不同杀菌剂对苹果炭疽叶枯病的防治效果

为了筛选出防治苹果炭疽叶枯病的有效杀菌剂, 采用室外先接种后施药和先施药后接种的方法, 测试了6种药剂的内吸治疗效果和8种药剂的保护效果。在病菌侵染后的72 h内使用吡唑醚菌酯, 或在病菌侵染后的24 h内使用咪鲜胺对病斑的显症有一定的治疗效果。波尔多液在喷施后18 d, 对炭疽叶枯病菌侵染的抑制效果仍达50%, 肟菌?戊唑醇、烯酰?吡唑酯和唑醚?代森联3种药剂在施药后的第11天, 其保护效果与对照仍有显著差异, 持效期达11 d, 代森锰锌、甲基硫菌灵、氢氧化铜和咪鲜胺4种保护剂的持效期只能维持6 d。炭疽叶枯病的防治应以波尔多液为主, 并与吡唑醚菌酯等有机杀菌剂交替使用, 有机铜制剂不能替代波尔多液。     

Induced resistance: a tool for fungicide resistance management

Induced resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis was demonstrated in greenhouse tests with 12-day-old seedlings of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious treated with methyl 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinate or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid prior to inoculation with the causal fungus. Studies of the dose-response of flusilazole on induced resistant plants revealed synergistic effects between both crop protection principles. Therefore, the use of such resistance-inducing compounds in the field might allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, and possibly a reduction in dose, thus resulting in improved efficacy of fungicides. There was also evidence that induced resistance could prove to be a valid strategy for the treatment of pathogen populations with reduced sensitivity to a given fungicide. © 1998 SCI     

Dose and number of applications that maximize fungicide effective life exemplified by Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat – a model analysis

Two key decisions that need to be taken about a fungicide treatment programme are (i) the number of applications that should be used per crop growing season, and (ii) the dosage that should be used in each application. There are two opposing considerations, with control efficacy improved by a higher number of applications and higher dose, and resistance management improved by a lower number of applications and lower dose. Resistance management aims to prolong the effective life of the fungicide, defined as the time between its introduction onto the market for use on the target pathogen, and the moment when effective control is lost due to a build‐up of fungicide resistance. Thus, the question is whether there are optimal combinations of dose rate and number of applications that both provide effective control and lead to a longer effective life. In this paper, it is shown how a range of spray programmes can be compared and optimal programmes selected. This is explored with Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat and a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide. For this pathogen–fungicide combination, a single treatment provided effective control under the simulated disease pressure, but only if the application timing was optimal and the dose was close to the maximum permitted. Programmes with three applications were generally not optimal as they exerted too much selection for resistance. Two‐application fungicide programmes balanced effective control with reasonable flexibility of dose and application timing, and low resistance selection, leading to long effective lives of the fungicide.     

Effect of dose rate and mixtures of fungicides on selection for QoI resistance in populations of Plasmopara viticola

Resistance to QoI fungicides (strobilurins, famoxadone and fenamidone) in populations of Plasmopara viticola (Berk & Curt) Berlese & de Toni developed soon after their introduction in France and Italy. Current resistance management strategies include limitation of the number of applications, use of mixtures and alternation of fungicides with different modes of action. The selection pressure resulting from QoI fungicides applied alone or in mixtures with non-QoI fungicides was investigated in whole plant experiments under controlled conditions. QoI-resistant populations of P. viticola gradually reverted to full sensitivity following consecutive transfers to untreated plants, suggesting that resistant phenotypes were less competitive than sensitive ones. When cycled on QoI-treated plants, reduction in sensitivity was greater for the QoI fungicide which had greater intrinsic activity on P. viticola. Sensitivity decreased at each subsequent cycle, resulting in almost full resistance after four generations. Mixture experiments indicated that selection pressure was affected most by the dose of the QoI fungicide and the nature of the partner fungicide. Folpet delayed selection pressure most effectively when it was associated with famoxadone or azoxystrobin. Mancozeb was least effective at reducing the rate of selection compared with the QoI alone, and fosetyl-aluminium was intermediate. Higher rates of selection were recorded when the dose of the QoI fungicide, solo or in a mixture, was increased from 1 to 4 microg ml(-1). Increasing the dose of the non-QoI partner fungicide in the mixture from 10 to 30 microg ml(-1) resulted in reduced selection pressure. These results suggest that the choice of the fungicide partner and its dosage in the mixture can significantly affect the success of QoI resistance management strategies under practical conditions.     

Azoxystrobin and propiconazole offer significant potential for rice blast (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyricularia oryzae</Emphasis>) management in Australia

Fungicides are the preferred rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) control option by farmers. However, no fungicides are yet registered for this purpose in Australia. Hence, it is important to test the baseline sensitivity of P. oryzae isolates collected from blast-affected regions across northern Australia, which have not yet been exposed to the fungicides, as part of a resistance management strategy. Further, it is also important to investigate and compare effect of application timing of fungicides on conidial development, including germination and germ tube growth, and penetration on susceptible rice. The EC₅₀ of a collection of fungicide-sensitive blast isolates were within the range of 0.02–2.02 and 0.06–1.91 mg L^?1 for azoxystrobin and propiconazole, respectively. Azoxystrobin was shown to have greater inhibitory effect on conidial germination than propiconazole. In addition, for pre-inoculation application, only germ tubes in the presence of external nutrients continued to grow from 24 to 48 hpi. On susceptible seedlings, both fungicides completely controlled blast disease when applied the same day as inoculation. However, for pre- or post-inoculation application of fungicide, the extent of disease control was reduced, with azoxystrobin more efficacious than propiconazole. A stimulatory effect of both fungicides at low dose was observed on certain P. oryzae isolates. This is the first study to assess the baseline sensitivity of the P. oryzae population in Australia and the first to report a stimulatory effect of low azoxystrobin concentration on growth of P. oryzae. The study highlights, for the first time, the critical role of external nutrients in promoting germ tube growth under fungicide stress conditions. Lastly, it demonstrates the high degree of efficacy of the fungicides and their potential for future rice blast management in Australia.     

Control strategies using systemic fungicides for limiting disease development and resistance buildup: practical implications of a simulation model

A simulation model was used to assess the control efficacy of, and the buildup of resistant populations to, systemic fungicides as affected by preventive vs responsive (curative) treatments with a protectant fungicide, or with a mixture composed of a systemic and a protectant fungicide. The variables introduced in the model were: rate of fungicide weathering, coverage efficacy, and relative fitness of the resistant population of the pathogens. In all simulated epidemics (with different combinations of apparent infection rates, critical disease levels and rates of weathering of the fungicides), preventive treatments, before the critical disease levels were reached, were significantly more effective than responsive (curative) treatments. At low rates of weathering of the protectant fungicide (half-life of the protectant greater than or equal to that of the systemic), the buildup of the resistant population was significantly inhibited when a mixture was used either preventively or responsively. At high rates of weathering of the protectant fungicide (half-life of the protectant less than that of the systemic), both the buildup of the resistant population and the control efficacy were dependent on the control program used and on the different combinations of fungicide weathering, fitness of the resistant population, and coverage efficacy of both the protectant and systemic fungicides.     

The effect of dose and mobility on the strength of selection for DMI fungicide resistance in inoculated field experiments

Plots of spring wheat cv. Baldus were inoculated at GS 13 with four Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates, two relatively susceptible and two relatively resistant to DMI fungicides. Changes in the ratio of relatively susceptible to resistant types following fungicide or water sprays were measured. Three fungicides were compared: flutriafol, which is very mobile within leaves, fluquinconazole, which is less so, and prochloraz, which is almost immobile. All are inhibitors of sterol demethylation. In 1996, fungicide-treated plots were sprayed once with half the recommended dose at GS 39–47. In 1997, three doses were used: one-quarter and one-eighth of the recommended dose and a dual application of two one-eighth recommended doses, a week apart. Isolates were classified using a discriminating dose assay and the ratio of relatively susceptible to relatively resistant isolates in each field plot before and after fungicide application calculated. In both years, the numbers of relatively susceptible and relatively resistant isolates were equal just before fungicide application. All fungicides caused significant selection towards resistance, but the strength of selection varied with fungicide, dose and position in the crop canopy. Fluquinconazole selected most strongly and gave the best control of disease. Interactions between fungicide and dose were not significant. Selection was equally strong all along leaves sprayed with prochloraz, but increased smoothly from base to tip of leaves sprayed with fluquinconazole or flutriafol. Averaged over fungicides, reducing the dose of a single fungicide application from one-quarter to one-eighth slightly reduced selection towards resistance on both leaf layers. The dual one-eighth dose caused twice the change of the single one-eighth dose on the flag leaf, but was similar to a single spray on leaf 2.     

Induced resistance in potato to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytphthora infestans</Emphasis>—effects of BABA in greenhouse and field tests with different potato varieties

We have investigated to what degree induced resistance with β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) can protect potato from late blight infection under Swedish field conditions and if synergistic interactions occur if BABA is applied in combination with a commonly used fungicide, Shirlan. In greenhouse experiments we also investigated the durability of BABA induced resistance, the dose-response relationships in susceptible (Bintje) and partially resistant (Ovatio, Suberb) cultivars and effects of combined applications of BABA and fungicides. We found a clear effect of BABA on P. infestans infection of greenhouse grown potato plants. The lesion sizes were reduced by on average 40–50% compared to untreated control. However, this effect lasted for only 4–5 days after BABA treatment and then the efficacy was lower. When BABA was given in combination with the fungicides it appeared to have an additive effect both in greenhouse and field experiments. Higher concentrations of BABA gave a stronger protective effect. The partially resistant cultivars Ovatio and Superb reacted to lower concentrations of BABA where no effect was found in susceptible Bintje. According to our field data, 20–25% reduction of the fungicide dose in combination with BABA gave on average the same result on late blight development as full dose Shirlan alone; while reduced dose of Shirlan alone sometimes resulted in less effective protection. Our results indicate that induced resistance could be used in practice in combinations with fungicides in order to reduce the amount of toxic compounds under north European conditions.     

Adaptation to fungicides in Monilinia fructicola isolates with different fungicide resistance phenotypes

The ability to develop fungicide resistance was assessed in Monilinia fructicola isolates with different fungicide sensitivity phenotypes by adapting mycelium and conidia to increasing concentrations of selective fungicides and UV mutagenesis. Results showed that adaptation to Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide azoxystrobin and sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide propiconazole was more effective in conidial-transfer experiments compared to mycelial-transfer experiments. DMI-resistant (DMI-R) isolates adapted to significantly higher doses of azoxystrobin in both, mycelial- and conidial-transfer experiments compared to benzimidazole-resistant (BZI-R) and sensitive (S) isolates. Adaptation to propiconazole in conidial-transfer experiments was accelerated in BZI-R isolates when a stable, nonlethal dose of 50 microg/ml thiophanate-methyl was added to the selection medium. One of two azoxystrobin-resistant mutants from DMI-R isolates did not show any fitness penalties; the other isolate expired before further tests could be carried out. The viable mutant caused larger lesions on detached peach fruit sprayed with azoxystrobin compared to the parental isolate. The azoxystrobin sensitivity of the viable mutant returned to baseline levels after the mutant was transferred to unamended medium. However, azoxystrobin resistance recovered quicker in the mutant compared to the corresponding parental isolate after renewed subculturing on medium amended with 0.2 and 1 microg/ml azoxystrobin; only the mutant but not the parental isolate was able to adapt to 5 microg/ml azoxystrobin. In UV mutagenesis experiments, the DMI-R isolates produced significantly more mutants compared to S isolates. All of the UV-induced mutants showed stable fungicide resistance with little fitness penalty. This study indicates the potential for QoI fungicide resistance development in M. fructicola in the absence of a mutagen and provides evidence for increased mutability and predisposition to accelerated adaptation to azoxystrobin in M. fructicola isolates resistant to DMI fungicides.     

植物病原菌对杀菌剂抗性风险评估

植物病原菌对杀菌剂的抗性风险由基本风险和治理风险组成。杀菌剂使用之前或之初可根据 人工诱变、药剂选择或驯化实验、田间野生敏感菌株敏感性变异、抗药菌株的生物及遗传特 征、杀菌剂作用方式等进行基本抗药风险预测；杀菌剂使用数年之后可根据人工诱变、药剂 选择或驯化、田间药效与抗药性发生、抗药菌株的生物及遗传特征、杀菌剂作用方式与使用 对策等已有资料进行抗药风险评估。目前已有4种方法用于抗药风险评估。由杀菌剂与病害 共同决定的基本抗药风险可分成低、中和高度。基本抗性风险高的药剂合理使用可延缓田间 抗药性发生，中度基本抗性风险药剂不合理使用也可引发田间抗药性发生和药效明显降低。     

Application of fungicides to foliage through overhead sprinkler irrigation – a review

Articles on chemigation with fungicides targeting foliage have been reviewed. They included 23 fungicides tested on 10 crops. Many studies compared chemigation to a check treatment, while others also included conventional methods. Chlorothalonil, followed by mancozeb, fentin hydroxide and captafol were the most studied fungicides, while peanut (Arachis hypogaea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most studied crops. Center pivot, followed by solid set, were the irrigation systems most frequently used. The minimum volume of water applied by some center pivots (25 000 litre ha⁻¹ ) is 25 times the maximum volume of water used by conventional ground sprayers. The reduction of fungicide residue on foliage caused by the very large volume of water used by chemigation might be offset by the following factors: (1) fungicide application at the time of maximum leaf wetness when fungi are most active, (2) complete coverage of plants, (3) reducing greatly the inoculum on plant and soil surface, (4) better control of some soil pathogens, and (5) more uniform distribution of fungicides by center pivot. Furthermore, chemigation avoids mechanical damage and soil compaction. Additionally, some systemic fungicides seem to be absorbed rapidly by the leaves, by root uptake from the soil, or by both. In general, all fungicides applied through irrigation water can lessen disease severity. However, when compared to conventional methods, chemigation with fungicides can be less, equally or more effective depending on crop, pathogen, disease severity, fungicide and volume of water. For Cercosporidium personatum control on peanuts, application of protectant fungicides through irrigation water is less effective than conventional methods, but the results with some systemic fungicides mixed with non-emulsified oil and applied through a relatively low volume of water (2.5 mm) are encouraging. Important diseases of potato and tomato can be controlled nearly as well by chemigation as by conventional methods without impairing yield. The main advantage of chemigation for these crops is avoiding a large number of tractor trips through the field and reduced costs of fungicide application. Chemigation has also been shown to be a good option for control of white mold [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum] on dry beans. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Efficacy of triazole-based fungicides for fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol control in wheat: a multivariate meta-analysis

The effects of propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, and prothioconazole+tebuconazole (as a tank mix or a formulated premix) on the control of Fusarium head blight index (IND; field or plot-level disease severity) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat were determined. A multivariate random-effects meta-analytical model was fitted to the log-transformed treatment means from over 100 uniform fungicide studies across 11 years and 14 states, and the mean log ratio (relative to the untreated check or tebuconazole mean) was determined as the overall effect size for quantifying fungicide efficacy. Mean log ratios were then transformed to estimate mean percent reduction in IND and DON relative to the untreated check (percent control: C(IND) and C(DON)) and relative to tebuconazole. All fungicides led to a significant reduction in IND and DON (P < 0.001), although there was substantial between-study variability. Prothioconazole+tebuconazole was the most effective fungicide for IND, with a C(IND) of 52%, followed by metconazole (50%), prothioconazole (48%), tebuconazole (40%), and propiconazole (32%). For DON, metconazole was the most effective treatment, with a [Formula: see text](DON) of 45%; prothioconazole+tebuconazole and prothioconazole showed similar efficacy, with C(DON) values of 42 and 43%, respectively; tebuconazole and propiconazole were the least effective, with C(DON) values of 23 and 12%, respectively. All fungicides, with the exception of propiconazole, were significantly more effective than tebuconazole for control of both IND and DON (P < 0.001). Relative to tebuconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, and tebuconzole+prothioconzole reduced disease index a further 14 to 20% and DON a further 25 to 29%. In general, fungicide efficacy was significantly higher for spring wheat than for soft winter wheat studies; depending on the fungicide, the difference in percent control between spring and soft winter wheat was 5 to 20% for C(IND) and 7 to 16% for C(DON). Based on the mean log ratios and between-study variances, the probability that IND or DON in a treated plot from a randomly selected study was lower than that in the check by a fixed margin was determined, which confirmed the superior efficacy of prothioconazole, metconazole, and tebuconzole+prothioconzole for Fusarium head blight disease and toxin control.     

Effects of fungicide dose and mixtures on selection for triazole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola under field conditions

The effects of varying doses of fungicides, alone or in mixtures, on selection for triazole resistance were examined under field conditions. Two experiments were conducted using the triazole fungicide fluquinconazole with the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin as a mixture partner. Inoculated wheat plots with a known ratio of more sensitive to less sensitive isolates of the leaf blotch fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola were sprayed with fungicide and sampled once symptoms had appeared. Selection for fluquinconazole resistance increased in proportion to the dose, up to one-half of the full dose (the maximum tested) in both experiments. At the higher doses of fluquinconazole, the addition of azoxystrobin was associated with a decrease in selection (nonsignificant in the first experiment) for triazole resistance. Control by low doses of fluquinconazole was increased by mixture with azoxystrobin, but at higher doses mixture with azoxystrobin sometimes decreased control, so that reduced selection was obtained at the cost of some reduction in control. The effects on resistance are not necessarily general consequences of mixing fungicides, and suggest that the properties of any specific mixture may need to be demonstrated experimentally. Selection was inversely related to control in the unmixed treatments in both experiments, but the relationship was weaker in the mixtures with azoxystrobin.     

Multiple mid-Atlantic field experiments show no economic benefit to fungicide application when fungal disease is absent in winter wheat

Strobilurin fungicides produce intensified greening and delayed senescence in plants, and have been claimed to enhance yields of field crops in the absence of disease. To help evaluate this claim, available publicly sponsored tests of fungicides on soft red winter wheat in Virginia and North Carolina (n = 42) were analyzed for the period 1994 to 2010. All tests were replicated and had a randomized complete block, split-plot, or split-block design. Each test included 1 to 32 cultivars and one to five fungicides (two strobilurins, one triazole, and two strobilurin-triazole mixtures). There was a total of 311 test-cultivar-fungicide treatment comparisons, where a comparison was the reported yield difference between sprayed and unsprayed treatments of a given cultivar in a given test. Parameters used to calculate the economic benefit or loss associated with fungicide application included a grain price range of $73.49 to 257.21 Mg(-1) ($2 to 7 bu(-1)), a total fungicide application cost of $24.71 to 74.13 ha(-1) ($10 to 30 acre(-1)), and a 0.14 to 0.21 Mg ha(-1) (2.3 to 3.4 bu acre(-1)) loss in yield from driving over wheat during application (with a sprayer 27.4 or 18.3 m [90 or 60 feet] wide, respectively). The yield increase needed to pay for a fungicide application at each combination of cost and price was calculated, and the cumulative probability function for the fungicide yield-response data was modeled. The model was used to predict the probability of achieving a break-even yield, and the probabilities were graphed against each cost-price combination. Tests were categorized as "no-disease" or "diseased" based on reports of the researchers rating the tests. Subsets of the data were analyzed to assess the profitability of the triazole fungicide and the strobilurin-containing fungicides separately in no-disease versus diseased experiments. From the results, it was concluded that, with routine fungicide application based solely on wheat growth stage, total fungicide application costs had to be <$24.71 ha(-1) ($10 acre(-1)) in order to average a ≥ 50% probability of breaking even or making a profit (compared with not spraying). By contrast, if fungicides were applied when fungal disease was present, total application costs of ≤ $47 ha(-1) ($19 acre(-1)) for strobilurins and ≤ $72 ha(-1) ($29 acre(-1)) for propiconazole alone were associated with a ≥ 50% probability of breaking even or making a profit at a wheat price of $184 Mg(-1). The results do not support the application of strobilurin or triazole fungicides to mid-Atlantic wheat crops for "plant health" in the absence of disease. Rather, they support basing the decision to apply fungicide on observation of disease, if an economic return for the input is desired.     

Effects of cultivar mixtures on scab control in apple orchards

The effects of two mixtures of resistant and susceptible apple cultivars on the development of scab caused by Venturia inequalis were observed in an experimental orchard over four years, initially for two years without fungicides against scab, and subsequently for two years with a moderate fungicide schedule. The row-by-row and within-row mixtures included a susceptible cultivar and a resistant cultivar in equal proportions. Without fungicides, the results showed a significant reduction of disease incidence over both years (7·3 to 21·3%), and severity in the second year (35·4%) in the within-row mixtures, compared to the monoculture of the susceptible cultivar. The best results were obtained when the within-row mixture was associated with moderate fungicide treatments; in this case the reduction in disease incidence reached 75·1% on leaves and 69·7% on fruits during the growth phase. The characteristics of the Venturia inaequalis / Malus  ×  domestica pathosystem and the results obtained in this experiment suggest a moderate but not negligible ability of cultivar mixtures for reducing epidemics of the disease.     

Management of fungicide resistance in practice1

Successful management of fungicide resistance includes many more aspects than just the design of an effective anti-resistance strategy. It involves all social groups engaged in plant disease control including industry, academia, extension and advisory services and, last but not least, the farmer. Various tasks must be carried out by these groups, and all must accept their share of responsibility. Only a comprehensive view of resistance management can help to prolong the useful life of the highly active new fungicides.     

Effects of some nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on uptake of ethirimol and diclobutrazol from suspension formulations applied to wheat leaves

The influence of a number of commercial nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on the foliar penetration and movement of two systemic fungicides, ethirimol and diclobutrazol, was studied in outdoor-grown wheat plants at different growth stages and post-treatment temperatures in two consecutive growing seasons. Both fungicides were applied as ca 0·2 μl droplets of aqueous suspension formulations containing 0·5 g litre^?1 of ¹⁴C-labelled active ingredient; surfactants were added to these suspensions at concentrations ranging from 0·2-10 g litre^?1. To achieve optimum uptake of each fungicide the use of surfactants with different physicochemical properties was required. For diclobutrazol, a lipophilic compound, uptake of radiolabel was best with surfactants of low mean molar ethylene oxide (E) content (5-6) but it was necessary to use concentrations of ca 5 g litre^?1 to attain this. The surfactant threshold concentration for uptake enhancement of radiolabel from ethirimol formulations (< 2 g litre^?1) was much lower than that for diclobutrazol but surfactants with E contents > 10 induced the greatest amount of uptake. For both fungicides, surfactants with an aliphatic alcohol hydrophobe were generally more efficient in promoting their uptake than those with a nonylphenol moiety. The sorbitan-based surfactant ‘Tween 20’ proved to be an effective adjuvant only for the ethirimol formulation; the uptake enhancing properties of the block copolymer ‘Synperonic PE/F68’ were weak. Uptake performance could not be related to the spreading properties of the respective formulations on the wheat leaf surface or to differences in solubilisation of the two fungicides by the surfactants. Although surfactants could substantially increase the amount of acropetal transport of radiolabel from both fungicides, none of those tested specifically promoted it; a constant proportion of the radioactive dose absorbed by a treated leaf was usually exported away from the site of application. The results are discussed in the light of current theories about the mode of action of surfactants as spray adjuvants.     

植物病原真菌对杀菌剂抗性的研究进展

科学施用杀菌剂是植物病害综合治理的重要措施之一, 然而由于杀菌剂的长期使用, 病菌抗药性问题逐渐加重, 严重影响药剂的防治效果和使用寿命。近年来, 随着分子生物学技术的快速发展, 人们对杀菌剂抗性机制有了更深入的理解, 并开发出了病菌抗药基因型快速检测的方法。本文总结了植物病原真菌对苯并咪唑类杀菌剂(BZD)、肌球蛋白合成抑制剂、甾醇脱甲基抑制剂(DMI)、QoI类抑制剂、琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂（SDHI）和二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂(DC)的抗药性现状与抗性机制。在此基础上, 介绍了聚合酶链反应(PCR)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、等位基因特异性PCR和环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术在杀菌剂抗性快速检测方面的研究进展。此外, 对抗药性治理对策进行了讨论和展望。     

Control of brown rot of citrus fruit by application of fungicides via sprinkler irrigation systems

Copper fungicides applied via low head sprinklers, reduced brown rot (caused byPhytophthora spp.) on oranges and grapefruit. The most effective fungicide was Bordeaux mixture, which reduced the disease rate to the same level as that obtained by standard spraying with this fungicide. Copper oxychloride was moderately effective and captan was ineffective. A field method for brown rot rating was devised.     

Identifying when it is financially beneficial to increase or decrease fungicide dose as resistance develops: An evaluation from long-term field experiments

As the frequency of fungicide resistant strains increases in a pathogen population, there is a change in the shape of the response curve of disease severity to fungicide dose. We showed previously, in a theoretical analysis, that such changes can result in an increase or a decrease in the economically optimal dose of fungicide; this depends on how the response curve changes (which is determined jointly by the degree of insensitivity and frequency of a new strain) and the shape of the disease–yield loss relationship (which is a characteristic of the pathogen and crop). Here, we use field dose–response data to estimate economic optimum doses for the control of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat over a 21-year period. Resistance to fungicide developed to varying degrees against three modes of action (MoA). Changes of optimal dose across years differed according to MoA, but there was an underlying pattern of initial increase in optimal dose, followed by a decrease (ultimately to zero dose at high levels of fungicide resistance). Fungicides are often applied in mixture and analysis shows that, provided the mixture partner is effective, the economic optimal dose increases less as resistance develops than when the fungicide is used as solo product; however, the subsequent decrease in optimal dose remains.