pEGFP-N1-hTERT真核表达载体的构建与表达鉴定

[目的]构建pEGFP-N1-hTERT真核表达载体,观察其在真核细胞中的表达。[方法]利用pC1-neo-hTERT和pEGFP-N1质粒构建重组质粒,通过双酶切鉴定、DNA测序分析验证人端粒酶逆转录酶基因(hTERT)片段的准确性。将pEGFP-N1-hTERT真核表达载体转染到大鼠胎儿神经干细胞(NSCs)中,通过绿色荧光蛋白间接观察人端粒酶逆转录酶蛋白在细胞中的表达定位,通过RT-PCR、WesternBlot验证所构建的真核表达质粒pEGFP-N1-hTERT的正确性。[结果]所构建的pEGFP-N1-hTERT真核表达载体结构正确并能够在真核细胞中表达。[结论]该研究为建立大鼠永生化NSCs系奠定了基础。     

牛体细胞中端粒酶组分的表达及端粒酶活性的研究

端粒酶是一种能够以自身的RNA组分为模板在染色体末端添加端粒重复序列的核酸蛋白复合体酶，主要由端粒酶RNA组分（TERC）与端粒酶逆转录酶组分（TERT）构成。通过对成年牛组织中端粒酶的这两种组分的表达情况及端粒酶活性状态进行检测，探讨牛端粒酶组分的组织特异性表达以及与端粒酶活性之间的关系。应用RT-PCR检测了成年牛的心脏、肾脏、肝脏及睾丸中TERC和TERT基因的mRNA表达情况，利用TRAP银染法检测各组织中的端粒酶活性状态。结果表明砸RC基因在这4种组织中均有表达，但转录水平在各组织之间有差异；TERT基因仅在睾丸中表达，在其他3种组织中均没有表达，端粒酶活性同样只在睾丸中检测到。由此可见牛端粒酶活性在体细胞中普遍受到抑制，仅在生殖腺中具有活性。端粒酶两种组分的转录是相互独立的，逆转录酶TERT组分是端粒酶活性的关键成分。     

Human lipoprotein lipase complementary DNA sequence

Lipoprotein lipase is a key enzyme of lipid metabolism that acts to hydrolyze triglycerides, providing free fatty acids for cells and affecting the maturation of circulating lipoproteins. It has been proposed that the enzyme plays a role in the development of obesity and atherosclerosis. The human enzyme has been difficult to purify and its protein sequence was heretofore undetermined. A complementary DNA for human lipoprotein lipase that codes for a mature protein of 448 amino acids has now been cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence indicates that human lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and pancreatic lipase are members of a gene family. Two distinct species of lipoprotein lipase messenger RNA that arise from alternative sites of 3'-terminal polyadenylation were detected in several different tissues.     

人乳腺良恶性病变组织中端粒酶活性的检测

目的：探讨端粒酶活性与人乳腺良、恶性病变组织之间的关系。方法：用ＴＲＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测法,对１５例乳腺良性病变和７种乳腺癌组织进行端粒酶活性水平检测。结果：７例乳腺浸润性导管癌中,５例端粒酶阳性,而１５例乳腺良性疾病中仅２例端粒酶阳性,两组差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）。此外,有淋巴结转移与无淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织中端粒酶活性水平差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：端粒酶的激活在人类乳腺癌的发生过     

人脂肪干细胞体外增殖的安全性评价

目的探讨体外培养条件下增殖的人脂肪干细胞是否具有做为种子细胞的安全性。方法体外分离、培养人脂肪干细胞并传代,观察其生物学特性,分别对第4代及第12代的人脂肪干细胞用TRAP法检测端粒酶活性,并进行染色体核型分析。结果新鲜分离和传代的人脂肪干细胞在体外培养12代的端粒酶活性呈阴性或者低水平表达,且未见染色体核型的改变。结论体外分增殖过程中,人脂肪干细胞的端粒酶活性及染色体核型未发生异常变化,符合作为种子细胞安全性的要求。     

顺铂对鼻咽癌细胞株端粒酶活性和凋亡的影响

目的：研究抗癌药顺铂对5株鼻咽癌细胞端粒酶活性和凋亡的影响．以探讨端粒酶活性水平与鼻咽癌的关系及顺铂诱导鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的可能机制，为端粒酶可能成为一种很好的鼻咽癌治疗靶点提供实验依据。方法：用TRAP—ELISA的方法定量检测5株鼻咽癌细胞在顺铂处理前后的端粒酶活性水平，观察细胞形态及生长状态．以流式细胞仪分析细胞周期的改变并检测凋亡。结果：5株鼻咽癌细胞端粒酶均呈阳性，其中LTRs—LMP细胞株端粒酶活性水平最高，高分化细胞株CNE—1端粒酶活性水平低于低分化细胞株CNE—2Z、HNE—2。经顺铂处理后5株鼻咽癌细胞端粒酶活性明显受抑制、细胞形态发生明显改变，出现细胞凋亡。结论：端粒酶的活化与鼻咽癌密切相关。临床常用化疗药物顺铂可能是通过在S期抑制端粒酶活性并诱导鼻咽癌细胞凋亡而发挥杭癌作用的。因此我们认为端粒酶可以作为鼻咽癌的一个治疗靶点。     

人端粒酶活性的调控机制及其新功能研究进展

端粒酶活性在胚胎发育过程中消失,人的绝大多数体细胞没有端粒酶活性,因而随着体细胞分裂次数的增加,端粒长度在不断缩短.当端粒缩短到一定程度时,细胞无法维持正常的端粒结构而导致细胞的衰老,而当细胞衰老调控机制失控的情况下,端粒的极限缩短将导致细胞死亡或癌变.端粒酶的活性在细胞癌变的过程中被重新激活以维持端粒的长度和结构,以及细胞无限增殖化的能力,与衰老及肿瘤的发生发展密.切相关.随着人们对端粒酶认识的深入,新研究进展显示端粒酶具有独立于端粒之外的新功能,端粒酶在DNA修复、促进细胞存活、基因转录及刺激干细胞增殖等方面不依赖于端粒的新功能的发现,为阐明端粒酶在衰老及癌变中重要功能的分子机制提供了新的思路.     

人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因腺病毒载体的构建及包装

【目的】构建能够表达人端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）基因的腺病毒。【方法】通过对PCI-neo-hTERT质粒的改造,依次构建出JMB293-hTERT、pAdTrack-hTERT载体,将pAdTrack-hTERT经PmeⅠ线性化后与pAdEasy-1载体共转化到 BJ5183 细菌中进行重组,经卡那霉素抗性筛选获得重组腺病毒载体pAdEasy-hTERT。将pAdEasy-hTERT PacⅠ酶切线性化并回收后,转染HEK293人胚肾细胞,培养7 d后,收集细胞并反复冻融,收集细胞裂解液;反复扩增3次后,测定重组hTERT腺病毒的滴度。【结果】①利用酶切连接的方法得到了穿梭载体pAdTrack-hTERT;②通过同源重组将外源目的基因hTERT整合到腺病毒骨架载体中,得到重组质粒pAdEasy-hTERT;③成功获得了滴度为6.73×10¹⁰ GFU/mL的高滴度腺病毒颗粒。【结论】含有hTERT基因的重组腺病毒颗粒包装成功,为后续哺乳动物原代细胞永生化研究奠定了基础。     

漆树黄酮对HepG2细胞端粒酶活性及NF-κB p65表达的影响

目的观察漆树黄酮对人肝癌细胞系HepG2端粒酶活性及NF-κBp65表达的影响。方法端粒酶重复序列扩增-酶联免疫吸附法（TRAP-ELISA）检测不同浓度漆树黄酮对HepG2细胞端粒酶活性的影响,RT-PCR法检测端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）mRNA表达,Western blot检测NF-κBp65蛋白表达。结果漆树黄酮对端粒酶活性具有抑制作用。漆树黄酮组hTERT mRNA和NF-κBp65蛋白表达降低,并且与端粒酶活性下调存在相关性。结论漆树黄酮可能通过下调NF-κBp65蛋白表达而抑制HepG2细胞hTERTmRNA转录,导致端粒酶活性降低。     

Active human-yeast chimeric phosphoglycerate kinases engineered by domain interchange

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a monomeric protein composed of two domains of approximately equal size, connected by a hinge. Substrate-induced conformational change results in the closure of the active site cleft, which is situated between these two domains. In a study of the relations between structure and function of this enzyme, two interspecies hybrids were constructed, each composed of one domain from the human enzyme and one domain from the yeast enzyme. Despite a 35% difference in the amino acid composition between human and yeast PGK, catalytic properties of the hybrid enzymes are very similar to those of the parental proteins. This result demonstrates that the evolutionary substitutions within these two distantly related molecules do not significantly affect formation of the active site cleft, mechanism of domain closure, or enzyme activity itself.     

梅花鹿鹿茸细胞端粒酶活性及其mRNA表达的检测

[目的]研究鹿茸生长期端粒酶的表达,为揭示鹿茸生长发育的调控机制提供了新思路。[方法]在鹿茸快速生长阶段,采用改进的TRAP（端粒重复序列扩增技术）法检测鹿茸顶端增殖区的间充质层、前软骨层和软骨层细胞及下端成熟区的端粒酶活性。同时,采用RT-PCR的方法检测各组织细胞中端粒酶催化亚基（TERT）mRNA的表达水平。[结果]在顶端增生区各组织细胞中均检测到了不同程度的端粒酶活性,间质细胞、前软骨细胞和软骨细胞中的相对端粒酶活力分别为91.2、46.4和13.7,而在成熟区组织中则检测不到端粒酶活性。RT-PCR法检测的各组织细胞中TERTmRNA的表达水平与端粒酶活性检测结果一致。[结论]在鹿茸快速生长阶段,其增殖区表达端粒酶,并且端粒酶活性随组织层细胞的分化程度的增高而逐渐降低,说明端粒酶可能在鹿茸的生长过程中起重要的调控作用。     

Radioreceptor assay for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

A competitive protein binding assay with a sensitivity of 80 picograms has been developed for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the hormonal form of vitamin D(3). lalpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) displaced tritiated hormone from a cytosol-chromatin receptor preparation isolated from chick small intestine, providing a simple assay for the hormone. The concentration of lalpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in human plasma, as determined by this assay, is approximately 6 nanograms per 100 milliliters; in patients with renal disease the concentration of this kidney-produced hormone is significantly lower.     

Template boundary in a yeast telomerase specified by RNA structure

The telomerase ribonucleoprotein has a phylogenetically divergent RNA subunit, which contains a short template for telomeric DNA synthesis. To understand how telomerase RNA participates in mechanistic aspects of telomere synthesis, we studied a conserved secondary structure adjacent to the template. Disruption of this structure caused DNA synthesis to proceed beyond the normal template boundary, resulting in altered telomere sequences, telomere shortening, and cellular growth defects. Compensatory mutations restored normal telomerase function. Thus, the RNA structure, rather than its sequence, specifies the template boundary. This study reveals a specific function for an RNA structure in the enzymatic action of telomerase.     

端粒酶在原发性肝癌组织中的表达

目的：探讨端粒酶在原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)患者肝组织中的表达及临床意义。方法：用TRAP—ELISA法检测45例原发性肝细胞癌和26例癌旁组织以及7例正常肝组织的端粒酶活性。结果：45例原发性肝细胞癌组织中有38例显示端粒酶活性，其阳性率为84．4％，而26例癌旁组织只有2例具端粒酶活性，阳性率只为7．6％；7例正常肝组织端粒酶表达均为阴性；结果还显示肝癌组织端粒酶的表达与肿瘤病理分化程度无关。结论：端粒酶在绝大多数原发性肝细胞癌中表达，其活性可能在HCC的发生和发展中起重要作用，有希望成为诊断HCC的肿瘤标志物。     

Crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase

Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases (ACCs) are required for the biosynthesis and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. They are targets for therapeutics against obesity and diabetes, and several herbicides function by inhibiting their carboxyltransferase (CT) domain. We determined the crystal structure of the free enzyme and the coenzyme A complex of yeast CT at 2.7 angstrom resolution and found that it comprises two domains, both belonging to the crotonase/ClpP superfamily. The active site is at the interface of a dimer. Mutagenesis and kinetic studies reveal the functional roles of conserved residues here. The herbicides target the active site of CT, providing a lead for inhibitor development against human ACCs.     

人端粒酶催化亚基hTERT活性中心基因的克隆及其真核表达载体的构建

人端粒酶催化亚基是端粒酶活性所必须的组分，通过提取端粒酶活性癌组织的mRNA，反转录获得端粒酶活性中心基因的cDNA片段，PCR扩增获得端粒酶催化亚基活性中心基因，并将扩增产物连入真核表达载体pCR3.1，利用pCR3.1载体的自身特点即具有T7启动子，可在真核细胞内启动基因的转录与表达，为将来获得端粒酶酶活性中心蛋白，研究其结构与功能奠定了基础，从而为解决肿瘤问题提供新的思路。     

外源酶制剂在作物生长中的研究进展

文章综述了外源酶制剂在作物生长中的研究成果，分析目前存在的问题，为外源酶制剂在作物生产行业中的发展提供思路。     

银杏不同组织器官及愈伤组织培养中端粒酶活性测定

为了研究端粒酶在植物细胞分裂中的作用,探讨端粒酶活性与细胞分裂能力的相关性,本研究以银杏为材 料,通过改良的TRAP 法分别测定了银杏不同组织器官(种胚、叶片、小孢子、愈伤组织)的端粒酶活性,研究发现具 有旺盛分裂能力的愈伤组织具有较高的端粒酶活性。同时以银杏的成熟种胚为材料,采用培养基MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA +2.0 mg/L NAA 诱导出银杏的愈伤组织并采用培养基MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 2.0 mg/L NAA + 0.3 mg/L 2,4- D +0.2%活性炭进行继代,检测不同代银杏愈伤组织的端粒酶活性,发现不同代愈伤组织均具有较高端粒酶活性。 初代愈伤组织的端粒酶活性较高,但愈伤组织继代初期端粒酶活性降低,而后缓慢升高,恢复并超越初代愈伤组织 水平后,端粒酶活性处于一个相对稳定的状态,表明愈伤组织继代培养后期细胞具有旺盛且稳定的分裂增殖能力。      

Synapses onto different morphological types of retinal ganglion cells

The percentage of bipolar and amacrine synapses onto ganglion cell dendrites of the ground squirrel has been determined by electron microscopy of cells impregnated by the Golgi method. One group of ganglion cells has mainly amacrine input (approximately 97 percent); the other group has an approximately equal bipolar and amacrine input. Morphologically distinct types of ganglion cells usually have a consistent synaptic input, but exceptions may exist.