大熊猫白内障的手术治疗

通过对陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心饲养的大熊猫"小明"进行白内障手术治疗,探索了大熊猫白内障手术及人工晶体植入的可行性,并对大熊猫眼科的多种数据进行了测定,总结了术前、术后护理及临床麻醉等方面的经验。经过手术治疗,大熊猫"小明"的白内障成功摘除,视力得到了一定程度的恢复,但人工晶体植入未取得成功,主要是缺乏大熊猫眼球的基础数据和适于大熊猫的人工晶体。     

漫话人工晶体的前世今生和未来

<正>眼睛经常被比作一架照相机,眼睛里面的晶状体相当于照相机的镜头,晶状体由透明变成混浊就是常说的白内障,白内障造成视力下降影响日常生活就要做白内障手术。白内障手术需要先吸除混浊的晶状体以后再植入一枚新的人造晶状体,业界称之为“人工晶体”（intraocular lens,IOL）。由此可见,白内障手术就是相当于换一个坏了的照相机镜头,而这个换到眼睛里面的新镜头就是今天的主角“人工晶体”。     

超声乳化术中3种撕囊方法的比较

<正>白内障是一种可导致视力障碍或失明的常见眼病。超声乳化术是人类和动物医学上常用的白内障手术治疗方法。在进行超声乳化术和人工晶体植入术的过程中,为使超乳探头和人工晶体进入到晶状体囊内,需要进行撕囊术或截囊术。最常用的人工撕囊方法包括连续环形撕囊术(CCC)和开罐式截囊术(COC),随着医学和宠物医疗事业的发展,很多宠物医院已经采用脉冲     

犬白内障超声乳化术后眼压变化的临床观察

白内障指晶状体或晶状体囊的不透明,这使得光线无法透过晶状体,投射到视网膜,从而导致动物失明.白内障是造成纯种犬和老龄犬失明的常见病因[1].惟一可靠治疗方法就是手术摘除病变的晶状体,同时并植入人工晶体.     

犬超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术试验

为寻求有效治疗动物白内障的手术方法,本文进行犬超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术试验,并就手术方法、术中术后注意事项、术后护理等作一探索。     

大熊猫精液冷冻保存技术研究进展

大熊猫是我国特有的珍稀濒危动物,积极开展大熊猫人工繁育工作,对于保护我国大熊猫遗传多样性、维持种群数量和加快野化放归具有重要的意义。大熊猫精液冷冻保存技术的研发是保护大熊猫种质资源、提高人工受精率和大熊猫繁殖率的重要手段。通过综述大熊猫生殖特征、精液采集、品质检查、冷冻保护稀释液、冷冻损伤机制以及冷冻和解冻程序的研究现状,以期为大熊猫精液冷冻技术的深入研究和应用提供参考。     

大熊猫肠梗阻的治疗及病因探讨

大熊猫肠梗阻是人工饲养条件下的常见病、多发病。在国内外动物园、保护区曾有多起病例报道,在卧龙自然保护区大熊猫研究中心饲养场曾发生了3只大熊猫     

一起大熊猫感染犬瘟热的诊断

2015年陕西大熊猫人工圈养种群有6只大熊猫相继出现抽搐、口吐白沫及严重的神经症状,其中5只死亡.为研究引起大熊猫死亡的病因,采集样本进行了实验室检测,并对1例病死大熊猫进行了病理剖检.初检使用犬瘟热病毒快速检测卡,检测结果为阳性.大体病理学观察发现病死大熊猫爪垫变厚开裂,皮下淋巴结肿大,气管和肺泡腔内有泡沫状黏液渗出...     

大熊猫繁殖中的几个问题

近年来,在人工饲养条件下,大熊猫的繁殖工作取得了不少成绩,但也发现了一些现象,还未有较好的解释。现把这些问题整理出来,以引起大家的重视,供同行们进一步探索。一、配偶的选择性人工饲养下的大熊猫,自然交配比较困难,往往不易成功,较为流行的说法是大熊猫找配偶有很强的选择性,只要一方不中     

氯胺酮麻醉大熊猫42例

大熊猫是世界珍稀动物,也是重点保护动物。为开展对大熊猫的研究,必须解决化学保定药物和方法。我们在1979—1980年对大熊猫进行人工     

Cataracts: when to refer

Unique stages of cataract development have been characterized in both human and animal lenses. These lens opacities impair visual acuity and are associated with inflammation. Total lens removal is typically followed by implantation of an artificial intraocular lens to restore vision. The success of this procedure is mainly dependent on the developmental stage of the cataract to be removed. This article reviews cataract development and provides the clinician with cataract referral criteria.     

The effect of a topical antioxidant formulation including N-acetyl carnosine on canine cataract: a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a topical antioxidant formulation including N-acetyl carnosine in the treatment of canine cataract in a preliminary nonplacebo, controlled, unmasked study. ANIMALS STUDIED: Thirty dogs of varying breeds and ages with a spectrum of lens opacities ranging from nuclear sclerosis to total mature cataract. METHODS: Dogs were treated three times daily with topical 2% N-acetyl carnosine in a buffered vehicle containing the antioxidants glutathione, cysteine ascorbate, L-taurine and riboflavin (Ocluvet, Practivet, Phoenix, AZ, USA). Dogs were examined prior to treatment and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks during treatment, by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy after pharmacologic pupil dilation. Photographic documentation of lens opacity was achieved by retroillumination photography, with three photographs taken at each examination time-point. A lens opacification index (LOI), determined by integration of the grayscale level of each pixel across the image, was evaluated by computerized image analysis of digitized images. Alteration in mean LOI was determined for each animal, having normalized the initial LOI. RESULTS: Fifty-eight eyes of 30 dogs were evaluated, 22 with mature cataract, 13 with immature cataract, 9 with cataract associated with other intraocular disease such as uveitis and 14 with nuclear sclerosis alone. One dog was unilaterally anophthalmic after previous enucleation and one had a phthytic eye after previous uveitis-induced glaucoma. Image analysis showed a reduction in mean LOI in all cataract groups (mean resolution in opacity of 2.3 +/- 0.33% for all cataracts), although this was only statistically significant in those eyes with immature cataract (mean resolution of opacity 4.5 +/- 0.33%) or nuclear sclerosis (mean decrease in opacity 5 +/- 0.37%). Reduction in lens opacity was seen in eyes with mature cataract (0.5 +/- 0.4%) and in miscellaneous cataract associated with intraocular inflammation (1.3 +/- 0.4%), but these changes were not statistically significant. Owner evaluation of visual capability, however, suggested improvement in vision in 80% of cases by the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates some marginal reduction in lens opacification in a substantial number of cases of canine cataract with the use of a topical nutritional antioxidant formulation including N-acetyl carnosine. Lens opacification was improved with treatment in eyes with immature cataract or nuclear sclerosis while in eyes with mature cataract or cataract with associated intraocular inflammatory pathology less reduction was seen.     

Microbial contamination of the anterior chamber during cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in dogs

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of intraoperative contamination of the anterior chamber with viable microorganisms during cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, and to evaluate the relationship of contaminant microorganisms to patients' extraocular and nasal cavity floras. Also, the impact of various aspects of the patient history and phacoemulsification procedure on the incidence of positive postoperative anterior chamber cultures was investigated. Twenty-two eyes from 13 dogs presented for elective cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were studied. Preoperatively, microbiologic samples of the conjunctiva, eyelid margins, nares, and rostral nasal cavity were collected. Postoperatively, anterior chamber fluid was aspirated. Samples were submitted for aerobic/anaerobic bacteriologic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility, Mycoplasma culture, and fungal culture. Anterior chamber aspirates collected at the conclusion of surgery were culture positive for at least one organism in 22.7% of eyes. Three aerobic bacteria and three fungi were isolated from the anterior chamber aspirates. Two fungi and one bacterium isolated from the anterior chamber were typed identically, and the bacterium had a similar antibiogram to organisms recovered from the patient's conjunctiva and eyelid margin. No statistically significant difference in contamination frequency was found for the investigated patient and surgical variables. We conclude that intraoperative contamination of the anterior chamber with viable bacterial and fungal organisms is a common occurrence in canine patients undergoing cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, and the external ocular flora is a likely source of some of these contaminating microorganisms. This contamination is independent of the patient and surgical variables investigated.     

Bilateral phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in a great horned owl

CASE DESCRIPTION: A great horned owl of estimated age < 1 year that was captured by wildlife rehabilitators was evaluated because of suspected cataracts. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Nuclear and incomplete cortical cataracts were evident in both eyes. Ocular ultrasonography revealed no evidence of retinal detachment, and electroretinography revealed normal retinal function. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: For visual rehabilitation, cataract surgery was planned and intraocular lens design was determined on the basis of values obtained from the schematic eye, which is a mathematical model representing a normal eye for a species. Cataract surgery and intraocular lens placement were performed in both eyes. After surgery, refraction was within -0.75 diopters in the right eye and -0.25 diopters in the left eye. Visual rehabilitation was evident on the basis of improved tracking and feeding behavior, and the owl was eventually released into the wild. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In raptors with substantial visual compromise, euthanasia or placement in a teaching facility is a typical outcome because release of such a bird is unacceptable. Successful intraocular lens implantation for visual rehabilitation and successful release into the wild are achievable.     

Corridor connecting giant panda habitats from north to south in the Min Mountains,Sichuan, China

The giant panda faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation and isolation. Currently, giant panda populations have been fragmented into 30 habitat patches. The disappearance of isolated small populations and studies on the genetic diversity of various populations have shown that small isolated panda populations are at a high risk of dying out completely. Habitat fragmentation has seriously impaired the ability of the giant panda to resist climate changes and other natural disasters, such as large‐scale, synchronous bamboo blooming. The Min Mountains have the largest population of pandas in China, numbering 581 individuals and accounting for 52% of the total (1114) in China. Geographic isolation means that giant pandas in the Min Mountains are divided into two populations (population A in the north and population B in the south). Population B, which had only 42 individuals in 1989, is severely threatened by high‐density human populations and the loss of genetic diversity. However, we have identified an important corridor connecting the two populations. This paper explains the importance and the feasibility of reestablishing this corridor. Due to the special geographic locations of these two populations (two rivers block the migration of giant pandas between south and north), the corridor is the only passage for giant pandas in the region. Recent studies have also shown an increase of giant panda activity in the area of the corridor. However, vegetation in the corridor has been severely degraded. Bamboo forest must be restored in this area to provide food for the pandas during migration. The effects of human activities must be reduced in order to maintain panda habitat. We believe that a restored corridor will be of great benefit to the survival of giant pandas in the Min Mountains, especially for population B. Successful re‐establishment of a corridor will be a valuable model for corridor construction in the future.     

Lens-induced uveitis

Lens-induced uveitis has been described in humans and many animal species. Traumatic rupture of the lens capsule may result in vision-threatening intraocular inflammation that is poorly responsive to medical management. Phthisis bulbi, persistent uveitis or glaucoma often occurs in these eyes. Surgical removal of the lens material is generally indicated shortly after the injury in an effort to preserve vision. Leaking of lens proteins through an intact lens capsule may result in a lympho-plasmacytic anterior uveitis. This is most commonly associated with the presence of a hypermature cataract. The presence of lens-induced uveitis prior to cataract surgery significantly reduces the success rate of cataract surgery. Small amounts of circulating lens proteins maintain a normal T-cell tolerance for lens proteins. Lens-induced uveitis develops when a breakdown occurs of this normal T-cell tolerance. Immune complexes play an important role in the tissue damage associated with the ensuing inflammation. Other factors associated with the tissue damage include hydroxyl radicals, nitroxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide and arachidonic acid metabolites. Treatment consists of topical and systemic anti-inflammatory medications, mydriatic agents, and glaucoma medications when indicated. Experimental pharmacological agents include dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors, interleukin-1 blockers, antioxidants and hydroxyl radical scavengers.     

集体林权制度改革对四川岷山山系大熊猫栖息地的影响与对策

四川北部的岷山山系是中国野生大熊猫最主要的活动区域。调查表明，四川岷山山系12个县市有森林面积21659．6km^2，其中集体林面积10500km^2；大熊猫栖息地总面积851824．0hm^2，建有22个保护区，共有528888hm^2的大熊猫栖息地和400只野生大熊猫在保护区内得到了有效保护；集体林大熊猫栖息地面积达190064．6hm^2，占大熊猫栖息地的22．31％。集体林权制度改革加大了对大熊猫及其栖息地保护的难度。本文提出了要尽快制定《大熊猫保护法》；协调好跨区域大熊猫栖息地的保护；制定相关政策，采取置换、赎买、移民搬迁等方式，保护大熊猫及其栖息地；要落实相关政策，实施生态补偿；要发动社会力量采取建立保护小区、协议保护等参与大熊猫的保护；林下开发利用要避开大熊猫发情和孕育期，达到既有效保护大熊猫，又使林农生产生活得到可持续发展。     

Development of glaucoma after cataract surgery in dogs: 220 cases (1987-1998)

OBJECTIVE: To examine postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) and other variables as predictors of the risk of developing glaucoma after cataract surgery in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 220 dogs that had cataract surgery. PROCEDURE: Medical records of 220 dogs (346 eyes) that had extracapsular cataract removal or phacoemulsification of cataracts were reviewed. With respect to glaucoma development, 8 variables were analyzed, which included development of POH, breed, sex, age at time of surgery, eye (right vs left), phacoemulsification time, intraocular lens (IOL) placement (yes or no), and stage of cataract development. Eyes developed glaucoma within 6 or 12 months of surgery or did not have signs of glaucoma at least 6 or 12 months after cataract surgery. RESULTS: Of 346 eyes, 58 (16.8%) developed glaucoma after surgery. At 6 months, 32 of 206 (15.5%) eyes examined had glaucoma; at 12 months, 44 of 153 (28.8%) eyes examined had glaucoma. Median follow-up time was 5.8 months (range, 0.1 to 48 months). Mixed-breed dogs were at a significantly lower risk for glaucoma, compared with other breeds. Eyes with IOL placement were at a significantly lower risk for glaucoma, compared with eyes without IOL placement. Eyes with hypermature cataracts were at a significantly higher risk for glaucoma, compared with eyes with mature or immature cataracts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Multiple factors appear to contribute to the onset of glaucoma in dogs after cataract surgery. Complications prohibiting IOL placement during cataract surgery may lead to a high risk of glaucoma development.     

Lens morphometry determined by B-mode ultrasonography of the normal and cataractous canine lens

Purpose To determine axial lens thickness, anterior chamber depth and axial globe length in canine eyes with normal lenses and in eyes with immature, mature, congenital, posterior polar and diabetic cataract. Methods B‐mode ultrasonography was performed in 50 normal dogs and, as a prephacoemulsification screening procedure, in 100 dogs with cataract. Axial B‐mode ultrasonograms were used to determine lens thickness, anterior chamber depth and globe diameter. Statistical comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance and multivariate analysis, with a significance level of P < 0.05. Results Axial globe lengths were not statistically significantly different between groups apart from the smaller globes in younger dogs with congenital cataract. Axial lens thickness in diabetics (8.4 ± 0.9 mm) was statistically significantly different from the lens thickness in normal eyes (6.7 ± 1.0 mm), eyes with immature cataract (6.4 ± 0.8 mm) and eyes with mature cataract (7.4 ± 0.9 mm) although these groups, while varying in thickness, were not statistically significantly different from each other. Anterior chamber depth was statistically significantly reduced in eyes with diabetic cataract (2.9 ± 0.1 mm) from that in normal eyes (3.8 ± 0.1 mm), eyes with immature cataract (3.5 ± 0.1 mm) and eyes with mature cataract (3.2 ± 0.6 mm) although these groups, while varying in chamber depth, were not statistically significantly different from each other. Conclusions Lenses with diabetic cataracts were significantly increased in axial thickness compared to lenses in other eyes, although lenses with mature cataracts showed a trend towards increased axial thickness and immature cataracts demonstrated a trend towards reduced thickness. While previous studies on cataract pathobiology have suggested a reduction in lens thickness in immature cataract through lens protein loss and an increase in thickness in mature cataracts through intumescence, this study is the first to document these changes in the canine lens.     

Cataracts in 44 dogs (77 eyes): A comparison of outcomes for no treatment, topical medical management, or phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation

Outcomes for 77 cataractous eyes were compared after each eye underwent no treatment, topical medical treatment only, or phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Median follow-up time for all dogs was 2.3 y. Failure occurred in all untreated eyes and the rate of failure was 65 and 255 times higher than in medically and surgically treated eyes, respectively. The failure rate was 4 times higher in dogs receiving only medical treatment compared with dogs that received surgery. Across all groups, the success rate for mature and hypermature cataracts was lower than for immature cataracts. Regardless of cataract stage, the chance of success was higher for eyes undergoing phacoemulsification than for eyes that received medical management only. Results of this study support prompt referral for phacoemulsification when cataracts are diagnosed in dogs or, if referral is not possible, topical anti-inflammatory therapy.