The Impact of Nitrogen on Forest Soils and Feedbacks on tree Growth

The effects of pollutant nitrogen on forest soils and the potential feedbacks on tree growth are discussed using data from recent plot and catchment manipulation studies. Results indicate that N applied to the soil affects both soil N transformations and base cation status in some forest soils. Whilst reductions in tree growth are infrequently reported, a greater understanding of the effect of increased N deposition on soil N transformations, and associated changes in soil acidification and nutritional balance, is essential if sensitive stands are to identified. In particular, the factors controlling soil N accumulation rates and thus the onset of nitrate leaching are not clearly understood with increased nitrogen availability potentially increasing nitrogen accumulation due to abiotic fixation and lignolytic enzyme suppression, whilst the onset of nitrification as the C/N ratio of forest floor material declines, may reduce N retention efficiency. The switch from increased to decreased tree growth rate in response to N additions in some experiments highlights the need for long-term studies as a necessary component of future research.     

Comparative Characteristics of Mountain-Forest and Mountain-Meadow Soils of Dolgorukovskaya Yayla (the Crimean Mountains)

Eurasian Soil Science - A comparative study of mountain-meadow and mountain-forest soils was performed within the entire Dolgorukovskaya Yayla—a plateau on the northern macroslope of the Main...     

黄土丘陵区人工林下草本层植物的结构特征

调查分析了黄土丘陵区5种人工乔灌林小叶杨(Populus simonii)林,山杏(Prunus armeniaca)林,山桃(Prunus davidiana)林,沙棘(Hippophae reamnoides)林,柠条(Caragana korshinskii)林下草本层植物的物种组成、结构特征及其差异。结果表明:5种人工乔灌林下共有37种草本植物,各人工林林下物种组成数量在17~25之间变化,其中以杏树林最多;5种人工林下草本层平均盖度、平均高度、平均生物量存在较大差异,但多样性指数相差不显著。总体来说,黄土丘陵区人工乔灌林下草本植物物种组成较少,物种多样性指数较低,结构参数较小,说明该地区人工林林下环境条件较差,严重影响草本植物个体的生长发育和群落结构。综合分析表明,具有较低林分密度和林冠郁闭度的山杏林是恢复状况相对最好的人工林,揭示了保持合理的林分密度,同时采取疏伐、修枝等管理措施是促进人工林生长发育以及林下草本植物物种多样性和片层结构改善的关键。     

Features of the Ground Cover and Forest Litter of Artificial Lime Plantations Depending on the Nature of Care

The peculiarities of the litter in three parkland lime plantations of Moscow oblast with different periods of mowing of the grass cover are studied. The forest litter is characterized as destructive low-power with a comparatively low margin. The most significant indicators of forest conditions are total litter stocks, the proportion of detritus, and the ratio of stocks of grass in the litter and biomass stocks of the grass layer, which indirectly indicates the intensity of the biological cycle. The maximum rate of the biological cycle is revealed for periodically extruded lime plantations.     

Changes in the Properties of Crimean Haplic Chernozems under the Impact of Forest Plantations

Eurasian Soil Science - The impact of 50-year-old forest plantations on the properties of postagrogenic segregational chernozems (postagrogenic Haplic Chernozems) in the steppe Crimea has been...     

The Impact of Atmospheric Deposition of Non-Acidifying Substances on the Quality of European Forest Soils and the North Sea

In the pilot study ESQUAD the impact of atmospheric deposition of three heavy metals (cadmium, copper and lead) and two persistent organic pollutants (benzo(a)-pyrene and lindane) on the quality of European soils and seawater has been calculated. Calculations have been made of atmospheric transport and deposition using a detailed emissions database for Europe. This enabled deposition maps to be produced to a resolution of approximately 50 km. The distribution of pollutant concentrations in forest soils was calculated for each grid cell using a database of soil property parameters in Europe. For the North Sea, a model was used to map long-term concentrations in water and sediment, which are due to atmospheric deposition and other, non-atmospheric sources. The model calculations allowed detailed comparisons of deposition fluxes and concentrations of the substances studied with critical loads and environmental quality threshold values, including critical loads. Although significant uncertainties were identified, the study gives insight in how threshold exceedance rates in Europe relate to pollutant type, threshold type, environmental compartment and chemophysical phase (adsorbed, dissolved). For all pollutants and for all compartments exceedances were calculated for at least some of the quality thresholds that were chosen.     

Modelling Acidification Effects on Coniferous Forest Soils

Two submodels for simulating the leaching of forest soils are described. SOILORG is used for O, E, and top B layers where Al(OH)₃ is absent and organic matter is the major base cation storage. SOILMIN cares for the rest of the profile where Al(OH)₃ control of Al is assumed and goethite provides most of the sulphate storage, clay mineral surfaces providing base cation storage. Results are presented from a test run for the period 1911 to 2030, based on data from a 260 cm deep soil profile in the SW of Sweden investigated 1990 and on a likely deposition scenario. Considering that the deposition of base cations exceeded the removal by stemwood in 1911 when the simulation started, the biologic acidification of the soil profile had reached a steady state before 1911 so that no additional acidification took place before 1930 and very little before 1950. After 1950 it was strongly enhanced by the increased acid deposition. In the mineral soil a considerable resistance against acidification is offered both by base cation exchange and sulphate adsorption, creating an acidification front which moved slowly down the B-horizon then accelerated, reaching the bottom of the profile in 1990. A deposition reduction by 2/3 during 1990–2010 will cause a partial recovery of pH, particularly in the deeper parts of the profile.     

Dependence of Changes in Soils on Trails and their Impact Zones from a Level of Recreational Impact in Forest Parks in Moscow

Based on a case study of Moscow forest parks Losinyi Ostrov and Bitsevskii Les, the paper presents a quantitative assessment of changes in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils on trails in these parks and in linear trailside (pritropinochnye) zones depending on the recreation load level. It is shown that soil properties differ in their sensitivity to recreation. The widths of impact zones range from 20 to 100 cm from the edges of trails depending on the sensitivity of the soil property, recreation load, and type of biogeocenosis.     

商洛地区不同林龄油松人工林土壤理化性质研究

为探讨林龄对油松人工林土壤理化性质的影响及二者间的关系,在陕西商洛地区设置典型样地,采用野外调查和室内测定分析相结合的方法,比较不同林龄油松人工林样地土壤理化性质的变化特征以及不同理化性质指标之间的相关性。结果表明:有机质、全氮含量及pH值在0—40cm土层深度下随林龄的增加逐渐降低,其他理化指标随林龄增加亦表现出一定的规律性;40—60cm土层下,全氮含量及pH值随林龄的增加也呈现降低趋势,而其它理化指标则未表现出规律性变化。相关性分析结果显示,有机质与全氮以及pH之间存在着显著的正相关关系,其中,全氮与pH之间相关性达到极显著水平,其他各理化指标之间则无明显的相关性。     

The Impact of Diesel Oil Pollution on the Hydrophobicity and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Efflux of Forest Soils

The contamination of soil with petroleum products is a major environmental problem. Petroleum products are common soil contaminants as a result of human activities, and they are causing substantial changes in the biological (particularly microbiological) processes, chemical composition, structure and physical properties of soil. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of soil moisture on CO₂ efflux from diesel-contaminated albic podzol soils. Two contamination treatments (3000 and 9000 mg of diesel oil per kg of soil) were prepared for four horizons from two forest study sites with different initial levels of soil water repellency. CO₂ emissions were measured using a portable infrared gas analyser (LCpro+, ADC BioScientific, UK) while the soil samples were drying under laboratory conditions (from saturation to air-dry). The assessment of soil water repellency was performed using the water drop penetration time test. An analysis of variance (ANVOA) was conducted for the CO₂ efflux data. The obtained results show that CO₂ efflux from diesel-contaminated soils is higher than efflux from uncontaminated soils. The initially water-repellent soils were found to have a bigger CO₂ efflux. The non-linear relationship between soil moisture content and CO₂ efflux only existed for the upper soil horizons, while for deeper soil horizons, the efflux is practically independent of soil moisture content. The contamination of soil by diesel leads to increased soil water repellency.     

Magnetic Study of Weakly Contaminated Forest Soils

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - This paper reports on magnetic and magnetomineralogical studies of forest soils from Krkono?e (Giant Mountains) National Park in the Czech Republic....     

子午岭森林群落中草本植物的结构特征研究

通过随机采样法,将子午岭3种类型森林林下草本植物的物种组成、结构特征及变化差异与北山阳坡作对照分析,研究了子午岭不同林型下草本植物生长分布状况.研究结果表明,3种林下及北山阳坡物种数量在21～34种之间,与北山阳坡草本植物物种数较接近的是油松林;3种林下草本植物的高度、盖度与北山阳坡差异极显著,各森林类型间无明显差异;北山阳坡草本植物多样性指数与林下存在明显差异;对草本植物间相关性进行分析后发现,各林下及北山阳坡物种间呈显著正相关的物种对数由多到少的顺序为:辽东栎林＞北山阳坡＞油松林＞柴松林.总体来说,林下草本植物分布较少,物种多样性指数较低,这是由林下郁闭的环境造成的,相对而言,合理种植,抚育的人工油松林和演替顶级的辽东栎林下草本植物种类和数量都有所改善.     

落叶松人工林根际与非根际土壤养分特征及酸度研究

采用对比分析方法,揭示了不同发育阶段落叶松人工林根际与非根际土壤有机氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷、有效钾和酸度的变化规律。结果表明:不同发育阶段落叶松人工林根际与非根际土壤酸性氨基酸、碱性氨基酸、游离氨基酸总量和水解氮,以及根际土壤中性氨基酸、速效钾、全磷和有效磷从幼龄林到中龄林增加,中龄林以后降低。根际活性酸、非根际土壤速效钾随林龄增加呈显著下降趋势,根际与非根际土壤交换性酸、交换性铝、非根际活性酸则相反,随林龄的增大呈明显增加趋势。     

三种森林土壤中莠去津对蚯蚓的毒性效应

通过研究三种不同森林土壤中蚯蚓对莠去津暴露的响应，为莠去津在林业上的科学使用和保护生态环境提供科学依据。采用室内实验的方法研究三种不同类型的森林土壤中莠去津对蚯蚓的影响，以40、80、160、320、480 mg/kg作为暴露浓度，暴露后于第0天，第7天，第14天，第21天，第28天，第35天分别测定土壤中蚯蚓鲜重和死亡率，于第0天和第35天测定土壤中蚯蚓体宽。结果表明，三种森林土壤中莠去津暴露浓度越高，暴露时间越长，对蚯蚓致死效应越强，对蚯蚓鲜重和体宽的抑制效应也越强，呈明显的时间-效应关系和剂量-效应关系。暴露浓度相同时，三种土壤中莠去津对蚯蚓死亡率、鲜重和体重的影响均表现为黄棕壤>雏形土>石灰土。莠去津对蚯蚓的毒性效应与土壤中有机质的含量之间具有明显负相关性，与全磷和有效磷的含量之间具有明显正相关性。研究结果揭示不同类型土壤中莠去津对蚯蚓的毒性作用具有明显差异，且与土壤的肥力具有显著相关性，其可为评估莠去津在农林业上使用的环境风险提供基础参考数据。     

Characterization of Humic Acids in Mountainous Meadow Soils and Burozems of the Crimea Using 13C-NMR

Eurasian Soil Science - A comparative analysis of organic matter in the mountainous soils under the main plant communities of the Crimea was performed. The humus state of burozems and mountainous...     

南方人工造林的效益评价--以罗霄山区桂东县为例

以罗霄山区桂东县为例，针对目前南方的水土保持措施——退耕还林存在的问题进行了比较详细的分析。退耕还林能有效地减少水土流失，但人工林品种单一，景观结构简单，没有达到应有的水土保持和生态效果，缺少短期的经济效益，也使它很难持续存在。研究当地特点，种植适宜的乔木，注重林分多样性，并采取有效方法使乔木与草本植物共存，以达到水土保持效果与经济效益的有机结合，这是南方退耕还林时应注意的问题。     

玉米秸秆掺入对土壤氨基糖分布动态的影响

为探讨玉米秸秆分解对土壤微生物残留物积累和稳定化过程的影响,通过室内培养试验研究了玉米秸秆施入后土壤氨基糖的动态变化和粒级分布特征,利用氨基葡萄糖(Glu N)与胞壁酸(Mur A)含量的比值探讨了不同来源微生物残留物在土壤养分循环中的相对贡献。结果表明,秸秆添加有利于氨基糖在土壤中的积累,并且真菌残留物对土壤有机质积累的贡献逐渐增加。氨基糖在高有机质土壤中的积累数量显著高于低有机质土壤,但其相对增加比例低于后者。培养过程中氨基糖首先在砂粒中合成,然后由粗粒级向细粒级迁移,尤其在黑土中粉粒对氨基糖的固持能力显著高于低有机质含量的棕壤。土壤黏粒对氨基糖的保持能力最强,且细菌细胞壁残留物向黏粒中迁移的能力显著高于真菌。     

森林采伐对生态环境的影响

本文从森林采伐对生态环境影响的角度出发,阐述森林过伐造成的生态恶果,提出建立良好的生态环境的途径和措施。