an increase in water content. Enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH_d) of 11S increased with increasing water content at first, and then leveled off at high water content. However, ΔH_d of both 7S and 11S components in 7S samples first increased and then decreased at high water content. The preparation method of samples influenced the ΔH_d value significantly but had little effect on the T_d. Nonfreezing water was determined from the DSC results. It increased in both 11S and 7S as water content increased but was more abundant in 7S, probably because of different compositions and structures. Threshold value of water content for the appearance of freezing water was 0.30–0.32 h (g of water/g of protein, mass ratio) for 11S. The water absorbed by both 11S and 7S during denaturation increased quickly at low water contents and remained almost constant at high water contents. The results were attributed to different structure and conformation of proteins before and after denaturation.     

Effect of Glyphosate and Zinc Application on Yield,Soil Fertility,Yield Components,and Nutritional Status of Soybean

Glyphosate is a widely used nonselective herbicide for the control of agricultural weeds. It is being increasingly used in glyphosate resistant genetically modified plants. However, there are few studies on its effects on the nutritional status of soybean, particularly on the uptake of zinc (Zn). Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in a Typic Quartzipsamment and an Orthic Ferralsol to investigate the effect of glyphosate application × Zn interaction on soil fertility, yield components, seed yield (SY), shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, and nutritional status of soybean. The five Zn rates 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha^?1 were used in two soybean varieties [BRS 133 (conventional—NGM) and its essentially derived transgenic line BRS 245RR (GM), which was divided into: with (+Gly) and without (–Gly) glyphosate application. Only the P (phosphorus) and Zn available concentrations in the soil were impacted by Zn rates. However, the available P concentration only decreased in the soil planted with GM soybean. Mehlich 1 and diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid–triethanolamine (DTPA–TEA), 7.3 extractants were effective to determine the available Zn. In the two crop sites, the number of pods per plant (NPP) and the SDW yield were affected by the interaction varieties × Zn. SY was influenced by the application of the herbicide, reducing a potential phytotoxic effect with the use of high rates. Regarding the nutrients, only the foliar calcium (Ca), boron (B), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) concentrations were negatively affected by glyphosate, and in the case of Zn, the difference occurred only between the varieties BRS 133 and BRS 245RR.     

腐殖酸对外源砷在土壤中形态转化和有效性的影响

通过室内培养的方法,探讨腐殖酸(HAs)的两种活性组分——富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)及其不同比例(HA/FA)对土壤As形态转化及有效性的影响。结果表明,HAs的两种组分对土壤As的形态均具有显著影响,其影响程度和方向与其浓度、比例及外源As含量有关。FA和添加量≤1%C的HA能增加土壤交换态As(Ex-As)的含量,添加量≥3%C的HA能降低土壤Ex-As含量;两种组分都能降低土壤铝型As(Al-As)和铁型As(Fe-As)含量,增加残渣态As(Res-As)含量,FA比HA的作用效果更强;在等量(1%C)HAs条件下,HA/FA≥5/5时HAs能降低Ex-As含量,≤3/7时则能增加Ex-As的含量。HAs对土壤有效As的影响是其对As形态分配综合作用的结果,对土壤有效As贡献最大的是Ex-As和Ca-As;HA和添加量较高(≥5%C)的FA能够降低外源As在土壤中的有效性,而添加量较低(≤3%C)的FA能在一定程度上增加土壤As的有效性。因此,掌握有机物料合理的用量和活性组分比例是其作为土壤As活性调控剂的前提。     

旱地红壤线虫群落对不同耕作年限的响应及指示意义

我国热带和亚热带地区的红壤农田肥力水平低,严重制约着农业生产力的提升。不同农业管理措施会对土壤理化性质和生物群落产生不同的影响。本文研究了不同耕作年限条件下的旱地土壤,选取耕作10 a、20 a、50 a的花生地和菜地,并以未开垦的原始荒地作为对照。结果显示,与荒地相比,各年限花生地的土壤肥力等指标表现出下降的趋势,菜地土壤的各项性质则呈现提升的趋势。耕作20 a的花生地土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、有效磷等指标均最低,同时耕作50 a的菜地各项性质相对于10 a有显著的提升(p0.05)。花生地中植食性线虫比例伴随耕作年限延长而下降,而菜地中食细菌线虫比例伴随耕作年限延长而逐渐上升。从线虫生态指标数据显示,花生地相对于频繁施肥和耕作的菜地表现出更为稳定的土壤食物网。因此,线虫群落对不同耕作年限下旱地红壤生态系统的变化表现出一定的指示潜力。     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

基于可见-近红外反射光谱的油区农田土壤石油烃含量估测研究

利用可见-近红外光谱技术,研究油区农田土壤在颗粒为2mm、0.25 mm和0.15 mm时的光谱(原始、一阶微分、连续统去除、多次散射校正)反射率与石油烃含量变化的关系,建立并利用偏最小二乘回归模型估测了石油烃含量.结果表明:原始、连续统去除、多次散射校正光谱的反射率对石油烃含量变化的响应在350 ～ 600 nm最敏感(P＜0.05),一阶微分光谱的敏感波段为2 280 nm(|r|=0.81,P＜0.01);光谱预处理能明显提高石油烃含量的估测精度,但土壤研磨对估测精度的影响因光谱预处理方法而异.基于可见-近红外光谱技术,本研究确立了估测油区农田土壤石油烃含量的颗粒粒径(2 mm)和光谱预处理方法(一阶微分),实现了石油烃含量的快速、有效估测,探索了一种可替代传统分析技术的新方法.     

施用土壤改良剂对坡耕地烤烟土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

以云南省玉溪市红塔区坡耕地烤烟土壤为研究对象，选择生物质炭、木质素、聚丙烯酰胺和秸秆4种土壤改良剂，研究施用不同土壤改良剂后土壤各层有机碳及其组分含量的变化特征。结果表明：坡耕地烤烟土壤有机碳及其组分含量不同生育期表现为成熟期<现蕾期<旺长期，不同土层表现为5～10 cm>0～5 cm>10～20 cm，其中以添加高量生物质炭处理(0.6%～47.0%)和高量秸秆处理(1.3%～38.2%)提升效果较为显著；施用4种土壤改良剂在一定程度上均可提高土壤全氮和全磷含量，其中以添加高量秸秆处理最为显著，全氮、全磷含量分别提高15.0%～32.8%、37.6%～40.2%；各处理土壤C︰N在5.07～8.67,C︰P在3.91～6.12,N︰P在0.34～1.00；土壤全氮与全磷、有机碳含量之间分别存在显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)正相关关系，有机碳各组分间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)；土层深度、生育期和土壤改良剂种类对土壤有机碳组分的影响均极显著(P<0.01)。添加生物质炭和秸秆对滇中红壤丘陵区植烟土壤有机碳及其各组分含量...     

磺胺嘧啶在土壤及土壤组分中的吸附/解吸动力学

抗生素在土壤中的吸附/解吸及迁移过程受其理化性质的强烈影响,其中土壤中的矿物成分,如高岭石、蒙脱石及腐殖酸等是重要控制因素。本文主要研究了磺胺嘧啶在土壤、高岭石、蒙脱石和腐殖酸中的吸附/解吸动力学过程,并对反应前后的高岭石、蒙脱石和腐殖酸进行傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared, FTIR)表征,探讨其可能的吸附机理。结果表明:磺胺嘧啶的吸附(解吸)动力学过程,可以分为快速吸附(解吸)、吸附解吸动态平衡和吸附(解吸)平衡3个阶段;磺胺嘧啶在土壤及其3种组分中的吸附(解吸)均可在24 h内达到平衡,其浓度高低会导致土壤及其组分的吸附差异,不同土壤组分中的官能团含量、带电性质及氢键是造成吸附差异的主要原因;分别用伪一级动力学模型、伪二级动力学模型和Elovich模型对其吸附过程进行拟合,其动力学吸附过程更符合伪二级动力学模型,R20.99,主要受控于物理化学吸附;FTIR图谱表明磺胺嘧啶与高岭石以物理吸附为主,并有少量氢键作用,与蒙脱石之间主要以氢键作用完成吸附,而在腐殖酸中存在表面络合和π–π共轭作用。     

土壤退化时间序列的构建及其在我国土壤退化研究中的意义

我国土壤退化发生广、发展快,后果严重,很多问题亟待解决,加大其研究力度势在必行。显而易见,人们对土壤特性与土壤退化过程了解得越详细,对土壤退化的评估与防治也会越好。因此迫切需要建立大量土壤退化时间序列来明确土壤退化过程中时间因素的作用并帮助人们正确理解和认识土壤退化与人为作用之间的关系。为了得到可靠的结果,土壤退化时间序列的建立需包括起始土壤相似性判定与退化土壤绝对或相对年龄的验证两个重要过程。本文详细论述了土壤退化时间序列的构建过程及应注意的问题,并探讨了土壤时间序列在我国土壤退化研究中的意义,旨在为土壤退化时间序列的正确建立与应用提供较为详尽的参考。