耕地地力对化肥养分利用的影响机制及其调控研究进展

耕地地力影响了化肥养分的利用效率,是调控养分利用率的基础途径。本文概述了耕地土壤障碍对养分利用的制约机制、耕地地力培育对养分利用的促进机制、提高养分资源利用效率的耕地培肥模式3个方面的研究进展。针对我国主要的耕地土壤–作物系统,提高化肥养分利用率需要解决4个地力调控方面的关键问题:地力与养分利用率关系及其时空变化规律、土壤障碍制约养分高效蓄积转化机制与消减原理、地力培肥促进根系–土壤–微生物互作提高养分耦合利用机制及调控途径、肥沃耕层构建与生物功能提升对养分蓄纳供应的协同驱动增效机制与调控理论。本文提出基于多时空尺度综合研究,建立稳定提升土壤功能–加速养分循环利用的"双核驱动"地力综合管理理论,在不同区域构建并应用化肥减施增效的耕地地力综合管理模式,实现耕地大面积均衡减施化肥的目标。     

多尺度EGLSN的构建及耕地地力模拟研究

准确获得区域耕地地力是配方施肥的基础。本文依据景观生态学"过程、尺度与等级"原理,通过探索山西省耕地地力影响因素的等级与作用过程的控制范围,提出生态气候、地貌景观、利用措施、土壤条件、养分管理5个从大到小的不同尺度,构建了多尺度EGLSN(eco-climate,geomorphologic landscape,land usemeasure,soil condition,nutrient management)耕地地力模拟模型。根据山西省117个县(市、区)的土壤调查GPS采样点数据进行统计获得模型相关参数,应用多尺度EGLSN模型针对山西省北部的忻府区、中部的榆次区和南部的襄汾县3个典型区域,选择了积温、地形、地貌、平整措施等指标计算作物产量,进行耕地地力模拟。模拟结果误差检验表明,榆次区地貌景观尺度、利用措施尺度、土壤条件尺度、养分管理尺度模拟单产与土壤调查GPS点数据单产的标准根均方误差(NRMSE)依次为32%、27%、15%、4%,襄汾县4个尺度单产的NRMSE依次为35%、28%、13%、7%,忻府区4个尺度单产的NRMSE分别是31%、26%、14%、3%。忻府区、榆次区和襄汾县3个典型区域总产量相对生态气候尺度基准偏差的检验结果中,地貌景观尺度模拟精度分别为83%、80%和82%,利用措施尺度模拟精度为93%、90%和91%,土壤条件模拟精度分别是95%、95%和91%,养分管理尺度模拟精度依次达到96%、95%和93%。这一模拟方法适用于多尺度耕地地力模拟研究,可为大尺度耕地地力模拟及配方施肥提供借鉴。     

基于GIS的前哨农场耕地地力评价

准确地掌握区域耕地地力等级及其空间分布格局,对于提高耕地生产能力具有重要的参考价值。以黑龙江垦区的前哨农场为研究区,以耕地地块为评价单元,在GIS的支持下,应用层次分析法、模糊数学法、综合指数法定量评价了耕地地力,进而分析耕地地力空间地域分布特征与规律。结果表明:农场耕地地力划分为6个级别,旱地和水田都是三级地、四级地数量最多,呈现向五级地、二级地、六级地和一级地逐次减少的正态分布特征;大部分耕地的地力处于中上等水平,且水田地力水平略高于旱地;西南部的第一、第二和第九管理区土壤质地良好、养分丰富、管理措施得当,是该农场优质耕地的集中分布区域。     

辽西阜蒙县耕地地力定量评价研究

在GIS技术的支持下,针对阜蒙县耕地资源现状,综合分析影响耕地地力的各种因素,选取耕层养分状况、耕层理化性状、剖面性状、立地条件等4大类13个评价指标,运用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊评价法建立数学模型,对阜蒙县耕地进行了较为科学的定量化评价,并在耕地地力评价的基础上,针对各等级耕地提出了相关利用建议,为阜蒙县耕地高效和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

基于ANN-产量的耕地地力定量评价模型及其应用

管理水平近似条件下的作物实际产量是耕地地力等级的直观反映,在目前传统耕地地力评价AHP-模糊评判方法的基础上,尝试建立耕地地力的ANN-产量定量评价模型,并以山东省鱼台县为研究对象进行了实例研究.采用相对隶属度对各评价指标进行描述,以实际产量为目标输出标准,经神经网络训练得到评价模型.与传统方法相比,模型不仅能反映耕地地力评价的非线性特征,而且评价过程中不需要确定权重,消除了传统方法确定权值时人为因素的影响,增加了评价结果的客观性.通过与传统方法的对比发现,该模型评价结果与现行耕地地力评价方法的结果较为一致,为耕地地力的定量评价探索了一条新路.     

基于GIS的咸阳市区耕地地力评价——以秦都区为例

采用综合指数法对秦都区耕地地力进行评价。以关中平原的陕西省秦都区为研究区,借助GIS技术,结合层次分析法、模糊数学法等现代统计分析技术,在耕地地力调查的基础上,从立地条件、土壤性质、肥力状况、土壤管理4方面选取12项指标,对研究区耕地地力进行自动化、定量化和可视化评价。结果表明:秦都区耕地地力可分为4级,l—4级地分别占耕地总面积的52.08%,39.72%,7.35%,0.85%,该地区耕地地力水平较高。本研究分析了各级耕地的空间分布特征,对耕地资源的科学管理和可持续利用具有积极意义。该研究结果不仅可以直接应用于研究区农业生产,而且为关中平原开展耕地地力评价的方法进行了有益探索。     

基于GIS的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术研究

该文以山东广饶县为例,进行了面向管理层面的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术研究.在耕地地力调查分析数据及其地力评价的基础上,采用GIS支持下的"地力分区 目标产量法"确定区域施肥配方.以耕地地力等级图和作物布局图叠加的方法划分配方单元,通过田间试验得到各种参数,通过GIS将配方单元图与相应属性数据模型的联结,采用养分平衡法计算各养分需要量和施肥配方.结果显示,广饶县耕地氮、磷、钾养分含量空间分布差异较大,得到的施肥配方种类较多,全县共有14种施肥配方,其中氮磷钾配方比例分布在1:0.04～1.53:0.05～0.82之间.该研究较好地探索了基于GIS的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术方法,对县域耕地利用和施肥管理工作有积极的指导作用.     

宣城市耕地质量等级及土壤养分空间分布特征

[目的]研究宣城市耕地质量及土壤养分特征,为其因地制宜提升耕地质量提供科学依据.[方法]基于GIS技术,从立地条件、剖面性状、耕层理化性状、土壤养分、健康状况、农田管理6个方面选取15个评价指标,利用模糊数学法和层次分析法开展宣城市耕地质量等级评价与土壤养分空间分布特征研究.[结果]宣城市耕地一至十等地均有分布.其中,...     

耕地资源管理信息系统的建立及应用——以永济市为例

以山西省永济市为例 ,运用GIS技术建立了耕地资源管理信息系统。该系统采用MapGis管理空间数据库和属性数据库 ,FoxPro管理数据录入、应用模型分析与统计数据库 ;叠加土地利用现状图、基本农田保护区规划图和土壤图 ,形成 6 782个图斑 ,组成空间数据库的基本管理与评价单元 ,使得每个评价单元上土地利用方式一致、土壤类型一致。采用VisualC 语言开发了层次分析、模糊综合评价等应用模型。针对永济市的实际情况 ,经过专家组研究从 6 4个耕地地力调查与质量评价指标中筛选出 15项指标进行评价。对 6 782个评价单元中的每一个评价单元 ,用 15项耕地质量评价指标计算其综合评价指数 ,并以该指数作为耕地质量评价依据。评价结果反映出该市耕地中低产田面积大、施肥结构不合理、忽视盐碱地改造和垆土地改良利用等一系列问题 ,并针对耕地的不同等级所存在的障碍因素提出了相应的建议。该系统可掌握全市耕地地力及质量状况 ,为耕地地力建设与土壤改良利用提供了依据。     

三峡库区农村宅基地复垦耕地地力评价*--以重庆市涪陵区为例

农村宅基地复垦后补充的耕地应兼顾数量和质量,对其进行耕地地力评价可以为全面掌握复垦后耕地地力情况,为复垦耕地的后续培肥、利用及管理提供依据。本文以三峡库区的涪陵区为研究对象,随机采集665个宅基地复垦片块的土壤样品,选取16项参评指标,运用层次分析法、模糊数学法并结合GIS地统计学空间分析功能,综合评价了宅基地复垦后的耕地地力水平及空间分布。结果表明:耕地地力平均等级为3.03等,处于中等水平;3等地最多,占总样本数的52.18%;其次为4等地和2等地,1等地和5等地分布最少。从空间分布来看,由于区域内存在地形地势、自然条件、土壤类型的差异,样点乡镇内部各等级耕地均有分布;沿江、坪上、后山区的平均耕地等别为2.82等、3.15等和3.19等,耕地地力基本沿地形地势、海拔高度的增高呈沿江、坪上、后山区域依次递减的趋势。在提升耕地地力上沿江区应着重改善耕地的灌排和路沟条件;坪上区应注重调整土壤的p H和提高有效磷含量;后山区需增加耕层厚度,提高宅基地拆除物的利用,减少土壤中砾石含量。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.