Activity of fungicides and modulators of membrane drug transporters in field strains of Botrytis cinerea displaying multidrug resistance

In Botrytis cinerea, multidrug resistant (MDR) strains collected in French and German vineyards were tested in vitro, at the germ-tube elongation stage, towards a wide range of fungicides. Whatever the MDR phenotype, resistance was recorded to anilinopyrimidines, diethofencarb, iprodione, fludioxonil, tolnaftate and several respiratory inhibitors (e.g., penthiopyrad, pyraclostrobin). In MDR1 strains, overproducing the ABC transporter BcatrB, resistance extended to carbendazim and the uncouplers fluazinam and malonoben. In MDR2 strains, overproducing the MFS transporter BcmfsM2, resistance extended to cycloheximide, fenhexamid and sterol 14α-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). MDR3 strains combined the overexpression of both transporters and exhibited the widest spectrum of cross resistance and the highest resistance levels. The four transport modulators, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, diethylstilbestrol, and verapamil, known to affect some ABC transporters, were tested in B. cinerea. In our experimental conditions, the activity of several fungicides was only enhanced by verapamil. Interestingly, synergism was only recorded in MDR2 and/or MDR3 isolates treated with tolnaftate, fenhexamid, fludioxonil or pyrimethanil, suggesting that verapamil may inhibit the MFS transporter BcmfsM2. This is the first report indicating that a known modulator of ABC transporters could also block MFS transporters.     

A Point Mutation in the Two-Component Histidine Kinase BcOS-1 Gene Confers Dicarboximide Resistance in Field Isolates of Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT Partial DNA fragments of Botrytis cinerea field isolates encoding the putative osmosensor histidine kinase gene (BcOS1) were cloned by polymerase chain reaction amplification and the predicted amino acid sequences were compared between dicarboximide-sensitive and resistant field isolates. The predicted BcOS1p is highly homologous to osmosensor histidine kinase OS1p from Neurospora crassa including the N-terminal six tandem repeats of approximately 90 amino acids. Four dicarboximide-resistant isolates of B. cinerea (Bc-19, Bc-45, Bc-682, and Bc-RKR) contained a single base pair mutation in their BcOS1 gene that resulted in an amino acid substitution in the predicted protein. In these resistant isolates, codon 86 of the second repeat, which encodes an isoleucine residue in sensitive strains, was converted to a codon for serine. The mutation of Botrytis field resistant isolates was located on the second unit of tandem amino acid repeats of BcOS1p, whereas the point mutations of the fifth repeat of OS1p confer resistance to both dicarboximides and phenylpyrroles and also osmotic sensitivity in Neurospora crassa. These results suggest that an amino acid substitution within the second repeat of BcOS1p is responsible for phenotypes of field resistant isolates (resistant to dicarboximides but sensitive to phenylpyrroles, and normal osmotic sensitivity) in B. cinerea.     

Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple

Botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from apple orchards were screened for resistance to boscalid. Boscalid-resistant (BosR) isolates were classified into four phenotypes based on the levels of the concentration that inhibited fungal growth by 50% relative to control. Of the 220 isolates tested, 42 were resistant to boscalid, with resistant phenotypes ranging from low to very high resistance. There was cross resistance between boscalid and carboxin. Analysis of partial sequences of the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase gene in B. cinerea (BcSdhB) from 13 BosR and 9 boscalid-sensitive (BosS) isolates showed that point mutations in BcSdhB leading to amino acid substitutions at the codon position 272 from histidine to either tyrosine (H272Y) or arginine (H272R) were correlated with boscalid resistance. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of 66 BosR isolates (including 24 additional isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit) showed that 19 carried the point mutation H272Y and 46 had the point mutation H272R, but 1 BosR isolate gave no amplification product. Analysis of the BcSdhB sequence of this isolate revealed a different point mutation at codon 225, resulting in a substitution of proline (P) by phenylalanine (F) (P225F). The results indicated that H272R/Y in BcSdhB were the dominant genotypes of mutants in field BosR isolates from apple. A multiplex allele-specific PCR assay was developed to detect point mutations H272R/Y in a single PCR amplification. Levels of boscalid resistance ranged from low to very high within isolates carrying either the H272R or H272Y mutation, indicating that, among BosR isolates, different BosR phenotypes (levels of resistance) were not associated with particular types of point mutations (H272R versus H272Y) in BcSdhB. Analysis of genetic relationships between 39 BosR and 56 BosS isolates based on three microsatellite markers showed that 39 BosR isolates and 30 BosS isolates were clustered into two groups, and the third group consisted of only BosS isolates, suggesting that the development of resistance to boscalid in B. cinerea likely is not totally random, and resistant populations may come from specific genetic groups.     

北京地区番茄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性检测

为了检测北京地区番茄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性,指导生产上科学用药,从北京12个区、县采集番茄灰霉病样150份,分离纯化获得109个番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的单孢菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了番茄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺(pyrimethanil)的抗药性。所测菌株中嘧霉胺抗性菌株出现的比例高达82.57%,且以高抗菌株为主,占78.89%,抗性水平最高的菌株EC50是最敏感菌株的5 096倍;不同区县番茄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性存在差异,门头沟区、密云县、延庆县、怀柔区和平谷区、大兴、通州和顺义8个区县的高抗菌株所占比例达66.67%～100%,海淀、朝阳和房山3个区未检测到高抗菌株。上述结果说明北京地区番茄灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性非常普遍,且以高抗菌株为主,生产上应替换新型杀菌剂防治番茄灰霉病。     

河北省设施番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性

 为明确河北省设施番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性,2013-2016年,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了采自河北省八个地区的2 425株灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性。2013-2016年监测数据显示,河北省设施番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性呈下降趋势。2016年从河北省不同地区采集的番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺具有相似的敏感性,且对啶酰菌胺产生了低水平的抗性,仅在唐山地区检测到了啶酰菌胺的高抗菌株;而不同地区采集的灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性具有差异,但均为咯菌腈的敏感菌株。因此,啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈仍可用于番茄灰霉病的防治,但应严格控制其使用频率,监测灰霉病菌对其敏感性变化动态。     

灰葡萄孢对腐霉利的抗性分子机制及快速检测技术

为明确灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea对腐霉利的抗性现状,于2017—2018年采用单孢分离法从浙江省5个地区的草莓大棚共分离获得200个菌株.通过区分剂量法测定了其对腐霉利的抗性,对抗药性菌株的分子机制进行了分析,并根据抗药性分子机制,建立了B.cinerea腐霉利高抗基因型的环介导等温扩增(loop-med...     

Mechanisms of resistance to fungicides in field strains of Botrytis cinerea

Field strains of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr, the causal agent of grey mould diseases, were collected from French vineyards between 1993 and 2000. Several phenotypes have been characterized according to the inhibitory effects of fungicides towards germ-tube elongation and mycelial growth. Two types of benzimidazole-resistant strains (Ben R1 and Ben R2) could be detected; negative cross-resistance to phenylcarbamates (e.g. diethofencarb) was only found in Ben R1. Benzimidazole resistance was related to point mutations at codon 198 (Ben R1) or 200 (Ben R2) of the beta-tubulin gene. Most dicarboximide-resistant strains were also weakly resistant to aromatic hydrocarbon fungicides (e.g. dicloran) but remained sensitive to phenylpyrroles (e.g. fludioxonil). These resistant field strains (Imi R1) contained a single base pair mutation at position 365 in a two-component histidine kinase gene, probably involved in the fungal osmoregulation. Three anilinopyrimidine-resistant phenotypes have been identified. In the most resistant one (Ani R1), resistance was restricted to anilinopyrimidines, but no differences were observed in the amino-acid sequences of cystathionine beta-lyase (the potential target site of these fungicides) from Ani R1 or wild-type strains. In the two other phenotypes (Ani R2 and Ani R3), resistance extended to various other groups of fungicide, including dicarboximides, phenylpyrroles and sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. This multi-drug resistance was probably determined by over-production of ATP-binding cassette transporters. The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid is a novel botryticide whose primary target site is the 3-keto reductase involved in sterol C-4 demethylations. Apart from the multi-drug-resistant strain Ani R3, three other fenhexamid-resistant phenotypes have been recognized. For two of them (Hyd R1 and Hyd R2) fenhexamid-resistance seemed to result from P450-mediated detoxification. Reduced sensitivity of the target site could be the putative resistance mechanism operating in the third resistant phenotype (Hyd R3). Increased sensitivity to inhibitors of sterol 14 alpha-demethylase recorded in Hyd R1 strains was related to two amino-acid changes at positions 15 and 105 of this enzyme.     

Phenotype Instability in Botrytis cinerea in the Absence of Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides

ABSTRACT Stability of phenotypes of isolates of Botrytis cinerea that were sensitive or resistant to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides was examined in the absence of fungicides in laboratory and growth room experiments. Twelve greenhouse isolates of B. cinerea were subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 20 generations and on geranium seedlings for 15 generations. Three isolates of each of the following four phenotypes were used: sensitive to the fungicides thiophanate-methy1 (a benzimidazole) and vinclozolin (a dicarboximide) (S(T)S(V)), resistant to both fungicides (R(T)R(V)), resistant to thiophanate-methy1 and sensitive to vinclozolin (R(T)S(V)), and sensitive to thiophanate-methy1 and resistant to vinclozolin (S(T)R(V)). In three trials on PDA, 36 populations were subcultured; 8 populations changed phenotypes by the end of 20 generations, as determined by conidium germination on fungicide-amended medium. Five of the eight initially were S(T)R(V); the resulting phenotypes were S(T)S(V), R(T)S(V), and R(T)R(V). Populations from eight other isolates exhibited temporary changes in phenotype during intermediate generations on PDA but reverted to initial phenotypes by the twentieth generation; five of these populations changed to phenotype R(T)R(V). In two geranium seedling trials, each of the 12 greenhouse isolates was inoculated onto a set of three seedlings for each generation, and diseased tissue that developed was used to initiate the next generation. Therefore, a total of 72 populations of B. cinerea were subcultured in the two trials; 5 of these populations changed phenotype at the end of 15 generations. Three of the five initially were S(T)R(V); these changed to phenotypes S(T)S(V) or R(T)R(V). In each of the two trials on geranium seedlings, a population subcultured from one S(T)S(V) isolate changed phenotype one to phenotype R(T)R(V) and one to phenotype R(T)S(V). In all trials, no population resistant to thiophanate-methy1 changed to a thiophanate-methy1-sensitive phenotype, and no population changed to phenotype S(T)R(V). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints were generated with the 12 initial isolates and 49 isolates subcultured on PDA or geranium seedlings. Cluster analyses of RAPD markers showed that subcultured isolates exhibiting the same phenotype clustered together and that subcultured isolates derived from a common greenhouse isolate but with different phenotypes were in different clusters. Some populations that did not change phenotype exhibited considerable differences in RAPD marker patterns. The results of this study indicate that, in the absence of fungicides, sensitive populations of B. cinerea can develop resistance to thiophanate-methy1 and vinclozolin, and this resistance can be maintained in populations through multiple generations. Populations resistant only to vinclozolin (S(T)R(V)) exhibited a high frequency of phenotype change, and populations resistant to both fungicides (R(T)R(V)) were stable.     

Molecular characterization of pyraclostrobin resistance and structural diversity of the cytochrome b gene in Botrytis cinerea from apple

Botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from apple orchards were screened for resistance to the quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) pyraclostrobin. Of the 220 isolates tested, 43 (19.5%) were resistant to pyraclostrobin. Analysis of partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene (cyt b) in five pyraclostrobin-resistant (PR) and five pyraclostrobin-sensitive (PS) isolates showed that PR isolates harbored the point mutation leading to the substitution of glycine by alanine at codon position 143 in cyt b (G143A). Two pairs of allele-specific primers were designed based on this point mutation, and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis with these primers showed that all 73 PR isolates (including 30 collected from decayed apple fruit) harbored the G143A mutation but PS isolates did not. Six pairs of primers were designed to analyze the presence of various introns in cyt b. There were six types (I to VI) of cyt b present in 247 isolates of B. cinerea collected from various apple-production areas in Washington State. Of the 247 isolates, 23 had type I cyt b containing all four introns (Bcbi-67/68, Bcbi-131/132, Bcbi-143/144, and Bcbi-164), 176 had type II cyt b containing three introns (Bcbi-67/68, Bcbi-131/132, and Bcbi-164), six had type III cyt b containing two introns (Bcbi-67/68 and Bcbi-131/132), one had type IV cyt b containing two introns (Bcbi-131/132 and Bcbi-164), one had type V cyt b containing only the Bcbi-131/132 intron, and 40 had type VI cyt b containing no introns. This is the first report of types III to VI cyt b present in B. cinerea. All 73 PR isolates did not carry the Bcbi-143/144 intron in cyt b. Of the 247 isolates tested, >90% did not carry the Bcbi-143/144 intron in cyt b, suggesting that B. cinerea populations from apple pose a high inherent risk for the development of resistance to QoIs because the presence of this intron in cyt b prevents the occurrence of G143A-mediated resistance. Analysis of genetic background based on three microsatellite primers showed that PR isolates originated from different lineages, and there was no correlation between cyt b types (I, II, and III) and the genetic background of the isolates; however, isolates carrying type VI cyt b might originate from the same lineage.     

Characterization of isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected in northwestern France from 1988 to 1992

Isolates of the potato late-blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans , collected in several French regions from 1988 to 1992, were characterized in order to determine the structure and pathogenicity of French populations and to compare them with other European samples. All 254 French isolates tested were of the Al mating type, as were two Sicilian, five Portuguese and one Spanish isolate. Metalaxyl sensitivity of 157 isolates was investigated. The frequency of resistance to this chemical decreased in western France from 1989 to 1992. Two glucose phosphate isomerase phenotypes (90/100 and 90/90) were detected among the 46 isolates tested; the former largerly predominated (75–80%) in the samples investigated. Both phenotypes corresponded to the population recently introduced into Europe. A third genotype (86/100), typical of the former European population, was found in one isolate from Picardy, originating from an artificially infected field trial. Five isolates from Portugal and Italy were of the 100/100 phenotype. Race patterns among 26 isolates from western France were very similar, and could not be explained by local selection. The unusual composition of the Brittany population, consisting of 'new' genotypes but all belonging to the Al mating type, is possibly related to the metapopulation type of structure of P. infestans in Europe.     

Production and viability of sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and fungicide-sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica and B, tulipae

Production of sclerotia by isolates of three Botrytis spp. differing in resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides was compared in vitro. Sensitive isolates of B. cinerea and B. tulipae produced fewer sclerotia than benzimidazole-resistant isolates, but there were no differences in the size of sclerotia within each species. For B. elliptica, sclerotia of dicarboximide-resistant isolates were larger and less numerous than those of sensitive isolates. Sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates of B. elliptica. B. tulipae and B. cinerea were produced in vitro, placed in nylon bags, set in loam soil at soil depths of 0, 10 and 20 cm, and recovered periodically after 1-18 months. Sclerotial viability declined during the 18 months, and was lowest at the soil surface for sclerotia of B. cinerea and B. tulipae. For B. elliptica, sclerotial viability of fungicide-sensitive isolates was reduced to 50% after 18 months, compared to 21 % for dicarboximide-resistant isolates, when averaged over all depths. Sensitive isolates of B. tulipae maintained a trend of higher viability than benzimidazole-resistant ones, and fungicide-sensitive isolates showed greater viability at 18 months (49%) than did benzimidazole-resistant ones (27%). No differences in sclerotial viability were apparent between the fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates of B. cinerea, with an average viability of 77% after 18 months. After 18 months of field exposure, all isolates retained their original fungicide-resistance groupings, indicating the persistence of fungicide resistance in sclerotia.     

我国人参产区灰霉病菌抗药性研究初报

人参灰霉病给人参生产造成巨大损失。本研究选取人参生产上常用的4种杀菌剂,对东北人参产区分离的102株灰霉菌进行抗性检测。结果表明,灰霉菌对多菌灵carbendazim(C)、嘧霉胺pyrimethanil(P)、异菌脲iprodione(I)、咯菌腈fludioxonil(F)的抗性频率分别为100%、86.27%、73.53%和30.39%,辽宁和吉林分离菌株对嘧霉胺、异菌脲的抗性高于3省平均水平。分离菌株对4种杀菌剂共有7种抗性类型,即C_RP_RI_RF_S、C_RP_RI_RF_R、C_RP_RI_SF_S、C_RP_SI_SF_S、C_RP_SI_RF_S、C_RP_RI_SF_R和C_RP_SI_SF_R,其所占比例分别为39.22%、26.47%、14.71%、7.84%、5.88%、4.90%和0.98%,未发现对4种杀菌剂均敏感的灰霉菌菌株。研究结果对于指导人参产区防治灰霉病杀菌剂的合理选用,有效降低人参农药残留,延缓灰霉菌抗性产生具有重要意义。     

两种蚕豆赤斑病菌对常用杀菌剂的抗药性检测及比较

对采自浙江、湖北和安徽3省的蚕豆赤斑病样品进行了病原菌的分离和鉴定,采用菌丝生长速率法检测了引起赤斑病的2种病原菌——蚕豆葡萄孢Botrytis fabae和灰葡萄孢B.cinerea 的抗药性发生情况,并在离体条件下通过抗药性诱导试验比较了二者的抗药性风险。结果共分离得到153个菌株,其中蚕豆葡萄孢122株(占79.7%),灰葡萄孢31株(占20.3%)。共检测到37株多菌灵高水平抗药性菌株(其中蚕豆葡萄孢9株)和42株异菌脲低水平抗药性菌株(其中蚕豆葡萄孢17株);嘧霉胺对153个菌株的EC50值在0.01~5.13 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为0.72±0.15 μg /mL;表明蚕豆赤斑病菌对常见杀菌剂已表现出一定的抗药性,且灰葡萄孢的抗药性问题比蚕豆葡萄孢要严重得多。抗药性诱导试验进一步证实,灰葡萄孢的抗药性风险明显高于蚕豆葡萄孢。     

PCR-based monitoring of recent isolates of tobacco blue mold from Europe reveals the presence of two genetically distinct phenotypes differing in fungicide sensitivity

Bioassays testing the fungicide sensitivity against metalaxyl of Peronospora tabacina isolates collected in German tobacco fields in 2005 revealed the presence of two phenotypes, resistant and sensitive. DNA fingerprints using SSR and minisatellite primers allowed separation of the samples into two groups. The differences in amplification patterns coincided with the sensitive and resistant reaction of the isolates in metalaxyl bioassays. New primers were developed which allowed PCR-based detection of P. tabacina and differentiation of the metalaxyl-sensitive and the metalaxyl-resistant phenotype, respectively. Screening of recent blue mold isolates from Germany and other European countries for metalaxyl sensitivity with leaf disk bioassays coincided completely with the PCR-based identification of the two phenotypes. In Germany, exclusively resistant isolates were found between 2002 and 2004. These still dominate. Since 2005 the co-occurrence of sensitive isolates has been shown. No similar monitoring has been done in any other European country. However, we found the resistant phenotype reaction in a French isolate of 2004 and in two out of three Italian isolates in 2007. Two isolates from Poland and Bulgaria in 2007 were sensitive to metalaxyl. For all 58 isolates tested since 2002 the metalaxyl bioassay-based resistance type and the PCR-based tests for sensitive and resistant genotype coincided. Using genotype-specific primers for future population studies may help to trace the sources of the pathogen from which yearly propagation starts.     

Possible Role of Colonization and Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Differential Ability of Three Ulocladium atrum Strains to Control Botrytis cinerea on Necrotic Strawberry Leaves

ABSTRACT Ulocladium atrum (strain 385) consistently reduced Botrytis cinerea sporulation on necrotic fragments of strawberry leaves. On these tissues, two strains of U. atrum (isolates 18558 and 18559) showed lower antagonistic activities than the reference strain 385. Colonization of strawberry leaflets by the three U. atrum strains appeared similar in the absence of B. cinerea, whether quantified by chitin or immunological assays. The second method (based on anti-U. atrum antibodies) revealed that strawberry leaflet colonization by U. atrum 385 was better than by the other U. atrum strains in the presence of B. cinerea. An immunoassay using anti-B. cinerea antibodies revealed that the colonization of B. cinerea in tissues was lower in the presence of U. atrum 385 than with the two other U. atrum strains. The enzymatic activities produced by U. atrum 385 during the colonization phases of necrotic tissues were compared to B. cinerea and U. atrum strains 18558 and 18559. U. atrum 385 had the highest lipase, pectate lyase, and cellobiase activities while B. cinerea had the highest endo-beta-1,4-glucanase activity. The study of lytic activities hydrolyzing the fungal cell wall revealed higher beta-1,3-glucanase activity with U. atrum 385, which was stimulated by B. cinerea on necrotic strawberry leaflets. These results suggest that plant and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by U. atrum 385 may play a complementary role in the competitive colonization of dead strawberry leaves against B. cinerea.     

Stability and fitness of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant phenotypes in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple

Phenotype stability, fitness, and competitive ability of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple were investigated. Stability of resistance was determined after consecutive transfers on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or being cycled on apple fruit. In vitro fitness components mycelial growth, osmotic sensitivity, conidial germination, and sporulation were evaluated on agar media. Pathogenicity, virulence and sporulation on apple fruit were evaluated at both 20 and 0°C. Competition between fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates on apple fruit also was evaluated. Resistance to the two fungicides was retained at levels similar to that of the initial generation after 20 and 10 transfers on PDA and five and three disease cycles on apple fruit at 20 and 0°C, respectively. Great variability in individual fitness components tested was observed among isolates within the same phenotype groups either sensitive or resistant to the fungicides but, when compared as phenotype groups, there were no significant differences in the mean values of these fitness components between resistant and sensitive phenotypes except that the phenotype resistant only to boscalid produced fewer conidia in vitro than sensitive isolates. Resistant isolates were as pathogenic and virulent on apple fruit as sensitive isolates. There was no significant correlation between the values of individual fitness components tested and the level of resistance to pyraclostrobin or boscalid, except that virulence at 20°C positively correlated with the level of resistance to the two fungicides. The final frequency of pyraclostrobin-resistant individuals in the populations was significantly decreased compared with the initial generation and no boscalid-resistant individuals were detected after four disease cycles on apple fruit inoculated with a pair mixture of a dual-sensitive isolate and one isolate each of the three phenotypes resistant to pyraclostrobin, boscalid, or both. The results suggest that resistance of B. cinerea to pyraclostrobin and boscalid was stable in the absence of the fungicides and that resistance to the two fungicides did not significantly impair individual fitness components tested. However, both pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates exhibited competitive disadvantage over the dual-sensitive isolate on apple fruit.     

番茄灰霉病菌对腐霉利的抗药性检测及生物学性状研究

采用区分剂量法,检测了来自福建省、上海市、辽宁省和内蒙古自治区不同采样点的番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea对腐霉利的抗性频率;选取未施药地区的敏感菌株,建立了灰霉病菌对腐霉利的敏感基线;比较了常年施药地区与未施药地区灰霉病菌的抗性频率差异,测定了施药10年以上地区番茄灰霉病菌的抗性指数;研究比较了抗、感菌株的生物学性状。结果表明:腐霉利对127株敏感菌株的平均EC50值为(0.31±0.08) μg/mL;供试4省市灰霉病菌对腐霉利均表现出了很高的抗性频率,其中内蒙古自治区和辽宁省采样点的抗性菌株频率高于90%;在施药历史超过10年的215株田间菌株中,抗性水平最高的菌株来自辽宁省,抗性指数为44.3;施药地区灰霉病菌的抗性频率均高于未施药地区;抗性菌株的抗药性可稳定遗传;供试11株抗性和敏感菌株在产孢量和孢子萌发率、菌丝生长速率、活体致病力等生物学性状方面的差异与其抗性水平之间无明显相关性。     

Pectolytic and Cellulolytic Enzymes of Dicarboximide-sensitive and Resistant Strains of Botrytis cinerea1

Starting in 1979 the pathogenicity of dicarboximide-resistant and sensitive strains of Botrytis cinerea was regularly examined in greenhouse tests using grape plants. In these tests the proportion of resistant strains with low or nearly no pathogenicity was always higher than that of sensitive strains. This led to comparative studies on the enzyme activities of sensitive and resistant field isolates. Pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes were chosen because of their importance in the infection process of B. cinerea. The results of these studies indicated that no correlation could be found between the activity of these enzymes and the pathogenicity of the tested isolates, and that resistant strains tended to have higher enzyme activities than sensitive ones. Comparison of the enzyme activities of laboratory-adapted isolates and the original sensitive ones gave similar results. Since enzyme activities do not seem to play an important role in explaining the general observations on the slow increase and spread of resistant strains in vineyards, other factors must be considered, such as the stability of the dicarboximide resistance, which apparently is very low.     

灰葡萄孢对氟唑菌酰羟胺不同敏感型菌株的生物学特性

为明确灰葡萄孢对氟唑菌酰羟胺不同敏感型菌株的生物学特性差异,将9个不同敏感型菌株在无药PDA平板上继代培养10代后,测定其对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性。采用菌丝生长速率法分别在PDA平板和离体叶片上测定了其菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和致病性,以及其对温度、pH值和葡萄糖的敏感性,并对其编码琥珀酸脱氢酶的SdhA、SdhB、SdhC和SdhD 4个亚基基因进行了克隆与测序。结果显示:从田间获得的2个低抗菌株、2个中抗菌株和2个高抗菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性变异指数在0.60~1.15之间,而通过室内药剂驯化获得的高抗菌株BLH5F对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性变异指数为0.23;除低抗菌株WP8的菌丝生长速率显著低于2个敏感菌株,以及中抗菌株WP6和高抗菌株WPE9的产孢量显著低于2个敏感菌株外,其余各抗性菌株在菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和致病性方面均无显著差异。整体而言,7个抗性菌株在对温度、pH值和葡萄糖的敏感性方面与敏感菌株无显著差异。基因克隆及测序结果表明,室内药剂驯化获得的高抗菌株BLH5F SdhB基因的272位由组氨酸变为了精氨酸 (H272R),田间获得的低抗、中抗和高抗各2个菌株均为SdhB基因的225位由脯氨酸变为了亮氨酸 (P225L)。综合分析表明,灰葡萄孢对氟唑菌酰羟胺不同敏感型菌株具有相似的适合度。因此,推测在药剂的选择压下,抗氟唑菌酰羟胺的灰葡萄孢菌株在田间容易形成优势种群。