不同类型水稻土可溶性有机氮及其组分的剖面分布

为揭示可溶性有机氮(soluble organic nitrogen,SON)在土壤剖面的分布状况,选取中亚热带地区发育于相同母质的黄泥田、灰黄泥田和灰泥田3种不同类型水稻土为对象,研究不同类型水稻土剖面中SON含量、组分及主控因子。结果表明,不同类型水稻土SON、游离氨基酸氮(FAA-N)、酰胺氮(AN-N)和可溶性蛋白氮(SP-N)含量具有明显的剖面分异,均表现为0～20 cm土层>20～40 cm土层>40～60 cm土层。不同类型水稻土SON及各组分含量差异主要表现在0～20 cm土层,均表现为灰泥田>灰黄泥田>黄泥田,灰泥田SON、FAA-N、AN-N和SP-N含量分别高于灰黄泥田50.5%、41.7%、44.8%和2.1%,高于黄泥田196.5%、200.9%、180.4%和76.5%。0～20 cm土层3种不同类型水稻土FAA-N和AN-N分别占SON的54.4%～58.7%和45.5%～48.1%,而底层(40～60 cm)FAA-N和AN-N分别占SON的33.1%～55.7%和50.3%～52.8%,说明FAA-N和AN-N具有向下累积的趋势...     

Specific Features of Chernozemic Soils in the Area of the Khoper Deep Fault in the Earth Crust

Eurasian Soil Science - Chernozemic soils (Voronezh oblast, Russia) are affected by the endogenous hydrogen fluid. The chemical properties of ordinary chernozems (Haplic Chernozems) are shown to be...     

不同利用方式黑钙土有机碳组分剖面分布特征

为研究土地利用方式对土壤碳库的影响,以东北黑钙土区的天然草地、人工林地和耕地为研究对象,采集0—100 cm土体中不同土层样品(A、AB、B_k、BC和C层),测定不同利用方式土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)含量。结果表明:3种利用方式SOC、LFOC和HFOC主要分布在A层,但草地WSOC含量在B_k层最多(0.27 g/kg)。由A~C层,3种土地利用方式土壤有机碳及组分有机碳含量总体均呈减少趋势,但减少程度明显不同,天然草地缓慢减少,人工林地急剧减少,耕地逐渐减少。草地转换为林地和开垦为耕地后,均造成土壤有机碳及组分有机碳含量减少,WSOC减少34%和48%,LFOC减少20%和37%,HFOC减少7%和5%,SOC减少10%和16%。草地转换为林地和开垦为耕地后,WSOC/SOC、LFOC/SOC显著降低,但HFOC/SOC却提高,说明草地被开垦后活性有机碳含量快速下降。土地利用方式和土层对SOC、WSOC和LFOC具有显著影响,且对SOC和HFOC叠加效应较强。同时,土壤理化性质也在一定程度上影响着SOC、WSOC、LFOC和HFOC。应制定合理土地利用管理政策,保护自然草地免遭破坏,减少土壤有机碳流失,发挥草地生态系统碳固存的重要作用。     

白洋淀典型台田湿地土壤生源元素剖面分布特征

研究了在人为干扰作用下白洋淀典型台田湿地土壤中碳氮磷等生源元素的剖面分布特征.结果表明,台田湿地土壤有机碳随土层深度增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,累积峰出现在10～20 cm土层;无机碳大致呈先减小后增加的趋势,而全碳大致呈先增加后减小的趋势;各形态氮和全氮含量随深度的增加出现较大的波动,但总体上呈现出深层土壤含量高于上部土层的趋势;土壤C/N比较低,C/N比与有机碳含量有显著的相关性,与全氮无显著的相关性;有效磷含量随着土层加深呈现增加趋势.全磷含量总体上呈现波动性变化,存在两个累积峰.     

下拉秀剖面胡敏素组分特征

采用腐殖质组成修改法和Pallo修改法相结合的方法对下拉秀剖面的胡敏素(HM)进行了分组研究,把铁结合胡敏素(HMi)、黏粒结合胡敏素(HMc)和不溶性胡敏素(HMr)定义为胡敏素组成,同时把HMi/HMc和(HMi+HMc)/HM作为胡敏素的表征指标,研究了不同层位的胡敏素组成.结果表明:不同层位胡敏素组分含量、HMi/HMc、(HMi+ HMc)/HM、E4/E6、△lgK各不相同;多数层位HMr的含量高,HMr的最高值和最低值分别出现在剖面的上下两端;(HMi+ HMc)/HM在(0.20±0.05)～(0.60±0.03)的范围内波动,多数层位可溶性胡敏素组分低于不溶性组分;HMi/HMc在(5.42±0.34～0.46±0.03)的范围内波动,且幅度大,有5个层位＞1;除O层外,剖面各层位的E4/E6总是表现为HMc＞ HMi,但△lgK的变化情形较为复杂,并不总是表现为HMc＞ HMi;现代生草层HMi、HMc的结构较其他层位简单.     

Crystallochemistry and surface properties of biogenic opal

The very low solubility of phytoliths or biogenic silicas (which are minor constituents of most soils) and their ability to stabilize nitrogenous fulvic acids in podzols are attributed to chemisorbed Al^VI on the surface making the silica less soluble and the surface OH groups very reactive towards organic anions in an acid medium. The surface Si/Al ratio of phytoliths is very low (1.5–8) in comparison with the Si/Al ratio (8–20) for the whole sample. The pK values of the reactions in which surface groups are involved are pK₁= 1.8 for deciduous phytoliths to 3.8 for more aluminous coniferous phytoliths; the pK₂ range is 8.2–9.0. The zero point of charge which is correlated with pK values varies from 5 to 6.     

Modern Hydromorphism of Solonetzes in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Western Siberia

Eurasian Soil Science - Soil salinization and alkalization is an acute problem in Western Siberia because of the rise of saline groundwater above the critical level. We studied modern hydromorphism...     

不同利用方式对潮棕壤比表面影响的研究

对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后在0~150 cm土体10个土层中土壤比表面的剖面分布进行比较研究的结果表明,不同土地利用方式及不同深度土层土壤比表面差异显著,除林地0~5 cm表层外,4种土地利用方式在80 cm以内深度的土层中土壤比表面随剖面深度增加呈渐次增大的趋势,说明林地表层高有机碳积累对土壤比表面增加可能产生了重要影响。150 cm深度土壤比表面平均值为林地>玉米地>撂荒地>水稻田。土壤比表面与土壤风干含水量及交换性盐基总量呈极显著正相关关系:水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地、林地中土壤比表面与风干含水量相关系数分别为0.767、0.911、0.943、0.953(n=30,P<0.001);与土壤交换性盐基总量的相关系数分别为0.877、0.978、0.673、0.780(n=30,P<0.001)。不同利用方式下土壤比表面与土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮呈显著负相关关系,与土壤pH、硫、磷之间的关系因土地利用方式不同而具有一定的差异。研究结果表明,土壤比表面可作为指征不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质影响的可行的土壤物理学指标,测定不同土壤的比表面可以基本反映出土壤交换性能的差异。     

湖南省几种主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性

通过野外采样和室内测定,研究了湖南省主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性。结果表明,同一土壤剖面中不同土层的反射光谱曲线形态基本上是一致的;经统计分析得出,在每个自然土壤剖面中,各土层420nm处的的光谱反射率均与土壤游离氧化铁含量之间存在着线性负相关性,620-660nm波段的平均光谱反射率与土壤有机质含量呈幂函数负相关性。     

Predicting the Classes and Distribution of Salt-Affected Soils in Northwest Libya

Sodicity and salinity can adversely affect soil structure and are common constraints to plant growth in arid regions. Current remote sensing techniques cannot distinguish between the various classes of salt-affected soils. Field and laboratory measurements of salt-affected soils are time-consuming and expensive. Mapping of the salt-affected soils can be used in soil conservation planning to identify regions with different degrees of limitations. There is a need to use existing field and laboratory measurements to create maps of classes of salt-affected soils. The objectives of this study are to classify salt-affected soils, use existing field data to interpolate and validate geospatial predictions of the classes of salt-affected soils using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and create maps showing the different classes and distribution of salt-affected soils. The classification framework for salt-affected soils is based on electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and provides four degrees of limitations to salt-affected soils: slight (normal soils), moderate (saline soils), severe (sodic soils), and extreme (saline-sodic soils). Spatial interpolation of the field data from northwestern Libya was verified by cross-validation, and maps of the salt-affected soils in the region were created. The majority of soils in this region of Libya are normal (slight degree of limitation). Twenty percent of the topsoil is saline-sodic (extreme degree of limitation). Land use recommendations and rehabilitation strategies can be developed from such maps of salt-affected soil classes. The methodology followed in this study can be applied to other arid regions around the world, particularly in developing countries where budgetary constraints limit detailed field and laboratory measurements of sodicity and salinity.     

污泥施田后土壤和玉米植株中重金属分布特征

对施污泥剂量分别为10、30和60thm-2的土壤,采用修正的BCR三步连续提取法分步提取并分析Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的不同形态。利用高压密封消解技术和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn在玉米器官中的分布及其转移富集特征。施污泥土壤中重金属主要以残渣态存在。施污泥量为常规用量的6倍时,即相当于连续6年施污泥的土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量基本未超过我国土壤环境质量标准。4种重金属在弱酸性土壤中残渣态含量比例的高低依次为CuZnCdPb。施污泥土壤上Pb、Cd在玉米各器官中的平均含量顺序为:茎叶根籽粒;Cu为:根茎叶籽粒;Zn为:根籽粒茎叶。玉米对于各元素的EC值按高低顺序依次为CuZnCdPb。     

紫色土坡耕地不同坡位不同高度地埂土壤颗粒组成及分形特征

对比分析西南紫色土区植物固结地埂和等高植物篱的结构差异,并运用分形理论研究了西南紫色土坡耕地不同坡位不同高度地埂土壤的分形特征。结果表明:有地埂存在的坡耕地地埂土壤的颗粒组成主要分布在0.002~0.02 mm粒径范围内,较无地埂的对照坡耕地该粒径范围的含量高2.41%。说明地埂的存在增强了其对坡面上方侵蚀泥沙的拦截作用。而不同坡位地埂土壤的分形维数变化如下:坡面上部 > 坡面中部 > 坡面下部,且同一坡位有地埂土壤的分形维数小于无地埂土壤的分形维数。不同地埂高度土壤的分形特征变化规律为:CK > LS-H10G > LS-H15G。地埂土壤颗粒分形维数D值与黏粒和砂粒体积百分含量相关性较好,地埂土壤的分形维数可作为西南紫色土坡耕地地埂土壤质量评价的定量指标之一。     

Features of Spore and Pollen Preservation in Permafrost-Affected Soils of Yakutia

Eurasian Soil Science - The article presents the results of studying the spores and pollen preservation in soils of the permafrost zone in Yakutia (Kolyma Lowland, Bykovsky Peninsula, Yakutsk and...     

Temporal and Spatial Features of Phosphatase Activity in Natural and Human-Transformed Soils

Eurasian Soil Science - Data on phosphatase activity (PA) in soils of different natural zones, intrazonal soils, buried soils, and cultural layers in archaeological monuments of different age were...     

Ecological and Taxonomic Features of Actinomycetal Complexes in Soils of the Lake Elton Basin

In the sor (playa) solonchaks of chloride and sulfate–chloride salinity (the content of readily soluble salts is 0.9–1.0%) in the delta of the Khara River discharging into Lake Elton, the number of mycelial actinobacteria (actinomycetes) is low ((2–3) × 10³ CFU/g of soil). At a distance from the water’s edge, these soils are substituted for the light chestnut ones, for which an elevated number of actinomycetes (an order of magnitude higher than in the sor solonchaks) and a wider generic spectrum are characteristic. The actinomycetal complex is included the Streptomyces and Micromonospora genera, whereas in the sor solonchaks around the lake, representatives of Micromonospora were not found.     

山西土壤锰含量及影响因素研究

本文研究了山西土壤中锰的含量状况、分布特征及成因。结果表明,山西土壤锰含量低于全国土壤,不同亚类土壤中锰含量不同,锰含量地理分布呈东南高西北低的特征。影响土壤锰含量的因素很多,其中成土母质、气候因子中的降水量和土壤pH值的影响作用较大。     

不同沙生植被土壤微团聚体分形特征及抗蚀性

应用分形理论,以沙裸地为对照,不同沙生植被类型为研究对象,分析了不同沙生植被类型对土壤理化性质及抗蚀性的影响。结果表明,不同沙生植被中,踏郎土壤微团聚体组成和颗粒组成1～0.25 mm粒级含量较高;白柠条和踏郎的土壤微团聚体分形维数较低,且显著低于沙裸地。颗粒分形维数为沙蒿和踏郎较高,白柠条最低。沙裸地可蚀性K值最大,花棒和踏郎的可蚀性K值较小。综合分析表明沙裸地种植植被后,可以提高土壤质量和抗蚀性,其中踏郎较其它植被类型能更好地改善沙化土壤质量和提高土壤抗蚀性。     

潮褐土土壤养分的空间分布特征

应用主成分分析方法和地统计学方法,对河北省栾城县一15hm2试区里潮褐土全氮、全磷、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮、NH+3-N等土壤养分含量的空间变异规律进行了定量分析。为实现土壤养分的精准管理和4-N和NO-变量平衡施肥提供了科学依据。     

The Effect of Historical and Regional Features of Land Use on the Size and Structure of Carbon Pools in the Southern Taiga and Forest-Steppe Zones of European Russia

An algorithm of regional assessment of the size and structure of the actual (corresponding to the modern state of ecosystems and land use patterns) and potential (for hypothetic natural ecosystems analogous to modern native ecosystems) pools of carbon has been developed and tested. A comparison between actual and potential values of carbon pools makes it possible to assess the integral result of land use in the studied region with multiple changes in the types of land use during the historical period. The calculations are made using a unified cartographic base and take into account the taxonomic position and texture of soil units, the types of modern land use, and the type and age structure of the reconstructed and actual vegetation. The results obtained for the southern taiga and forest-steppe zones of European Russian indicate that the modern actual carbon pool is 24% less than the potential carbon pool in Kostroma oblast (southern taiga zone) and 32% less than the potential carbon pool in Kursk oblast (forest-steppe zone). The actual phytomass reserves in these two regions have decreased by 40 and 75%, respectively, relative the potential phytomass reserves, so the portion of the soil carbon pool in the total carbon pool has increased. It is argues that the use of the territory for forestry and agriculture increases the role of the soil cover in sustaining the carbon budget of the region.