Common Vetch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia sativa</Emphasis> L.) Germplasm: Correlations of Crude Protein and Mineral Content to Seed Traits

In order to increase knowledge of seed nutritive value and to demonstrate its relationship in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) germplasm, 388 common vetch accessions were grown under field conditions in 2008–2009 growing season in Bursa province of Turkey. Seeds were analyzed for seed minerals (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, P, S, Zn and K) and crude protein (CP) content. The accessions were grouped according to testa and cotyledon color and seed size, and the results were evaluated by analysis of variance to determine relationships between minerals and CP content, testa and cotyledon colors, and seed weight. In general, there was no significant difference between testa colors or cotyledon colors in minerals and CP content. However, seed weight was closely associated with minerals and CP contents in this study. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis showed that seed weight was closely associated with some minerals and CP content. The small seeds had significantly higher Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, S, Zn and CP contents than medium and large seeds.     

Macro‐ and micromineral content of wrapped forages for horses

A study of macro‐ and micromineral contents in wrapped forages from farms in Sweden and Norway was conducted. Haylage samples were collected from 124 farms and analysed for contents of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn. Information on forage production was collected from each farm. Mean concentrations (standard deviations) of the samples were as follows: Ca, 5·3 (3·41); P, 2·7 (0·80); Mg, 1·8 (0·76); K, 21·8 (7·44); Na, 0·3 (0·61) g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); and Co, 0·09 (0·150); Cu, 4·9 (1·61); I, 0·25 (0·461); Fe, 194 (288·9); Mn, 85 (49·3); Se, 0·03 (0·054); and Zn, 23 (9·5) mg kg^?1 DM. Comparisons with mineral requirements of horses indicated that for Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Mn, the mean values were sufficient for maintenance requirements, but for P, Na, Co, Cu, Zn, I and Se, mean values were insufficient. For horses with requirements higher than maintenance, average contents of all minerals except Fe and Mn were insufficient. There were moderate to weak negative correlation coefficients between contents of neutral detergent fibre and Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Se. Forage harvested at late plant maturity may contain lower concentrations of these minerals.     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

Environmental and genotypic influences on trace element and mineral concentrations in whole meal flour of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum)

Trace elements (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) and minerals (Ca, Mg, P and K) concentrations were determined in whole meal flour of five einkorn accessions and one bread wheat cultivar, cropped in four different locations for two years. The major factors influencing mineral levels were year and genotype, as well as their interaction. Einkorn varieties exhibited higher Zn (7.18 ± 0.76 mg/100 g DM), Fe (5.23 ± 0.47), Mn (4.65 ± 0.23), Cu (0.90 ± 0.08), Mg (151.2 ± 9.00) and P (541.1 ± 35.37) concentration than bread wheat. Mg concentration correlated positively with that of other bivalent cations (Zn and Ca). The relevant amount of trace elements consistently found in einkorn further confirms the potential of this cereal in human nutrition, either by direct consumption or by introgression of superior alleles into enhanced polyploid wheat cultivars.     

不同品种椰子凋落叶的营养成分分析

测定6个不同品种椰子凋落叶中的营养成分。结果表明,6个品种椰子凋落叶的叶柄中C、N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn营养元素之间差异显著,其中Fe和Cu含量差异不显著;小叶中,C、N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn营养元素之间差异显著,其中Cu含量差异不显著。同时,小叶中的C、N、Fe、Mn、Zn含量高于叶柄,而叶柄中的P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量高于小叶。     

云南稻种矿质元素含量与形态及品质性状的关系

 以653份云南稻种为材料进行了8种矿质元素含量与4个品质性状及其24个形态性状间的相关性分析，结果表明核心种质的P、K、Ca和Mg含量与绝大多数形态和品质性状的关系密切，以P与茎蘖数(-0.2043** )、K与直链淀粉含量 (-0.2043** )、Ca与株高(-0.4151** )、Mg与蛋白质(0.2570** )相关性相对较高; 核心种质的Mn、Zn、Cu和Fe含量与少数形态品质性状的关系密切, 以Fe与胶稠度(-0.1121** )、Zn与结实率(-0.1411** )、Cu与每穗实粒数(-01398** )、Mn与株高（-0.2492** ）相关性相对较高。     

小麦籽粒矿质元素的基因型差异及对锌强化的响应

为了分析锌强化对不同小麦品种籽粒矿质元素含量的影响,以40个不同小麦品种(系)为材料,在扬花期叶面喷施0.5%的Zn肥,用原子吸收光谱法测定Zn处理与不处理(对照)下不同小麦品种籽粒中6种矿质元素(Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn)的含量,并分析这些元素对Zn强化的响应。结果表明,Zn处理后各品种籽粒中Zn含量均比对照有极显著上升,但上升幅度因品种而异。籽粒中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn含量对Zn强化的响应因元素种类和品种而异,就品种平均值而言,Mn含量在Zn处理和对照间有极显著差异,Fe、Mg和Cu含量在处理与对照间无显著差异。大部分品种Zn处理后籽粒Ca含量有所下降,Mn则有所增加。对施Zn和对照间被测矿质元素的变幅进行主成分分析,前三个主成分(PC1、PC2、PC3)累积贡献率为0.76,基于前三个主成分对40个品种(系)进行类平均法的聚类分析,将40个品种分为3类:第1类包含有8个品种,Zn处理后籽粒中Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe含量总体呈现降低趋势,而Mn、Zn含量呈增高趋势;第2类包含23个品种,Zn处理后籽粒Ca、Cu含量总体有一定的降低,其余4种元素含量则有一定幅度的提高;第3类共有9个品种,施Zn后Fe含量总体有一定幅度的降低,其余5种元素含量则有一定幅度的增加。来自第2类和第3类中的12个品种在Zn处理后所测定的全部6种元素或者其中大部分元素的含量提高,适宜进行Zn强化,而其余品种Zn强化后部分或全部元素(Zn除外)与对照相比有所下降,不宜作为Zn营养强化的载体品种。     

Correlation of Plant Morphological and Grain Quality Traits with Mineral Element Contents in Yunnan Rice

Correlations between four grain quality, 24 plant morphological traits and eight element contents of 653 accessions from Yunnan rice were analyzed. P, K, Ca and Mg contents of core collection were closely correlated to the most plant morphological and grain quality traits, and there were highly significant correlations （P 〈0.01） among some traits including P content to number of stems and tillers, K content and amylose content, Ca content and plant height, Mg content and protein content. Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe contents of core collection were closely related to a few traits, such as Fe content and gel consistency （-0.1121^＊＊）, Zn content and seed setting rate （-0.1411^＊＊）, Cu content and number of grains per panicle （-0.1398^＊＊）, Mn content and plant height （-0.2492^＊＊）.     

不同木薯种质资源主要矿物质元素差异性分析

为了解不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量,优选含量丰富的品种,为木薯的综合利用提供数据支撑,本文采用马弗炉法、原子吸收和原子荧光法分别对113份木薯种质资源灰分与矿物质元素含量进行测定,结果表明：矿物质元素Cr、Cu、Se含量均低于1 mg/kg（干重）,Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn含量分别为66.39~1609.81 mg/kg、4.35~ 38.93 mg/kg、1954.56~8762.78 mg/kg、149.04~1143.73 mg/kg、4.48~37.40 mg/kg、36.80~530.40 mg/kg、6.35~24.83 mg/kg。利用概率分级法将113份木薯种质资源灰分及矿物质元素含量分为5级,即极高、高、中、低和极低,并推荐极高品系作为基础亲本材料。在相关性分析中,灰分与Fe、Mg、Na、Zn含量具有较为显著的相关性,Ca含量与K、Mn含量呈极显著正相关,Ca含量与Mg、Na含量呈极显著负相关,Fe含量与Mg、Na、Zn含量成极显著正相关,K含量与Mn含量呈极显著正相关,与Na含量呈极显著负相关,Mg含量与Na、Zn含量呈极显著正相关,Zn含量与Mn、Na含量呈极显著正相关。Zn与各矿物质元素的吸收有较强的相互促进作用,Fe含量与Mg、Na含量有较强的相互促进作用,Ca含量与K、Mn的吸收有较强的促进作用,而Ca、K、Mn与Fe、Mg、Na的吸收可能存在一定的拮抗作用。结合主成分分析、聚类分析对不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量进行综合评价,得到特征值大于1的主成分2个,累计方差贡献率达61.707%。聚类分析可将113个木薯种质资源分为3类,根据矿物质元素含量差异可将不同木薯品种分为Na、Mg、Zn、Fe含量较高和Mn、Ca、K、Zn含量较高两大类,主成分综合评价中‘274'‘50'‘571'‘521'‘417'等木薯种质资源得分较高。     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

Mineral characteristics of the leaves of 166 plant species with different phylogeny in the temperate region

The P-N regression coefficient was moderate in Magnoliales,Coniferopsidae, Pteridophyta, and Asterids, but very high in Caryophyllids,and very low in Rosids. The K-N regression coefficient in trees remainedconstant regardless of evolution, and that in grasses was high except forRosids compared with that in trees. The coefficient was very high inCaryophyllids and was very low in Rosids. The N-Ca and N-Mg relationshipwas not estimated at all, suggesting that the mechanism of Ca and Mgaccumulation was completely different from that of N related accumulation.The Zn and Cu concentrations were related to the N concentration.The Al concentration in leaves was negatively correlated with the N, P, K,Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe concentrations, while the N, P, K, andMn concentrations in leaves increased slightly with the increase of Alconcentration in the high Al concentration. The Na concentration in leavesrelated negatively to the P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn and Al concentration range.Thus, it was demonstrated that most of the minerals in leaves accumulatenegatively Al and Na indicating that there are antagonistic mechanisms formineral accumulation in leaves among Al or Na and other mineralelements.     

椰子果皮中营养元素的测定及其种间差异分析

采用原子吸收光谱法对不同品种椰子果皮中8种营养元素进行测定,并分析不同品种间果皮中营养元素含量的差异。对果皮中大量元素的测定结果表明,所选4个品种椰子果皮中K含量最高,Ca含量最低;果皮中Ca含量品种间差异不显著,而K、Na、Mg含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平。对果皮中微量元素的测定结果表明,4种椰子果皮中Fe含量最高,Mn含量最低;果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平,而Fe含量品种间差异不显著。本地高种椰子果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于其他3种椰子。     

橡胶树种质胶乳5种金属离子含量差异和年度变化研究

胶乳中的金属离子对胶乳稳定性和橡胶性能有重要影响,但这些离子在不同种质间的差异及其年度变化尚未见研究报道.本研究以国家橡胶树种质资源圃种植的少花橡胶、光亮矮生橡胶、巴西橡胶野生种和栽培种共13份种质为对象,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法,研究了胶乳中的Cu、Mn、Fe、Ca、Mg 5种离子含量及其年度变化.结果表明...     

Copper and other minerals in herbage species and varieties on copper-deficient soils

The mineral composition of Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and six non-leguminous broadleaved herbs was determined at two sites on copper-deficient soils with and without soil-applied copper sulphate at 2 kg Cu ha^-1. D. glomerata was richer than Lolium perenne in P, Mn and Cu, and T. repens was richer than either grass species in Ca, P, Mg and Cu. D. glomerata cultivars differed in Ca, P, Na and Mg concentrations, and L. perenne cultivars in Ca concentration. Lotus corniculatus contained less Ca, P, Na and Mn but more Zn than T. repens. Achillea millefolium was rich in K, Cichorium intybus in K, Mg and Zn, Petroselinum crispum in Na and Zn, Rumex acetosa in K, P, Mg and Zn and Taraxacum officinale in Na, Mg and Zn. Rumex was low in Na and Plantago lanceolata in Na and Mn. None of these herbs was richer than T. repens in Cu. Copper sulphate application raised the Cu concentration of the herbage only slightly, species or varieties differing little in their response to applied Cu. It is concluded that adjustment of botanical composition, with or without copper sulphate application, will not help to prevent hypocupraemia in grazing stock.     

应用东乡野生稻回交重组自交系群体分析糙米矿质含量QTL

【目的】 强化粮食作物的必需矿物质有利于缓解人们矿质营养缺乏症。【方法】 从协青早B//协青早B/东乡野生稻BC₁F₅群体中挑选到1个单株A58,与协青早B回交,构建了BC₂F_4:5群体。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪ICP-AES测定132个BC₂F_4:5株系的糙米Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu含量,应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5进行糙米矿质QTL分析。【结果】 共检测到17个糙米矿质含量QTL,分别位于第1、4、6、8、9和11等6条染色体上,包括Mg含量1个、Ca含量4个、Zn含量4个、Fe含量2个、Mn含量2个和Cu含量4个。这些QTL解释表型变异的5.0%~47.2%,其中8个QTL的增效等位基因来自东乡野生稻。【结论】 12个QTL聚集于5条染色体上的5个QTL簇,表明不同矿质营养元素涉及到共同遗传生理机制,可通过分子标记辅助选择方法将有利等位基因应用于稻米营养品质改良。     

The composition of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) grown in Botswana

This study investigated the composition of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan),grown at Sebele, Botswana. The raw seeds of six varieties were analyzed fordry matter, crude fat, protein, fiber, and ash, using Association of OfficialAnalytical Chemists procedures. Major minerals, Ca, K, P, Mg, Na and traceminerals, Cu, Fe and Zn were also assessed. The range of nutrient contentsobtained were: dry matter 86.6–88.0%, crude protein 19.0–21.7%, crudefat 1.2–1.3%, crude fiber 9.8–13.0%, and ash 3.9–4.3%. Minerals ranges(mg/100 g dry matter) were: K 1845–1941, P 163–293, Ca 120–167, Mg 113–127, Na 11.3–12.0, Zn 7.2–8.2, Fe 2.5–4.7 and Cu 1.6–1.8. There wereno significant differences in Na among the six varieties (p>0.05). For the other components, varietal differences (p < 0.05) were observed. The valuesobtained for the dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash, Ca, Cu, Fe, and Mg weresimilar to those in pigeon peas grown elsewhere, while those for crude fiber and Zn were higher. In general, the composition of pigeon peas compared favorably with those of other legumes such as Bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea). The levels of crude protein, crude fiber, K, Ca, P and Mgindicated that pigeon peas could be valuable in the diet of the people of Botswana. This crop would positively contribute protein in the diet and thediversification of agricultural produce.     

Biomass yield and composition of sweetpotato grown in a nutrient film technique system

Sweetpotato cultivar TU-82-155 grown in a nutrient film technique system and separated into foliage, tips, fibrous, string and storage roots at harvest had a total dry biomass of 89.9 g per plant with 38.4% inedible portion. Tips and storage roots, the traditional edible parts, were analyzed for dry matter, protein, fat, ash, minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn), vitamins (carotene, ascorbic acid, thiamin), oxalic and tannic acids, and trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors to determine their nutritional quality. Water soluble matter, minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn), cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentrations in the edible and inedible parts were obtained to provide information needed for the selection of appropriate bioconversion processes of plant wastes into food or forms suitable for crop production in a controlled biological life support system.     

Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.     

Losses of essential mineral nutrients by polishing of rice differ among genotypes due to contrasting grain hardness and mineral distribution

The effect of different polishing techniques on loss of mineral elements from rice grains was quantified using a panel of indica and tropical japonica genotypes, previously classified as differing in ease of polishing. Gradients in mineral elements across the bran-endosperm interface were quantified using micro-scaled precision abrasive polishing in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Frictional polishing, similar to that of commercial mills, i.e. 8–10% loss of grain weight, reduced the concentration of Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn by 60–80% in all genotypes. Following gentler polishing (3–5% weight loss), genotypes classified as difficult to polish showed smaller decreases in Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn compared to genotypes classified as easy to polish. The concentration of other elements, e.g. Zn, S, Ca, Cu, Mo and Cd, showed comparable reductions (<30%) irrespective of polishing technique or ease of polishing. The different patterns of polishing losses of minerals reflected their distribution within the grain. Five-fold differences in the reduction of Zn concentration during polishing were observed for different genotypes which started with similar Zn concentrations in the unpolished grain, thus showing clear potential for selecting genotypes with reduced polishing losses of Zn.     

Phytate and mineral elements concentration in a collection of Italian durum wheat cultivars

Mineral deficiencies are prevalent in human populations and the improvement of the mineral content in cereal products represents a possible strategy to increase the human mineral intake. Nevertheless, most of the inorganic phosphorus (P_i) present in mature cereal seeds (40–80%) is stored as phytate, an anti-nutritional factor that forms complexes with minerals such as Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe reducing their bioavailability. The present study was undertaken: (i) to determine the variation in phytate and mineral concentrations in the whole grains of 84 Italian durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars representative of old and modern germplasm; (ii) to estimate the magnitude of genotype × environment interaction effects; and (iii) to examine the interrelationships among mineral concentrations in durum wheat with the final aim to identify superior durum wheat cultivars that possess low phytate content and high concentration of mineral elements in their whole-wheat flour. The cultivars were grown in field trials during 2004–2005 at Foggia, Italy and during 2005–2006 at Foggia and Fiorenzuola d’Arda—Southern and Northern Italy. The phytate content was estimated indirectly by using a microtitre plate assay evaluating the P_i absorbance at 820 nm, while the Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Zn mineral contents were determined by ICP/OES. The contents of Zn and Fe across years and locations ranged from 28.5 to 46.3 mg/kg for Zn with an average of 37.4 mg/kg and from 33.6 to 65.6 mg/kg for Fe with an average of 49.6 mg/kg. P_i grain content was between 0.46 and 0.76 mg/g showing a positive correlation with all minerals except Cu and Zn. Although breeding activity for Fe and Zn would be difficult because G × E interaction is prevalent, multi-location evaluation of germplasm collection help to identify superior genotypes to achieve this objective. The results here reported open the possibility of designing a specific breeding program for improving the nutritional value of durum wheat through the identification of parental lines with low-P_i and high minerals concentration in whole grains.