一九九九年云南林业工作要点

１９９９年，是继往开来、迎接新世纪一年，也是我省林业全面完成“九五”目标和任务至关重要的一年。１９９９年，云南林业工作的主要任务是：“围绕一个中心”──即林业生态体系和产业体系建设这个中心；“突出四个重点”──即以林业生态工程建设和商品基地建设为主体的森林资源培育。以资源林政管理为重点的森林资源保护，以国有森工企业体制改革调整为重要内容的天然林保护工程的实施，为构筑全省林业“两大体系”建设奠定基础的森林分类经营；“强化三项工作”──即以法治林、科教兴林、基础建设；“实现两个确保”──确保林区稳定…     

我省林业实现大步跨越

“十五”期间，我省狠抓林业生态体系和林业产业体系建设，加快林业改革开放步伐，推进由传统林业向现代林业的转变，造林绿化超常规发展，森林资源大幅增长，生态面貌进一步改善，林业经济实力显著增强，实现了林业发展的大步跨越。     

依法管理好森林资源

从现在起到本世纪末，是我省林业发展十分关键的时期。开展林业建设第二次创业，韧步建立起比较完备的林业生态体系和比较发达的林业生产业体系．森林资源林政管理工作显得越来越重要。森林资源林政管理既是林业建设中的一项非常重要的基础性工作，又是法律赋予各级林业主管部门的主要职能之一：在建设社会主义市场经济体制条件下出现的许多新情况、新问题，既使森林资源林政管理工作的任务更加艰巨．也给我们加强森林资源林致管理工作提出了新的要求。当前要重点抓好执行森林采伐限额、遏制林地逆转，加强木竹运输、规范行政行为四项工作。     

贵池市生态林业可持续发展战略的探讨

针对贵池市森林资源现状，分析存在问题的诸多因素，为生态林业可持续发展提出战略目标，并就加强林业生态体系和产业体系建设的主要对策进行了探讨。     

提高能力方能有所作为

从2007年起,国家林业局将全面推进现代林业建设,通过构建完善的林业生态体系、发达的林业产业体系、繁荣的生态文化体系,充分挖掘和发挥林业的生态、经济、社会三大效益和功能,逐步缩小我国与发达国家在现代林业建设上的差距。森林公安是保护森林资源的主力军,应当注重提高如下几方面能力,才能在推进现代林业建设中有所作为。[第一段]     

建设现代林业改善生态环境的初步探索

生态环境是人类生存和发展的基本条件，是经济、社会发展的基础。章从宏观上提出了建设现代林业改善生态环境需加强的几个方面：对林业重新定位；确保森林资源系统的良性循环；以生态效益为主，综合发挥生态、经济、社会三大效益；使林业在国民经济体系中有效运行。     

三秦大地涌绿潮陕西省林业厅

陕西省林业产业建设紧紧围绕大力培育森林资源，以建立完备的森林生态体系和发达的林业产业体系为目标，依托林业生态工程，围绕红枣、核桃、板栗、花椒、柿子、茶叶、蚕桑、中药材等八大干果产业和能源林基地建设，实施项目带动，依靠科技，突出特色，进一步整合资源，优化结构，真抓实干，加大林业产业建设力度，开创林业产业建设新局面。     

福建省林产加工业发展导则（试行）

我国“十一五”林业发展规划提出,要努力建立完备的生态体系和发达的产业体系。在建设完备的生态体系的前提下,要建立一个发达的产业体系,满足人们对林产品的需求,为社会提供丰富的物质财富,进而支持、巩固、保障生态体系建设的成果。福建省是林业大省,森林资源丰富,具有建设林业产业体系的得天独厚的条件。为合理配置和科学利用森林资源,促进林业产业体系建设,福建省适时出台了指导林业产业发展的导则,为林业产业持续、快速、健康发展作了有益尝试。现刊登《福建省林产加工业发展导则》（试行）,供各地借鉴、参考。[编者按]     

十年树木 成绩斐然——密云林业建设纪实

<正>从1999年开始,北京市密云县林业建设确立了"构建高标准的林业生态体系、高效益的林业产业体系和高水平的森林资源安全保障体系"的工作目标,使全县林业建设取得了长足发展。     

治山兴林添新绿——漳县开展全民义务植树运动纪实

近年来，漳县县委、县政府以“确立生态建设为主的林业可持续道路，建立以森林植被为主体的国土生态安全体系，建设山川秀美的生态文明社会”为战略目标，充分发挥全民义务植树的巨大作用，以保护和发展森林资源为中心，以科技兴林和依法治林为手段，突出林业生态建设，强化森林资源保护管理，加快林业产业化进程，巩固和发展了造林绿化成果，实现了森林资源生长量大于消耗量的良性循环，为全县经济社会持续快速健康发展发挥了积极的支撑保障作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.