植物工厂立体栽培系统多功能作业平台优化与试验

植物工厂中多采用立体栽培架进行育苗与栽培,立体栽培架上的栽培床搬运是其中重要一环.目前,栽培床多为人工搬运,存在劳动强度大、自动化水平低等问题.针对此问题,该研究研制了一种多功能作业平台,可实现自主循迹、定位和栽培床的自动搬运和输送.根据栽培床质量和立体栽培架高度要求,设计了升降机构,并确定了关键参数;研究了栽培床自动...     

多功能水耕栽培装置营养液自控系统的研制及应用效果(简报)

多功能水耕栽培系统由栽培床、封闭式循环供液系统、液温调控、增氧设施以及营养液自动检测与控制系统组成。经过半年运行试验结果表明:该系统可提高水耕栽培床的封闭性能,实现了对溶解氧的自动检测与控制和营养液数据的自动采集和自动控制功能。该系统解决了传统开放式水耕栽培装置营养液利用率低、控制水平差、污染严重、水资源浪费大等缺点,可有效提高产品的产量和品质。     

栽培基质和供液模式对潮汐式盆栽百合品质的影响

为推动潮汐式栽培模式在盆栽百合规模化生产中的应用,对盆栽百合潮汐式栽培关键技术进行了研究。以盆栽百合"八点后"为试验材料,采取不同栽培基质和供液模式处理,对处理后的盆栽百合相关性状指标进行测量、统计和分析。结果表明,盆栽百合"八点后"潮汐式栽培的最佳基质配方为国产泥炭、进口泥炭、珍珠岩比例为4∶5∶2,最佳供液模式为供液高度3 cm,浸盆时间20 min。研究结果可作为盆栽百合潮汐式规模化生产的依据。     

适合地上匍匐茎水生植物的浮床设计及其对富营养化水体脱氮除磷的实效研究

采用分株繁殖获取空心莲子草、大聚藻、蕹菜幼苗,以根据地上匍匐茎植物独有的特点设计的新型网式浮床为载体,以400L大型水箱为容器,将这3种地上匍匐茎水生植物应用其中,探究地上匍匐茎水生植物在漂浮条件下对富营养化水体氮磷的真实净化能力,并与传统浮床的同类研究进行对比。结果表明,3种地上匍匐茎水生植物在网式浮床中生长状况良好,空心莲子草对氮的净化能力为0.643 0~1.563 3mg/(g·d),对磷的净化能力为0.012 7~0.142 0mg/(g·d);大聚藻对氮的净化能力为1.475 0~4.318 5mg/(g·d),对磷的净化能力为0.070 3~0.250 0mg/(g·d);蕹菜对氮的净化能力为3.114 5~4.505 0mg/(g·d),对磷的净化能力为0.179 0~0.372 5mg/(g·d);3种植物在网式浮床中对富营养化水体的净化能力均明显高于传统浮床同类研究结果。网式浮床能发掘地上匍匐茎水生植物对富营养化水体的净化潜力,比传统浮床更适用于地上匍匐茎水生植物。     

NFT栽培槽槽底形状对生菜生产效果的影响

以生菜为试材,研究了NFT栽培槽不同槽底形状对生菜生产效果的影响.试验结果表明NFT栽培槽不同波纹式槽底形状对生菜的生物积累量有显著影响,但对生菜的品质无显著影响,其中,以纵剖面是不等边三角形的波纹式槽底形状对生菜的植株开展度和产量的影响最为显著.在NFT栽培方式中,栽培槽底铺不铺无纺布对生菜产量有显著影响.综合生菜产量因子与商品性状,以[(6+14)×4]的纵剖面不等边波纹式栽培槽槽底形状最优.     

水稻启闭式旱育苗秧田管理技术指标

<正> 塑料薄膜保温全旱育苗(旱做床、旱管理),是我国北方稻区近年来开始采用的一种新的育苗方法。可分为常规窄床旱育苗和启闭式宽床旱育苗两种形式。启闭式旱育苗能克服窄床旱育苗温度难于控制、秧苗容易徒长或生长不齐等弊病,而且秧苗利用率高,管理方便,是发展省水稻作,培育耐旱壮秧,低成本,高效益的育苗方法。     

NFT栽培槽槽底形状对生菜生产效果的影响

以生菜为试材，研究了NFT栽培槽不同槽底形状对生菜生产效果的影响。试验结果表明：NFT栽培槽不同波纹式槽底形状对生菜的生物积累量有显著影响，但对生菜的品质无显著影响，其中，以纵剖面是不等边三角形的波纹式槽底形状对生菜的植株开展度和产量的影响最为显著。在NFT栽培方式中，栽培槽底铺不铺无纺布对生菜产量有显著影响。综合生菜产量因子与商品性状，以［(6+14)×4］的纵剖面不等边波纹式栽培槽槽底形状最优。     

海鲜菇废料替代稻草栽培双孢蘑菇技术

栽培基料是食用菌生产必备要素,拓宽食用菌栽培基料的来源,走可持续发展之路,以工厂化栽培海鲜菇产生的废料为主要原料替代稻草,采用发酵料床栽培双孢蘑菇,二次利用食用菌废料,可提高生物学效能,保护生态环境,降低生产成本,增加广大食用菌栽培户栽培收益。因此,主要针对海鲜菇废料替代稻草栽培双孢蘑菇技术进行探讨。     

参地水土保持方案编制技术要点

人参栽培采用皆伐林木、清除根茬的整地方法,从栽培到收获的6年时间内需换床1次,参后地30～40年不能重复利用,造成严重的水土流失。其防治要点是,参前控制人参种植地类、床长与走向及整地时间,栽培管理期主要控制作业道水土流失,参后地要及时造林种草。     

吉林省半干旱地区种植机械化生产工艺的改革与试验

阐述了吉林省半干旱地区种植机械化生产工艺改革的依据与特点,介绍了耕整地联合作业机和镇压式抗旱播种机性能与结构设计的原则和成果,并报导了施肥对播种出苗的影响、深松与镇压对种床土壤墒情的影响等。     

Effects of porous clay ceramic rates on aeration porosity characteristics in a structurally degraded soil under greenhouse vegetable production

Soil structure degradation in greenhouse vegetable fields reduces vegetable production. Increasing aeration porosity is the key to ameliorating soil structure degradation. Thus, we tested the effect of a porous material, porous clay ceramic(PLC), on the amelioration of soil structure degradation under greenhouse vegetable production. A 6-month pot experiment was conducted with four PLC application levels based on volume, i.e., 0%(control), 5%(1 P), 10%(2 P), and15%(3 P) using Brassica chinensis as the test plant. At the end of the experiment, soil columns were sampled, and the aeration pore network was reconstructed using X-ray computed tomography(CT). The degree of anisotropy(DA), fractal dimension(FD), connectivity, aeration porosity, pores distribution, and shape of soil aeration pores and plant biomass were determined. The DA, FD, and connectivity did not significantly differ as the PLC application rate increased.Nonetheless, aeration porosity significantly linearly increased. The efficiency of PLC at enhancing soil aeration porosity was 0.18% per Mg ha~(-1). The increase in aeration porosity was mainly due to the increase in pores 2 000 μm, which was characterized by irregular pores. Changes in aeration porosity enhanced the production of B. chinensis. The efficiency of PLC at increasing the plant fresh weight was 0.60%, 3.06%, and 2.12% per 1% application rate of PLC for the 1 P, 2 P, and 3 P treatments, respectively. These results indicated that PLC is a highly efficient soil amendment that improves soil structure degradation by improving soil aeration under greenhouse conditions. Based on vegetable biomass, a 10% application rate of PLC was recommended.     

加气灌溉改善干旱区葡萄根际土壤化学特性及细菌群落结构

为探讨地下穴贮滴灌条件下根际注气对干旱区葡萄根际土壤化学性质、细菌多样性及群落结构影响。该研究以3a箱栽‘红地球’葡萄为试验材料,以自行设计的地下穴贮滴灌"水肥气"一体化设备作为注气装置,16S高通量基因组测序作为研究土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的关键技术手段。结果表明地下穴贮滴灌根际注气可有效提高土壤pH值,显著增加土壤速效磷(40~50 cm除外)和速效钾含量,促进土层深度20~30 cm土壤有机质分解;对氮磷钾相关菌属的分析表明,根际注气可促进与硝化作用相关的亚硝化螺菌属,磷钾代谢相关的假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属,抑制与反硝化相关的罗尔斯通菌属,表明加气灌溉能促进植株对氮磷钾的吸收与能提高硝化作用、解磷解钾相关菌群数量有关。chao1、shannon指数分析表明地下穴贮滴灌根际注气可有效改变细菌群落丰度,但对细菌群落多样性影响较小;对于细菌门,注气处理增加了放线菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的丰度,其中在40~50 cm土层注气处理放线菌门和硝化螺旋菌门分别比未注气高16.7%与22.7%,达到极显著水平;典型相关分析及相关分析表明,地下穴贮滴灌注气条件下土壤pH值、速效磷和硝酸盐含量是影响细菌群落结构的重要指标。该研究结果可为干旱区地下穴贮滴灌条件下科学合理注气提供理论依据。     

微孔扩散器形状对曝气增氧性能影响的试验

为了探究不同形状(直线型、C型、S型和圆盘型)的微孔曝气扩散器对增氧性能的影响,在3个水深和5个曝气流量下进行了一系列的室内曝气增氧试验.结果表明:相同水深和流量下,直线型的氧体积传质系数、充氧能力、动力效率和氧利用率均最大,例如在0.7 rn水深时4个技术指标的范围值分别为0.853～1.762 h-1、8.701～17.432 g/h、4.146～6.869 kg/(kW·h)、3.257％～4.912％;而S型是最低的,其范围值分别为0.798～1.504 h-1、6.850～12.627 g/h、2.630～4.444 kg/(kW·h)、3.823％～2.339％;其次是C型和圆盘型微孔曝气扩散器,其他水深试验条件下也得到了类似的规律.由此说明直线型的增氧效果最好.为了仅探究扩散器形状对增氧性能的影响,在试验水池表面铺设薄膜阻隔了空气-自由水表面氧传质后,4种扩散器的氧体积传质系数均下降,最大的下降率分别为12.29％、8.73％、12.26％和6.74％,空气-自由水表面氧传质对不同形状的扩散器的影响程度不同.但下降后的氧体积传质系数值最高的仍是直线型,其次是C型和圆盘型,S型仍然最低;直线型、C型、圆盘型、S型在0.7 m水深下分别为1.693、1.470、1.438和1.227 h-1,在其他工况下也得到了类似的规律.因此,增氧性能最好的是直线型微孔曝气扩散器.此研究结果可为微孔曝气技术的绿色环保应用以及实际工程中对微孔扩散器形状的选取提供一定的参考价值.     

曝气对垂直流湿地处理水产养殖废水脱氮的影响

人工湿地作为一种有效的污水处理技术,现已被逐渐拓展到水产养殖业中。鉴于其与养殖竞争有限土地资源的弊端,如何构建节地高效型湿地成为未来研究的重点。曝气增氧是强化潜流湿地净化效能的重要措施之一,但是关于曝气强度以及净化效率与影响因素的关系仍缺乏深入系统的研究。为此,该文设计构建了7组不同要素组合的垂直流湿地小试系统,同步或分阶段探讨了曝气强化对垂直流湿地脱氮的影响。研究结果表明,无论曝气与否,构建的7组湿地系统于试验运行工况下都存在明显的硝化过程,且空气复氧和植物根系泌氧足以弥补硝化作用耗氧量。曝气增氧进一步强化了湿地内部的矿化和硝化过程;鉴于养殖废水不缺乏碳源(该研究各组湿地进水碳氮比在28.4~30.6之间),湿地内部的反硝化几率增大,导致曝气后总氮的去除效率提高。但是曝气条件下过高的溶解氧又会进一步抑制反硝化过程,从而也会导致系统总氮去除速率的下降。因此,对垂直流湿地而言,曝气强度不是愈高愈好。为了获得更高的脱氮效率,建议可以通过延长水力停留时间或者在垂直流湿地尾部增设水平潜流湿地来补充反硝化过程,进而提高系统对总氮的去除效果。     

基于CGA-BP神经网络的好氧堆肥曝气供氧量预测模型

为提高好氧堆肥曝气供氧量的曝气效率以及预测精度,该研究利用遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）对标准反向传播（back propagation, BP）神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化,再利用克隆选择算法（clonal genetic algorithm, CGA）优化遗传算法中的变异算子并复制算子,加快获取最优参数的速度,构建基于CGA-BP神经网络的曝气供氧量预测模型。为验证CGA-BP模型的有效性,与BP模型、GA-BP模型预测结果进行对比。试验结果表明：克隆遗传算法优化BP神经网络能加快获得最优解,效率相比BP模型和GA-BP模型分别提高了75.36%、51.30%;在曝气供氧量预测模型中,CGA-BP模型具有更准确的预测效果,预测精度为99.65%,而BP模型与GA-BP模型预测精度分别为96.99%、99.26%;CGA-BP模型评价指标的均方误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分误差分别为0.003 4、0.038 9和0.350 6,均小于BP神经网络和GA-BP神经网络模型评价指标的误差;利用CGA-BP好氧堆肥曝气供氧量预测模型对好氧堆肥发酵过程进行精准...     

加氧灌溉与土壤通气性研究进展

水、肥、气、热是保障土壤肥力的四大要素,传统的灌溉方式往往忽视了气这一重要因素.土壤通气性不足,四个因素之间的平衡被打破,土壤理化性质变差,对作物生长造成不利影响,进而引起减产.良好的土壤通气性是作物正常生长发育的保证.加氧灌溉通过采用合理的方法改善土壤通气状况,协调土壤四大要素之间的关系,提高土壤肥力,满足作物生长的需要.研究表明,加氧灌溉可提高作物产量、改善作物品质.本文从根区低氧胁迫的影响分析人手,评述了土壤通气性的量化指标、测算方法和控制标准,综述了加氧灌溉技术及其应用,总结了加氧灌溉研究中存在的问题,探讨了加氧灌溉对土壤通气性的改善作用,提出了加氧灌溉与土壤通气性研究展望,以期为今后的研究提供参考.     

Use of simulation to assess the effects of different tillage practices on land qualities of a sandy loam soil

Four different soil-structure types could reproducibly be recognized by soil surveyors working on Dutch sandy loam soils with different management practices. The 4 structure types were soils with a primary ploughpan, a loosened ploughpan, a secondary ploughpan and a grassland structure. These types had significantly different soil-physical properties and rooting depths. Soil-water regimes for a 30-year period were stimulated to obtain quantitative information on the influence of soil structure, as an expression of different soil-management practices, on land qualities such as moisture deficit, aeration status and workability.These land qualities were not significantly different for the 3 structure types of arable land when considering the entire soil profile. However, differences in moisture content and aeration status were significant when undisturbed and disturbed ploughpans were compared. Deep ploughing to disrupt the primary ploughpan should therefore not be encouraged in these soil as long as common field operations remain unchanged. The same land qualities for grassland indicated what may be attained by soil-structure regeneration. The probability of having a workable day in spring or autumn is increased by an estimated 20%, and the number of days with adequate aeration by 10%, in soil-structure types of arable land (A, B and C) as compared with grassland soil structure (D). Moisture deficits in the growing season should be about 50% less.In this study, simulation was not used to simulate soil-structure formation as a function of soil management, but soil structure was used as an input for the models, reflecting different management practices. To that end, the various structure types were characterized by physical measurements.     

No-till only increases N2O emissions in poorly-aerated soils

Denitrification rates are often greater in no-till than in tilled soils and net soil-surface greenhouse gas emissions could be increased by enhanced soil N₂O emissions following adoption of no-till. The objective of this study was to summarize published experimental results to assess whether the response of soil N₂O fluxes to the adoption of no-till is influenced by soil aeration. A total of 25 field studies presenting direct comparisons between conventional tillage and no-till (approximately 45 site-years of data) were reviewed and grouped according to soil aeration status estimated using drainage class and precipitation during the growing season. The summary showed that no-till generally increased N₂O emissions in poorly-aerated soils but was neutral in soils with good and medium aeration. On average, soil N₂O emissions under no-till were 0.06 kg N ha⁻¹ lower, 0.12 kg N ha⁻¹ higher and 2.00 kg N ha⁻¹ higher than under tilled soils with good, medium and poor aeration, respectively. Our results therefore suggest that the impact of no-till on N₂O emissions is small in well-aerated soils but most often positive in soils where aeration is reduced by conditions or properties restricting drainage. Considering typical soil C gains following adoption of no-till, we conclude that increased N₂O losses may result in a negative greenhouse gas balance for many poorly-drained fine-textured agricultural soils under no-till located in regions with a humid climate.     

掺气水射流应用于低压摇臂喷头的试验

为解决固定式旋转喷头低压喷灌时,水射流向末端集中形成水量分布不均匀的问题,提出水气两相射流进行喷灌的方法。在摇臂喷头结构的基础上,增加掺气结构,形成掺气射流喷头,以相同工作水压力、射流仰角、喷嘴出口流量相同为约束,以及不考虑副喷嘴对喷洒的影响,对比了掺气与不掺气2种情况下 PY20喷头的射程、径向水量分布、1倍射程间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数,雨滴粒径等参数。试验结果表明：原不掺气摇臂喷头出口直径7 mm,安装内径2 mm 的掺气管后出口直径改为8.3 mm,此时两者具有相同的出口流量,2种喷头在相同工作压力下具有近似相等的射程;在掺气喷头工作水压低至100 kPa 情况下,喷头仍具有76 mm 水银柱高差的掺气负压能力;掺气摇臂喷头改善了径向水量分布线射程中段的水量,使水量分布线发生了中段略微增高、末端略下降的变化,从而使1倍间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数在低于国家标准工作压力的200 kPa 情况下,从62.8%提高到68.8%;采用激光雨滴谱仪测量射程中部和末端2个地方的水滴粒径表明：掺气状态下射程中部的水量累积百分比中位直径 d50远大于不掺气状态,射流末端对比 d50则小于不掺气状态,说明掺气改变了喷头的雨滴粒径分布。该文试验结果证明掺气摇臂喷头在农业喷灌中应用具有可行性。     

Effects of subsurface aeration and trinexapac-ethyl application on soil microbial communities in a creeping bentgrass putting green

The sensitivity of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) to the extreme heat found in the southeastern United States has led to the development of new greens-management methods. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of subsurface aeration and growth regulator applications on soil microbial communities and mycorrhizal colonization rates in a creeping bentgrass putting green. Two cultivars (Crenshaw and Penncross), a growth regulator (trinexapac-ethyl), and subsurface aeration were evaluated in cool and warm seasons. Total bacterial counts were higher in whole (unsieved) soils than in sieved soils, indicating a richer rhizosphere soil environment. Mycorrhizal infection rates were higher in trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treated plants. High levels of hyphal colonization and relatively low arbuscule and vesicle occurrence were observed. Principal components analysis of whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles indicated that warm-season microbial populations in whole and sieved soils had similar constituents, but the populations differed in the cool season. FAME profiles did not indicate that subsurface aeration and TE application affected soil microbial community structure. This is the first reported study investigating the influences of subsurface aeration and TE application on soil microorganisms in a turfgrass putting green soil.