太白山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

为探究太白山土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量垂直分布特征,阐明土壤C、N、P生态化学计量学特征对海拔梯度的响应规律,在秦岭太白山1 700~3 500 m区域以100 m海拔间隔进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同海拔高度下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷变化范围分别是23.56~83.59g kg-1、2.00~5.77 g kg-1、0.32~0.47 g kg-1。土壤有机碳与全氮含量随海拔梯度升高先增后降,土壤全磷含量空间变异较小;(2)土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P范围分别为7.17~18.41、60.61~190.4、5.81~12.26。随海拔增加,土壤C∶N在阔叶林带呈降低趋势,针叶林带时转变为增加趋势。土壤C∶P随海拔梯度的变化趋势与土壤C∶N类似,N∶P随海拔梯度增加先升后降,至3 200 m有所升高;(3)两个阔叶林带(辽东栎林带和桦木林带)与高山草甸的土壤C、N含量及生态化学计量比高。冷杉林带C、N含量及其生态化学计量比最小;(4)温度、含水量、海拔和植被对土壤C、N、P化学计量特征具有重要影响,通过冗余分析揭示每个因素分别可解释系统变异信息的25.0%、24.3%、11.1%和6.9%,合计为67.3%。可见这些环境因素直接决定了土壤养分及生态化学计量特征。结果可为探明森林土壤养分供应状况和限制因素及太白山生态系统的保护、森林土壤质量评价等提供基础。     

江西省油菜土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量学空间变异性及影响因素

运用经典统计学和地统计学分析方法,探讨了江西省油菜种植区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的空间变异性及影响因素。结果表明:江西省油菜土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)平均含量分别为16.99,1.44,0.50g/kg,土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P平均值分别为12.28,38.31和3.27,土壤总体C∶N∶P为33.86∶2.88∶1,整体处于相对较低水平,表现出中等程度的变异性和空间自相关性,其空间变异特征受到结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响,但受结构性因素影响更大。从空间分布规律看,土壤SOC、TN和TP含量均表现出东北高西南低的空间分布格局。土壤C∶N高值区主要分布在赣北地区,分布面积较小,低值区主要分布在赣西、赣西北、赣西南以及赣东等地区。土壤C∶P与N∶P高值区零星分布在赣西南、赣东北等区域;低值区主要分布在赣西北及赣南地区。回归分析表明,成土母质、土壤类型、地形因子、气候条件、种植制度和氮肥施用量对研究区土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P空间变异特征有极显著影响(P0.01);成土母质对土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P空间变异的独立解释能力分别为16.6%,3.7%和7.0%,地形因子的独立解释能力分别为3.5%,2.9%和4.2%,种植制度的独立解释能力分别为9.7%,4.4%和7.6%,氮肥施用量的独立解释能力分别为3.9%,4.4%和7.6%,土壤类型和气候条件独立解释能力最高,分别为16.8%,5.1%,9.0%和13.4%,9.8%,15.2%,是调控江西省油菜土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P空间变异最主要的影响因素。     

江西省耕地土壤氮磷生态化学计量空间变异特征及其影响因素

基于江西省2012年测土配方项目采集的16 582个耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤样点数据,探讨省域尺度下耕地土壤氮磷生态化学计量空间变异特征及其影响因素。运用相关性分析、回归分析、方差分析和普通克里格法分析了成土母质、土壤类型、耕地利用方式、秸秆还田方式和氮肥施用量对耕地土壤氮磷生态化学计量空间变异的影响。结果表明,土壤氮磷比(N/P)在0.28~13.63之间,均值为3.38,变异系数为45.56%,呈中等程度的变异。空间分布上,高值区主要分布在海拔相对较低或鄱阳湖平原地区,低值区主要分布在九江市。成土母质、土壤类型、耕地利用方式、秸秆还田方式和氮肥施用量对江西省耕地土壤N/P空间变异影响显著(p0.01),但影响程度有所不同。氮肥施用量能影响27.2%的土壤N/P空间变异,是引起江西省耕地土壤氮磷生态化学计量空间变异的主要因素。     

滦河口湿地植物-土壤生态化学计量相关性研究

河口湿地是河海交汇地带,环境变化剧烈,土壤碳氮磷变化显著影响着湿地生态系统的生产力。为了解滦河口植物与土壤碳氮磷计量特征关系,在滦河口湿地设置4个采样区选取典型植物群落采集土壤及植物,并对样品养分含量进行了分析。结果表明:不同植物群落地上部分和地下部分养分含量均表现为CNP,氮磷均呈正相关,植物氮含量呈现出地上部分大于地下部分的规律;土壤则表现为CPN,碳与氮、磷均呈现显著正相关。不同植物群落之间土壤养分含量存在一定差异,土壤碳、氮、磷含量的变化范围分别为(3.8±0.44)～(10.52±0.6) g/kg,(0.29±0.12)～(0.11±0.21) g/kg,(0.99±0.27)～(2.24±0.51) g/kg,研究区土壤养分含量低于全国湿地养分平均水平。不同植被—土壤之间的C∶N,C∶P,N∶P存在一定的差异性,植物地上部分、地下部分生态化学计量比由大到小为:C∶PC∶NN∶P,土壤生态化学计量比由大到小为:C∶NC∶PN∶P,植物群落碳氮磷及其化学计量比与土壤化学计量比相关性较弱,植物与土壤养分表现出不完全同步的变化形式。     

黄土高原不同封育年限草地土壤与植物根系的生态化学计量特征

黄土高原特别是干草原地区植被演替的研究比较薄弱。当前植物生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在植物叶片方面,对根系的研究较少。选取宁夏云雾山草原植被不同封育年限的土壤和植物样品,以生态化学计量学原理为基础,测定并分析了土壤与根系的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量比与相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着封育年限的增加,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤有机碳和全氮变异性较大,全磷变异性较小,且封育初期土壤有机碳和全氮含量先降后升,至封育20、30年,保持相对平稳。0~20 cm土层土壤的碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)、氮磷比(N∶P)分别为9.04~9.63、19.62~32.27、2.14~3.37,20~40 cm土层土壤的分别为8.68~9.22、15.74~26.32、1.80~3.03。土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷之间存在极显著的正相关。(2)植物根系C、N、P含量变化范围分别为357.6~381.4 g kg-1、7.35~8.18 g kg-1、0.54~0.70 g kg-1;根系中的C元素含量随封育年限的增加逐渐升高,N、P元素含量均小于全球平均值。根系C∶N随着封育年限的增加变异性较大,C∶P、N∶P随着封育年限的增加变异性较小。(3)植物根系的C∶N∶P化学计量特征受土壤的影响调控大于其自身,且土壤磷含量对植物根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响的显著性(p0.01)大于土壤氮含量(p0.05)。此外,该地区封禁后,草地生产力易受到土壤N含量的限制。     

黄土丘陵区生态治理对土壤碳氮磷及其化学计量特征的影响

为了探究不同生态治理措施对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征的影响,为黄土丘陵区的生态治理与植被恢复提供科学依据,以黄土丘陵区典型小流域王茂沟为例,通过野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,对研究区坡耕地、林地、草地、灌木地及梯田等5个样地0—100cm土壤样品的C、N、P及其化学计量比进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)坡耕地经过生态治理转变为林地、草地、灌木地及梯田等生态用地,土壤C、N含量分别提高了1.27,1.18,1.24,1.14倍及1.64,1.64,1.76,1.57倍;土壤C和N呈极显著的正相关关系;在0—100cm土层,林地、草地、灌木地及梯田的土壤C、N分布规律一致,均随土壤深度增加而减小,且在0—20cm土层出现了富集现象,而土壤P含量分布比较均匀;(2)坡耕地C∶N均值显著大于其他样地(P0.05),在0—20cm土层,土壤C∶P与N∶P表现为林地、草地、灌木地及梯田显著高于坡耕地(P0.05);土壤C∶N随着土层深度的变化不显著,C∶P与N∶P随土层加深呈减小的趋势;(3)土壤C、N、P化学计量比的分布主要由土壤C、N决定;土壤C∶P、N∶P与土壤中铵态氮、粘粒、砂粒、水稳性大团聚体含量之间的相关性均通过了显著性检验(P0.05)。土壤C、N、P及其化学计量比不仅受生态治理和土层深度的影响,还与土壤理化性质相关,土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P可以指示土壤的肥力状况。     

滇南小流域3种土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀及养分流失特征

以滇池西南部东大河小流域为研究靶区,利用137Cs核素示踪技术,对研究区内林地、草地、耕地3种土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀量及土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)流失量进行了定量分析及评价,并通过土壤养分生态化学计量特征(碳氮比C/N、碳磷比C/P、氮磷比N/P)揭示当地土壤肥力状况.结果表明:(1)不同土地利...     

光伏电站内不同植被下土壤C、N、P 化学计量特征

西部地区光伏电站的建设和运营会对土壤和植被产生一定破坏,造成局地风沙危害。以光伏电站内樟子松、苜蓿和黄芪样地为研究对象,对不同植被下土壤养分及其化学计量进行研究,为光伏电站内植被恢复模式选择提供数据支撑。结果表明,不同植被下土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量的大小顺序为SOCTNTP。相同植被间,黄芪地表层土壤的SOC含量显著高于底层,苜蓿地则是下层显著高于表层;不同植被间,只有黄芪地表层土壤SOC含量显著高于苜蓿地,下层土壤SOC则是苜蓿地显著高于黄芪地,其余样地间土壤SOC、TN和TP差异均不显著。整个研究区C、N、P化学计量比的大小顺序为C∶PC∶NN∶P。0～20 cm表层土壤均是黄芪地C∶N、C∶P和N∶P大于樟子松地和苜蓿地(差异不显著),而20～40 cm土层则是苜蓿地C∶N、C∶P和N∶P最大(只有苜蓿地和黄芪地间的C∶P差异显著);不同土层间只有黄芪地的表层土C∶N显著高于底层土。土壤SOC、TN、TP、C∶N和N∶P含量均为弱变异,只有C∶P为中等变异。土壤SOC与C∶N和C∶P,C∶N与C∶P,N∶P与TN均呈极显著正相关。研究区土壤的C∶P为12.79,远低于中国陆地土壤C∶P平均值,表明光伏电站土壤N素缺乏,C偏低,N为养分限制因子。     

中国湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征研究

明确区域及全球湿地土壤中是否存在类似“Redfield比值(Redfield ratio)”的碳氮磷(C∶N∶P)比例,是认识湿地生态系统中元素循环,构建湿地物质循环模型的基础。本文基于《中国沼泽志》中有详细土壤理化性质记录的119块沼泽湿地数据,利用数理统计方法,分析了区域尺度上湿地土壤中碳C∶N∶P生态化学计量学特征及分布格局,并探讨了其可能的影响因素。结果表明,中国湿地土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P(摩尔比)平均为18.22、245.22和13.60,高于中国及世界土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的平均值,C∶N∶P比例平均值为245∶13.6∶1。碳、氮、磷三者之间并不具备显著的两两相关性,说明中国湿地土壤中不存在类似于“Redfield比值”的C∶N∶P比例。相比于N元素,湿地生态系统更多受到P供应的限制。不同湿地类型或不同盐度情况下湿地土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P存在显著性差异,而植被类型对土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P影响不大。相关性分析表明,海拔高度、温度(年平均气温、1月平均气温、7月平均气温、活动积温)及p H是决定湿地土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的主要因素。考虑到海拔与C∶P及N∶P之间极显著的相关关系,海拔这一非地带性因子是决定湿地土壤C∶N∶P计量学特征的主要因素。     

不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆土壤生态化学计量特征

为了阐明灌丛沙堆发育对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征的影响,以吉兰泰荒漠区不同演化阶段白刺(Nitraria tangutorun)灌丛沙堆为研究对象,研究0—100 cm土层土壤C∶N∶P化学计量特征在不同演化阶段的变化规律和垂直分布规律。结果表明:(1)白刺灌丛沙堆土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)随演化阶段(雏形阶段→发育阶段→稳定阶段→衰亡阶段)的变化呈先增后减的变化趋势。演化阶段对白刺灌丛沙堆SOC影响显著(P<0.05),对TN、TP无显著影响(P>0.05),其SOC、TN、TP均值含量在0—100 cm土层分别为0.42~0.58,0.04~0.07,0.22~0.25 g/kg,远小于全国土壤平均水平(11.12,1.06,0.65 g/kg)。(2)白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比随土层深度增加无明显规律性。(3)土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比均属于中等变异,且变异系数随白刺灌丛沙堆演化不断减小。(4)土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度对白刺灌丛沙堆土壤TN、C∶N、N∶P影响显著,而土壤含水量、pH对白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比无显著影响。各演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN是调控白刺灌丛沙堆土壤生态化学计量比的主要因素。因此,该研究结果明晰了白刺灌丛沙堆土壤C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征对不同演化阶段的响应,为该区域白刺群落的保护、利用和植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.