盐分胁迫下番茄盐分离子和重金属的分布特征

采用盆栽试验方法研究了不同盐分含量处理下番茄不同器官盐分离子（Na＋、K＋、Ca2＋）和重金属离子（Cd2＋、Pb2＋、Cr2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Ni2＋）的分布特征,探讨盐分离子对番茄不同器官吸收重金属离子的影响机制,为重金属污染盐渍土壤的农业可利用性评价提供科学依据。结果表明,番茄根、茎、叶和果实Na＋含量均随盐分含量增加而增加;番茄根K＋含量随盐分含量增加小幅上升,茎K＋含量则显著下降,叶K＋含量无显著变化;番茄各器官Ca2＋含量随盐分含量增加无明显变化。番茄根Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cu含量以及番茄茎、叶Cd含量均随盐分含量增加而增加;番茄根Ni含量、番茄茎叶Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn和Cu含量以及番茄果实各重金属含量受盐分含量变化影响不大。因此,土壤盐分含量的增加对番茄根部吸收重金属（Ni除外）有促进作用。     

水稻子实对不同形态重金属的累积差异及其影响因素分析

在分析成都平原核心区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)全量、各形态含量及相应点位种植的水稻子实重金属含量的基础上,通过统计分析、空间插值及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn全量的空间分布状况、各形态重金属含量统计特征,以及水稻子实对重金属各形态的累积差异及其影响因素。结果表明,成都平原水稻土重金属污染较轻,除Cd外,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤中重金属的可交换态含量均较低,Cd主要以铁锰氧化态存在,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态存在。水稻子实对5种重金属的累积效应顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr。与水稻重金属累积关系密切的重金属活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)主要有:Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cr的可交换态、Pb的有机物结合态和Cu的碳酸盐结合态含量;Zn各活性形态对水稻子实含量的影响不明显。土壤理化性质对不同活性形态重金属元素的影响效应各不相同。活性态Cd主要受有机质、pH和容重的影响;活性态Cr与pH、有机质、CEC和容重密切相关;活性态Pb与有机质、容重、中细粉粒、砂粒等均有密切的关系;Cu的活性主要受粘粒、有机质含量的影响;Zn的有效性主要受pH、有机质、砂粒、容重的影响。总的看来,对土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn各活性形态含量影响效应较强的是有机质、pH、容重,而与土壤吸附性能密切相关的颗粒组成、CEC的影响不甚明显。     

Heavy metals in ordinary chernozems on slopes of different gradients and aspects

The impact of slope aspect and gradient on the contents and distribution of heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in the profiles of ordinary chernozem (Haplic Chernozems) was studied in Kursk oblast. Slope aspect was found to be a significant factor controlling the distribution of most of the bulk, mobile, and acid-soluble compounds of heavy metals, whereas the position on the slope (slope gradient) did not exert a significant influence on the distribution of elements. Bulk compounds of Co, Ni, Pb, and Cd showed the eluvial type of distribution in the soil profiles along with accumulation in the lower horizons. Distribution patterns of the mobile Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cd were similar to those of the bulk ones. The latter phenomenon may be attributed to the high content of carbonates, an increased content of clay, and some alkalization of the soil solution in the lower horizons.     

包头市铜厂周边土壤中重金属垂直分布特征与形态分析

为了解包头市铜厂周边地区土壤剖面中重金属污染状况,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法和Tessier连续提取法,对土壤中6种重金属（Cu,Zn,Mn,Ni,Pb和Cd）的垂直分布特征、形态及潜在生物可利用性进行了分析。结果表明:研究区土壤剖面各层土壤中6种重金属含量均超过内蒙古土壤背景值,Cu,Pb和Cd为主要污染物。随采样深度的增加,Cu,Zn,Pb和Mn的含量呈现下降趋势,且由相关性系数可知重金属Cu,Zn和Pb可能有相同人为或自然污染源;土壤剖面中6种重金属均主要以残渣态存在,含量均在50%以上,对生物危害较小;潜在生物可利用性分析结果为:Cu（32.61%） > Mn（31.85%） > Ni（24.90%） > Zn（16.60%） > Cd（15.23%） > Pb（14.87%）,Cu和Mn的潜在生物可利用性较大,其次为Ni,Zn,Cd和Pb潜在生物可利用性较小。     

泉州走马埭典型土壤重金属的赋存形态分析

采用改进的Tessier连续萃取方法研究了泉州走马埭国家农田示范保护区典型土壤中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的化学形态分布,通过土壤重金属的赋存形态分析比较了6种重金属的生物可利用性。研究结果表明,土壤中不同重金属元素化学形态分布具有不同的特点:Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在,其余形态所占的比例很小;Cu以残渣态含量最高,碳酸盐结合态含量最低;Zn以残渣态为主,可交换态含量最低;Cd以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态为主,水溶态含量最低;Pb以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,水溶态含量最低。土壤中除Cd外,Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni在正常自然条件下相对比较稳定。     

长江三角洲近岸水域表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其影响因子

采用ICP-MS测定了不同季节长江三角洲沉积物中重金属(Ni,Cu,Cr,Zn,Cd和Pb)含量并探讨了其影响因子。结果表明:(1)长江三角洲沉积物中Pb和Zn占重金属总量比例最高,Hg和Cd占重金属总量比例较小;沉积物重金属含量均以秋季和冬季最高,夏季次之,春季最低。(2)长江三角洲沉积物中Cr,Cu和Ni元素均以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb较均匀地分布于不同形态中。(3)长江三角洲沉积物中pH值和电导率基本表现为春季夏季秋季冬季,其中秋季和冬季pH值差异不显著(p0.05),二者显著低于春季和夏季(p0.05);沉积物中全碳、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均以秋季和冬季最高,夏季次之,春季最低,其中不同季节全氮和全钾含量差异均显著(p0.05)。(4)Pearson相关性分析可知,长江三角洲沉积物中Cr,Pb,Cd的弱酸浸提与重金属总量之间表现出显著的正相关关系(p0.05),而6种重金属元素的可还原态与重金属残渣态之间没有显著的相关性(p0.05);Cr,Cu,Pb的弱酸浸提与可还原态没有显著的相关性(p0.05),Ni,Zn和Cd的弱酸浸提与可还原态具有显著的相关性(p0.05)。(5)长江三角洲沉积物中6种重金属元素的不同形态均与养分等指标存在显著的正相关性,而pH值和电导率与不同形态重金属呈负相关,全碳含量是控制长江三角洲沉积物重金属元素分布的主要因素。     

Heavy metals in soils and plants of the don river estuary and the Taganrog Bay coast

Natural and anthropogenic factors determining the distribution and accumulation features of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, and As in the soil–plant system of the Don River estuary and the northern and southern Russian coasts of Taganrog Bay estuary have been studied. High mobility of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd has been revealed in alluvial soils. This is confirmed by the significant bioavailability of Cu, Zn, and, to a lesser degree, Cd and the technophily of Pb, which are accumulated in tissues of macrophytic plants. Statistically significant positive correlations have been found between the mobile forms of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Mn in the soil and the accumulation of metals in plants. Impact zones with increased metal contents in aquatic ecosystems can be revealed by bioindication from the morphofunctional parameters of macrophytic plants (with Typha L. as an example).     

重金属在猪饲料-粪污-沼液中的变化特征

畜禽养殖使用饲料中普遍添加了含有重金属的添加剂,畜禽对重金属的利用率低,绝大部分残留于粪便中,对生态环境和人类健康存在潜在风险。调查分析了太湖流域西岸区域养猪场饲料、猪粪和沼气化的沼渣和沼液9种重金属（Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb）,研究结果表明,猪饲料和猪粪中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和As重金属均超标严重,猪大小不同,使得猪饲料和猪粪中重金属含量差异较大。沼液中Cu,Zn,As含量分别为3.37,34.49,0.36 mg/L,均严重超标,沼渣中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Ni,分别达到1 348.20,10 525.03,1 254.45,57.36和1 043.99 mg/kg,均也严重超标,沼气化工程后除了Pb,Cd和Co外,其他6种重金属可溶态含量都增大,因此沼肥均不宜直接施用农田,需通过相应处理实现沼肥安全农用。     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属特征研究

研究结果表明重庆市蔬菜地0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量无显著差异,Cd、Hg含量差异显著。不同土壤类型平均重金属含量和变异系数差异均较小。城郊区、工矿区和一般农区重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量及阳离子代换量无显著差异。不同土壤类型和不同区域重金属间均具较强相关性,重金属Cu、Ni、Cr间具有较强伴生关系。重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属Cd污染较重。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染的空间变异特征——以江苏省太仓市为例

城市化、工业化和农业集约化的发展影响着土壤环境和健康质量。本研究以位于长江三角洲地区的江苏省太仓市为典型区，采用地统计学方法对其耕层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、M、Hg、Pb、Zn和As等8种重金属结构特征和空间分布格局进行了分析，并用模糊数学法综合评价了土壤重金属的污染程度，结果表明：太仓市表层土壤Zn、Cu属强变异强度，呈对数正态分布；Cd、Ni、Hg、As、Cr和Pb属中等变异强度，呈正态分布。除Cd、Cr和Pb略低于背景值外，其他重金属均高于其背景值，其中以As污染指数和超标率最高。土壤重金属复合污染严重，模糊综合评价污染结果为一级。通过半方差函数模型拟合发现Hg、Cd符合球状模型，其他重金属均符合指数模型，8种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了耕层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图，发现土壤重金属含量与母质、土壤质地、有机质含量以及工业化、城市化和农业集约化程度密切相关。     

酸雨地区蔬菜对重金属的吸收及重金属健康风险基准的估算

通过盆栽实验,以小白菜(上海青)、大白菜和萝卜为指示作物,研究了酸雨作用下Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr和Ni复合污染物在土壤-作物系统中的吸收与富集情况。结果表明,酸雨-重金属复合污染处理使Cu,Pb,Cr和Ni在蔬菜中积累量明显高于对照处理;Zn和Cd一般只有在复合污染处理中外源Zn或Cd含量较高时才明显高于对照处理。与对照相比,酸雨-重金属复合污染处理使Pb和Ni的富集系数增大,Cu的富集系数多数情况下增大,Cd的富集系数多数情况下减小,Zn和Cr富集系数的变化在不同蔬菜之间存在较明显的差异;重金属在不同蔬菜中的富集系数一般表现为萝卜>上海青>大白菜,蔬菜中不同重金属富集系数一般表现为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr。酸雨-重金属复合污染条件下蔬菜中重金属积累量与其在土壤中总量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。以大宗蔬菜上海青、大白菜和萝卜为指示作物对酸雨地区蔬菜地中重金属的健康风险基准进行了估算,这对开展酸雨地区土壤重金属环境容量评价、重金属污染修复目标及地方性土壤环境质量标准的制订提供了参考依据。     

Die räumliche Variabilität von Schwermetall-Konzentrationen in Niederschlägen und Sickerwasser von Waldstandorten des Sollings

Local variability in the heavy metal concentrations of precipitation and seepage water from forest sites in the Solling Concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in precipitation and seepage water have been measured continuously with local replicates during a 6-months period at a beech and a spruce forest site. Variation coefficients of the avarage concentrations were, in most cases, well below 30 %, being mainly caused by local differences. Comparison of means showed a significant increase of heavy metal concentration in the canopy drip of beech (Mn, Fe, Pb) and spruce (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb) compared to bulk precipitation measured in the open field. Concentration of Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Cd in the seepage water is significantly higher under spruce compared to beech. These results point at higher filter efficiency of the spruce canopy, compared with beech, for air pollutants, but a smaller retention capacity of the soil under spruce for heavy metals.     

开封市某高校校园地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评估

【目的】高校校园地表灰尘重金属污染关系到师生健康,探究其地表灰尘重金属环境风险,可为高校校园管理提供数据支持。【方法】采集开封市某高校校园内外地表灰尘52个样品,测定样品中重金属镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)的含量,使用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析重金属的污染程度和生态风险。【结果】高校地表灰尘重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为1.05、88.36、47.04、29.76、68.72和328.87 mg kg^-1,其中Cd和Zn含量分别为当地灰尘背景值的3.49倍和4.26倍。地积累指数分析表明,地表灰尘重金属污染指数平均值由高到低依次为Zn> Cd> Pb> Cu> Cr> Ni,其中Zn与Cd处于偏中度污染,Pb,Cu和Cr处于轻度污染,Ni处于无污染状态。潜在生态风险评价表明,高校地表灰尘中6种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为144.53,属于“轻微”生态风险等级,其中Cd是该高校地表灰尘中最主要的生态风险影响因子。正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)表明,Cr和Ni主要来...     

Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing

Purpose

The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.

Materials and methods

Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg^?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.

Conclusions

Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population.     

福建闽江河口湿地土壤重金属污染特征及评价研究

为掌握福建闽江河口湿地重金属污染特征,对闽江河口湿地不同监测点重金属污染状况进行全面调查采样,利用综合污染指数法和地累积指数法对重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,福建闽江河口湿地重金属污染比较严重,除Ni和Cr外,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn均超过土壤环境质量标准（I级）。除Ni和Cr单项污染指数无污染外,其他监测点均有不同程度的重金属污染,污染程度表现为Pb〉Cu〉Zn〉Cd;综合污染指数除潭头港和鳝鱼滩为轻度污染,其他6个监测点均达到中度污染以上,表明闽江河口湿地存在严重的重金属复合污染。地累积指数除Pb、Zn、Cd污染达到中或轻度污染水平,其他重金属均无污染。     

污灌区土壤重金属空间结构与分布特征

该文探讨了地统计学插值模型应用于土壤重金属污染评价的适用条件,分析了北野场污灌区土壤重金属的正态分布特征和主导分布趋势,提出了不同重金属因子适宜的地统计插值模型。结果表明:土壤重金属空间变异系数处于12%～37%之间,整体变异性不大;Pb、Cd等因子的块金效应分别为0.90、0.87,空间相关性较弱,受人为随机因素的影响较大,As、Cr、Zn、Cu值等因子的块金效应分别为0.52、0.51、0.51和0.46,空间相关性中等,受人为随机因素和空间结构因素的共同作用,Hg和Ni的块金效应分别为0.253和0.06,空间相关性较强,受空间结构性因素的影响较大,可能受原生地质的影响较大。污灌区重金属含量存在增加趋势,灌区土壤重金属含量自北向南总体呈现较少趋势,这与灌区上下游灌溉保证率不同有关,表明长期污水灌溉可导致土壤重金属富集,但与全国其他污灌区相比,北野场污灌区土壤重金属污染相对较轻,应加强污水处理利用避免土壤重金属污染。     

Evaluation of Different Extraction Methods for the Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Various Soils

The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different methods (heavy metals in pore water (PW), diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction, and total heavy metals (THM) in soil) for the assessment of heavy metal bioavailability from soils having various properties and heavy metal contents. The effect of soil heavy metal pollution on shoot yield and sulfatase enzyme activity was also studied. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in different soils from Spain (n?=?10) and New Zealand (n?=?20) in a constant environment room for 25 days. The bioavailabilities of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were assessed by comparing the metal contents extracted by the different methods with those found in the roots. The most widely applicable method was DGT, as satisfactory Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn root concentrations were obtained, and it was able to distinguish between low and high Cr values. The analysis of the metal concentrations in PW was effective for the determination of Cr, Ni, and Zn content in root. Copper and Pb root concentrations were satisfactorily assessed by DTPA extraction, but the method was less successful with determining the Ni and Cr contents and suitable just to distinguish between high and low concentrations of Zn. The THM in soil method satisfactorily predicted Cu and Pb root concentrations but could only be used to distinguish between low and high Cr and Zn values. The Cd root concentration was not successfully predicted for any of the used methods. Neither shoot yield nor sulfatase enzyme activity was affected by the metal concentrations.     

长期化肥配施不同有机肥对土壤和玉米中重金属累积的影响

  【目的】  明确长期化肥配施有机肥对重金属元素在土壤和农作物籽粒、秸秆中积累的影响及其环境效应,为安全高效施肥提供科学依据。  【方法】  在北京市农林科学院新型肥料长期定位试验站进行了为期10年的田间试验,其种植模式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作,试验处理为不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 鸡粪堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKJF)、氮磷钾 + 污泥堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKWN)、氮磷钾 + 垃圾堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKLJ) 和氮磷钾 + 秸秆粉碎还田 (NPKJG) 共6个处理,施肥处理依据等氮量施肥原则,每季作物施 N 180 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 90.0 kg/hm2、K₂O 90.0 kg/hm2。在玉米收获后测定了玉米秸秆、籽粒和0—20 cm耕层土壤中重金属全量。  【结果】  添加污泥处理显著提高了土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn的含量,单因子污染指数分别比对照提高了45.10%、150.00%、104.00%、44.60%、65.80%。不同施肥处理对土壤中全量Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的富集效果。各处理重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46,远小于1,综合污染指数为0.23～0.36,均小于0.7,试验区土壤重金属均为无污染等级。施用有机废弃物堆肥的处理玉米籽粒Cd、Cu、Zn含量比对照显著增加,各处理间Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Ni含量差异不显著,连续10年定位施肥后试验站土壤以及玉米籽粒中重金属含量均未超标。同一作物不同部位对重金属的富集能力不同,玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤Pb、Cu、Zn含量存在正相关性,玉米秸秆中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量与土壤中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量呈正相关或者显著负相关。  【结论】  在施氮总量不变的前提下,连续施用供试有机堆肥10年后,土壤重金属含量均未超标,土壤重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46,综合污染指数为0.23～0.36,无污染风险。只有污泥堆肥需要加强土壤Cd的监测。玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤相应重金属含量存在正相关性,秸秆中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn与Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈正相关,而秸秆中Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈负相关。     

污灌对潮土重金属含量及分布的影响——以开封市化肥河污灌区为例

以开封市化肥河污灌区为例,研究了污水灌溉对潮土中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和 As)含量及分布的影响。结果表明,污水灌溉已经导致了该区潮土较明显的重金属累积,其中Cd和As平均含量分别达1．70 mg/kg和26．28 mg/kg,远远超出了土壤环境二级标准值。进入潮土的重金属主要累积在潮土的耕作层,随着土壤深度的增加,重金属含量逐渐减少;相对其他重金属而言,As更易于在潮土表层滞留。污灌区潮土 Cu、As与Cd含量与距污染源距离呈线性相关。相关分析表明,污灌区土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和As含量与土壤理化性质及其他重金属含量有关,而土壤Cd和Cr含量则与其他重金属含量及土壤性质的相关性不明显。