Enzymatic modification of saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum with Aspergillus niger

Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant. Its root, Platycodi Radix, contains an abundant amount of saponin glycosides, platycodins, of which platycodin D is one of the major components. The chemical structures of platycodins can be modified by various types of chemical processing, but a modification mediated with microorganisms has been not reported yet. In this study, platycodin D was modified to several partially degraded platycodin glycosides after treatment with a crude enzyme extract from Aspergillus niger (A. niger). The modified platycodin D possessed a shorter sugar side-chain, and presented a remarkably reduced V79-4 cell (Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts) cytotoxicity and erythrocyte hemolytic toxicity, whereas the nitrite-scavenging activity was increased in the modified platycodin D. Sensory scores for pungency, bitterness and after-taste were improved as well in the modified platycodin D. Results suggest that A. niger mediated modification yielded a novel partially degraded platycodin glycoside which possesses increased bioactivities and improved sensory values, yet with reduced toxic profiles.     

黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵改善豆渣口感

豆渣作为豆制品生产的副产品,富含营养。为了解决豆渣颗粒大,口感差,难以直接食用的问题,该文对利用黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵豆渣降低其粒度分布进而改善其口感、增加其可食性进行了研究。结果表明:利用黑曲霉和米曲霉在28℃,相对湿度为95%的条件下发酵,能使渣感减弱,吞咽变易,口感明显改善;对发酵10d后豆渣的外观形态、显微镜观察、粒度分布进行考察,均一致表现为发酵后豆渣颗粒显著变小;黑曲霉发酵豆渣对渣感的降低效果好于米曲霉发酵豆渣和未发酵豆渣;发酵使豆渣颗粒变小是口感改善的主要原因;口感改善的根本原因是发酵豆渣过程中所产生的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶降解了豆渣中的纤维素和半纤维素,导致豆渣颗粒变小的缘故。该研究对豆渣的综合利用提供了新途径。     

Fumonisin B2 production by Aspergillus niger

The carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin B2 was detected for the first time in the industrially important Aspergillus niger. Fumonisin B2, known from Fusarium verticillioides and other Fusaria, was detected in cultures of three full genome sequenced strains of A. niger, in the ex type culture and in a culture of F. verticillioides by electrospray LC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from agar plugs of cultures grown on several substrates. Whereas F. verticillioides produced fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 on agar media based on plant extracts, such as barley malt, oat, rice, potatoes, and carrots, A. niger produced fumonisin B2 best on agar media with a low water activity, including Czapek yeast autolysate agar with 5% NaCl. Of the media tested, only rice corn steep agar supported fumonisin production by both F. verticillioides and A. niger. However, A. niger had a different regulation of fumonisin production and a different quantitative profile of fumonisins, producing only B2 as compared to F. verticillioides. Fumonisin production by A. niger, which is a widely occurring species and an extremely important industrial organism, will have very important implications for biotechnology and especially food safety. A. niger is used for the production of citric acid and as producer of extracellular enzymes, and also as a transformation host for the expression of heterologous proteins. Certain strains of A. niger produce both ochratoxin A and fumonisins, so some foods and feeds may potentially contain two types of carcinogenic mycotoxins from this species.     

黑曲霉木聚糖酶基因（xynB）的克隆及真核分泌表达

通过RT-PCR方法,以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)GIM3.452总RNA为模板,克隆出木聚糖酶B(xy-lanase B,xynB)基因的成熟肽编码序列(567 bp),编码188个氨基酸.将其与猪腮腺分泌蛋白(parotid secretoryprotein,PSP)基因的信号肽序列通过重叠延伸PCR(SOE-PCR)得到拼接片段PSxynB,并将其克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA6/HisTMA中,得到重组质粒pcDNA-PSxynB,重组质粒经过酶切、测序鉴定,证实含有目的片段,且构建正确.在脂质体介导下将重组质粒pcDNA-PSxynB转染猪肾细胞(PK15),通过RT-PCR证实其在PK15细胞中表达,并在细胞培养液中测到了木聚糖酶活最高达36.4 IU/mL.     

Purification and characterization of a novel pyrethroid hydrolase from Aspergillus niger ZD11

The pyrethroid pesticides residues on foods and environmental contamination are a public safety concern. Pretreatment with pyrethroid hydrolase has the potential to alleviate the conditions. For this purpose, a fungus capable of using pyrethroid pesticides as a sole carbon source was isolated from the soil and characterized as Aspergillus niger ZD11. A novel pyrethroid hydrolase from cell extract was purified 41.5-fold to apparent homogeneity with 12.6% overall recovery. It is a monomeric structure with a molecular mass of 56 kDa, a pI of 5.4, and the enzyme activity was optimal at 45 degrees C and pH 6.5. The activities were strongly inhibited by Hg(2+), Ag(+), and rho-chloromercuribenzoate, whereas less pronounced effects (5-10% inhibition) were observed in the presence of the remaining divalent cations, the chelating agent EDTA and phenanthroline. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed various insecticides with similar carboxylester. trans-Permethrin is the preferred substrate.     

Effective prevention of chill-haze in beer using an acid proline-specific endoprotease from Aspergillus niger

Chill-haze formation during beer production is known to involve polyphenols that interact with proline-rich proteins. We hypothesized that incubating beer wort with a proline-specific protease would extensively hydrolyze these proline-rich proteins, yielding a peptide fraction that is unable to form a haze. Predigestion of the proline-rich wheat gliadin with different proteases pointed toward a strong haze-suppressing effect by a proline-specific enzyme. This finding was confirmed in small-scale brewing experiments using a recently identified proline-specific protease with an acidic pH optimum. Subsequent pilot plant trials demonstrated that, upon its addition during the fermentation phase of beer brewing, even low levels of this acidic enzyme effectively prevented chill-haze formation in bottled beer. Results of beer foam stability measurements indicated that the enzyme treatment leaves the beer foam almost unaffected. In combination with the enzyme's cost-effectiveness and regulatory status, these preliminary test results seem to favor further industrial development of this enzymatic beer stabilization method.     

构建食品级植酸酶黑曲霉工程菌

植酸是植物种子中肌醇和磷的主要存在形式,由于单胃动物体内缺乏能分解植酸的酶,以植酸磷形式存在的磷难以被单胃动物吸收。植酸酶作为饲料添加剂已经广泛应用,但在食品中的应用研究刚刚开始。本研究以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)CICC2462基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增植酸酶基因片段,并在其两端加上糖化酶基因(glaA)的5'同源臂和3'同源臂,构建农杆菌Ti质粒基因置换载体pSZHG-phy。通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法转化黑曲霉,筛选以植酸酶基因替换糖化酶基因的同源重组转化子,以实现植酸酶基因的高效表达。结果表明,筛选获得4株同源重组转化子,同源重组率为100%,通过分光光度计法测定重组植酸酶菌株的最高发酵酶活为316.2 U/mL,为出发菌株的20.8倍,证明植酸酶phy基因是可以在黑曲霉糖化酶生产菌中实现高效表达。本研究为进一步构建食品级植酸酶工程菌提供了基础资料。     

Extracellular prolyl endoprotease from Aspergillus niger and its use in the debittering of protein hydrolysates

The observation that the bitterest peptides from casein hydrolysates contain several proline residues led us to hypothesize that a proline-specific protease would be instrumental in debittering such peptides. To identify the desired proline-specific activity, a microbiological screening was carried out in which the chromogenic peptide benzyloxycarbonyl-glycine-proline-p-nitroanilide (Z-Gly-Pro-pNA) was used as the substrate. An Aspergillus niger (A. niger) strain was identified that produces an extracellular proline-specific protease with an acidic pH optimum. On the basis of sequence similarities, we conclude that the A. niger-derived enzyme probably belongs to the S28 family of clan SC of serine proteases rather than the S9 family to which prolyl oligopeptidases belong. Incubating the overexpressed and purified enzyme with bitter casein hydrolysates showed a major debittering effect. Reversed phase HPLC analysis revealed that this debittering effect is accompanied by a significant reduction of the number of hydrophobic peptides present.     

脉冲电场促进黑曲霉生长提高产酶活性

为了探讨脉冲电场对黑曲霉生长和糖化酶活性的影响,研究采用响应面法设计脉冲电场工作参数(脉冲强度5～15 kV/cm、脉冲持续时间10～100μs和脉冲数50～99)并对黑曲霉孢子悬液进行处理和培养。结果表明:脉冲强度显著(P0.05)影响菌丝干质量和产糖化酶能力,当脉冲强度为12.975 kV/cm、脉冲宽度为54μs和脉冲数为66,黑曲霉的菌丝干质量和糖化酶活性分别为28.05 mg和18.01 U/mL,比对照(未采用脉冲处理)提高了68.27%和14.71%;酯酶同工酶分析未显示出PEF对黑曲霉有诱变作用,但PEF处理明显刺激了黑曲霉孢子萌发,使孢子萌发率增加了77.8%～231%。该研究为黑曲霉菌等霉菌生物学性能的提高及其在实际生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

黑曲霉发酵滤液杀食用菌线虫活性初探

对灭菌的黑曲霉发酵滤液杀线虫作用进行了研究,找到经济有效的发酵滤液培养基为豆芽汁培养基。不同浓度、不同pH值的发酵滤液均能影响其杀线效果。pH为3．0的发酵滤液原液,杀线作用及抑制线虫虫卵孵化均达100％;当pH调为5．0时,杀线校正死亡率仍达73．90％;pH5．5时,杀线校正死亡率下降到8．15％。发酵滤液原液稀释到4倍液时,杀线校正死亡率仍达60．47％;稀释6倍液时下降至25．92％。在蘑菇栽培的防治线虫试验中,蘑菇栽培料添加发酵滤液后能减少线虫的数量,同时还具有促进菌丝生长的作用;仅加发酵滤液处理比未加发酵滤液及线虫处理的生物转化率提高76．30％,加发酵滤液及线虫处理比仅加线虫处理的则提高81．41％。     

Purification and some properties of an Aspergillus niger beta-apiosidase from an enzyme preparation hydrolyzing aroma precursors.

A beta-apiosidase was isolated and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from an enzyme preparation, Klerzyme 200, through ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and HPLC on ion-exchange and size exclusion columns. The purification of the enzyme was aided by the synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-apiofuranoside for the specific detection of activity on electrophoresis gels. The molecular mass estimated by SDS-PAGE was 120 kDa. The optimum activity of the beta-apiosidase was found at pH 5 and 40 degrees C. The K(m) and V(max) for p-nitrophenyl beta-D-apiofuranoside were 4.2 mM and 2460 nkat/mg of protein, respectively. The enzyme was not inhibited by glucose and ethanol. This enzyme hydrolyzed the intersugar linkages of apiofuranosylglucosides, aroma precursors from grape.     

黑曲霉木聚糖酶基因xynB在大肠杆菌中的表达及重组木聚糖酶的特性

从黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) mafic-005中克隆得到木聚糖酶基因xynB。序列分析表明，该基因全长745 bp，含有一个67 bp内含子，编码225个氨基酸，理论分子量为24 kD(GenBank登录号:DQ174549)，与已知黑曲霉xynB基因的同源性均较高。将该基因定向插入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )表达载体pET-28a (+)上，并转化E. coli BL21 获得重组菌株。经过IPTG诱导，xynB基因获得特异性表达。经SDS-PAGE分析，重组蛋白分子量约为30 kD。该重组蛋白经镍NTA琼脂糖凝胶FF纯化后达到电泳纯。酶学性质分析表明，重组木聚糖酶最适温度为40 ℃，最适pH值为5.0，在酸性和常温条件下具有良好的稳定性。     

紫外光对黑曲霉进行诱变提高糖化力

利用紫外光对两株黑曲霉进行诱变育种，使糖化力分别由３６０μｍｏｌ／ｍｉｎ·ｇ及７２０μｍｏｌ／ｍｉｎ·ｇ提高到５４０～６００μｍｏｌ／ｍｉｎ·ｇ和４５００～５４００μｍｏｌ／ｍｉｎ·ｇ。     

Susceptibility of wheat and Aspergillus niger phytases to inactivation by gastrointestinal enzymes

The activity of wheat and Aspergillus niger phytases was determined following preincubation for 60 min at 37 degrees C alone or in the presence of pepsin or pancreatin to examine their ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. At pH 3.5 both phytases were stable, but at pH 2.5 wheat phytase rapidly lost activity. Following preincubation at pH 3.5 in the presence of 5 mg of pepsin/mL, A. niger phytase retained 95% of its original activity, whereas only 70% of the wheat phytase activity was recovered. The stability of A. niger phytase in the presence of pepsin was the same at pH 2.5 as at pH 3.5. Results similar to those with pepsin at pH 3.5 were obtained following preincubation of the phytases in the presence of pancreatin at pH 6.0.     

Unfolding and refolding of Aspergillus niger PhyB phytase: role of disulfide bridges

The role of disulfide bridges in the folding of Aspergillus niger phytase pH 2.5-optimum (PhyB) was investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Guanidinium chloride (GuCl) at 1.0 M unfolded phytase; however, its removal by dialysis refolded the protein. The thiol reagent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduces the refolding activity by 68%. The hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) of PhyB phytase decreased from 5.5 to 4.14 nm when the protein was subjected to 1.0 M GuCl concentration. The active homodimer, 183 kDa, was reduced to a 92 kDa monomer. The DLS data taken together with activity measurements could indicate whether refolding took place or not in PhyB phytase. The correlation between molecular mass and the state of unfolding and refolding is a very strong one in fungal phytase belonging to histidine acid phosphatase (HAP). Unlike PhyA phytase, for which sodium chloride treatment boosted the activity at 0.5 M salt concentration, PhyB phytase activity was severely inhibited under identical condition. Thus, PhyA and PhyB phytases are structurally very different, and their chemical environment in the active site and substrate-binding domain may be different to elicit such an opposite reaction to monovalent cations.     

Structure-activity relationship of citrus polymethoxylated flavones and their inhibitory effects on Aspergillus niger

Citrus peels are rich in polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and are potential sources of natural preservatives. Six PMFs extracts, isolated and purified from the peels of three mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and three sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), were identified and quantitated. Their inhibitory effects on Aspergillus niger were evaluated using a microbroth dilution assay. The Red tangerine variety exhibited the greatest antifungal activity (MIC = 0.2 mg/mL), while Jincheng showed the lowest activity (MIC = 1.8 mg/mL). An analysis of principal components was applied to the results in order to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of the citrus PMFs. The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that, for good inhibitory effect, the 5-OH, 3-OCH?, and 8-OCH? functionalities were essential, while the presence of 3-OH and 3'-OCH? greatly reduced inhibition. The findings of this study provide important information for the exploitation and utilization of citrus PMFs as natural biopreservatives.     

黑曲霉Ni-5k原生质体的制备和再生

研究不同配比的酶解液、菌丝的菌龄、酶处理的温度和时间、培养方法及其他因素对黑曲霉(A sp erg illus n ig er)N i-5k原生质体的形成量和再生率的影响,结果表明,酶解液浓度1.0%(其中含纤维素酶0.7%,蜗牛酶0.2%,溶菌酶0.1%),菌龄18 h、酶解温度30°C、酶解时间3 h,原生质体的形成量达到106个/mL;采用双层平板法于32°C再生,再生率达39%。