渭北黄土高原果园生草地旱季土壤水分特征研究

在黄土高原渭北苹果园,分析多年生鸡脚草（Dactylis glomerata L.）、百脉根（Lotus corniculatu L.）、小冠花（Coronilla varia L.）三种牧草对0—200 cm土层含水量的影响。结果表明:冬春季节草地表现出明显的保墒性,而进入春季以后,随着牧草的萌发又表现出强烈的耗水性,4月10日—5月31日鸡脚草、百脉根、小冠花地块土壤总耗水量分别为99.57,104.81,82.13 mm,远高于行间裸地同期在该土层的耗水量（24.19 mm）,三种牧草的耗水能力大小依次为:百脉根 > 鸡脚草 > 小冠花。生草地块土壤稳定层对活跃层水分补偿作用明显,活跃层贮水量每减少1 mm,鸡脚草、百脉根、小冠花的相对稳定层贮水量分别减少0.60,0.60,0.73 mm。     

黄土高原北部草地土壤水分空间变异研究

土壤水是维系黄土高原恢复生态系统稳定性和可持续性的关键因子。为深入理解黄土高原不同类型草地恢复生态系统土壤水的分布特征,采用经典统计学与地统计学方法,分析了陕北神木六道沟小流域样地尺度长芒草和苜蓿草地0～500 cm剖面土壤水分的空间变异特征。结果表明:两种草地土壤水分随土层深度增加均呈先增大、后减小,而后趋于稳定的变化趋势,具有中等程度变异性。垂直方向上两种草地土壤含水量及空间变异系数均具有显著差异(P 0.001),苜蓿和长芒草地0～500 cm剖面土壤水分变异系数平均值分别为0.19和0.33。总体上,苜蓿导致深层土壤水过度消耗,70cm以下土层土壤含水量明显低于长芒草地,其高耗水特性削弱了垂直方向140 cm以下土层土壤水的空间变异强度。因此,苜蓿植被强化了土壤水在垂直方向上的循环,并导致深层土壤水负平衡,进而使样地尺度土壤水在水平方向的分布趋于均质化。     

黄土高原南部人工植被作用下的土壤水分研究

在大量野外调查和室内测定的基础上,研究了黄土高原南部地区丰水年前后不同人工植被下0～6m土壤水分含量。研究表明,年均降雨量600mm左右的正常年份,该区内杨树林、法国梧桐林和中国梧桐林下1.5～4m土层平均含水量约为90g/kg左右,发育了弱的土壤干化层,4～6m土层平均含水量约为120g/kg,水分状况优于上部土层。麦地和草地下0～6m水分状况良好,未出现土壤干化现象。丰水年充足的降水后所有林木下土壤干层消失,水分得到很好的恢复,说明该区并未形成永久性土壤干层,这为该区人工植被的良好生长提供了必要的条件。但目前加速发展的生态建设及经济林业仍会给该区土壤水分良性循环带来威胁,因此应加强人工植被下土壤水分的长期观测,合理引种、适当栽培,在收益的同时保证生态环境的可持续发展。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型土壤水分动态

在黄土丘陵沟壑区选择典型植被油松林（Pinus tabulaeformis）、柠条（Caragana microphylla）、人工草地（Clover）、农田、荒地和裸地,对其土壤水分进行观测分析。得出结论:观测期内林地和草地的土壤储水量最低,农田和灌木的储水量较高。与荒地和裸地相比,灌木的耗水量少,其次是草地、农田,林地最次。灌木和草地的水分补偿程度较高,其次是农田,而林地是负补偿。这些结果为该地区植被恢复中的植被选择提供了科学依据。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区人工植被土壤水分状况

采用烘干法及WP4水势仪对黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区人工林下土壤重量含水量及水势进行测定,从土壤水分数量和能量两方面分析该区土壤水分时空分布和动态变化特征,并且通过实测数据对不同树种土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,旨在为该区今后植被建设及生态用水提供理论参考。结果表明,各树种在0-300 cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而逐渐降低,并趋于稳定。0-30 cm土层土壤含水量变化剧烈,30 cm以下土层土壤含水量逐渐降低,并趋于稳定在3.00%~5.00%。土壤水分受降雨量及其分配影响显著,观测期内土壤储水量盈余26.7 mm。土壤水势与土壤含水量变化规律一致,土壤水分特征曲线拟合结果较好。在丰水年,降雨只对浅层土壤水分起到补给作用,深层土壤水分亏缺严重,存在土壤干层。在特殊降水年份对该区土壤水分进行研究具有重要意义。     

甘肃黄土高原土壤水分演变特征

分析了近30年甘肃黄土高原区域土壤湿度变化,结果表明:土壤湿度垂直分布变化阶段性明显,土壤水分变化存在突变;不同作物对土壤水分的垂直分布影响显著;土壤水分由表层向深层(1m)渗透一般需要4旬;时间演变规律上,生长期土壤水分有减少的趋势,蓄水期土壤水分存在增加的趋势;小波分析还发现作物生长期间土壤湿度存在2年、4年、6~9年振荡,蓄水期存在2年、4年~9年振荡,年均土壤湿度存在2年、4~9年和14年左右的振荡。     

陇东黄土高原苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗及水分生态效应（英）

黄土高原地区土壤干化导致林草植被大面积衰退,研究苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗规律对该区农业持续发展及生态环境恢复具有重要的理论意义。该文研究了黄土高原地区不同生长年限苜蓿草地1 000 cm土层土壤水分的变化特征及其对土壤水分生态环境的影响。结果表明：在0～1 000 cm土层,4年、6年生苜蓿草地土壤水分条件最好;12年、18年、26年生苜蓿草地土壤水分条件最差。在黄土高原地区,苜蓿地土壤干层出现的区域及发生的程度不同。4年、6年、8年生苜蓿草地,对土壤水分生态环境不会产生不利影响;12年、18年、26年生苜蓿草地,对土壤水分生态环境产生深刻负面影响。研究表明在陇东黄土高原地区苜蓿生长6 a后,应实施粮草轮作,以恢复土壤水分,持续提高土地生产力水平。     

黄土高原半干旱区植被建设的土壤水分效应及其影响因素

 水分是黄土高原半干旱地区植物生长与植被建设的主要限制因子,植被是影响土壤水分最活跃、最积极的因素。为了给黄土高原半干旱区植被的合理经营和今后植被的科学营造及开展植被建设的水文生态效应研究提供参考,从不同植被类型、生长状况与结构,不同植物的耗水特点及影响因素等方面,概述半干旱地区不同植被对土壤水分影响的研究进展。认为:为保证植被建设的可持续,需适度发展植被生产力,合理选择植物类型。在深入研究不同植物需耗水规律的基础上,加强植被生产力与水分利用的结合研究和从景观配置水平研究植被建设对土壤水分环境的影响。     

黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分状态空间模拟

为探明黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系,该文用自回归状态空间模型和经典统计的线性回归模型对该区草地表层土壤含水率的分布状况进行了模拟。结果表明,状态空间方程可以应用于环境因素复杂的黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区,其拟合效果优于线性回归模型。单因素中基于饱和导水率的模拟效果最佳（R2 = 0.936）;多因素模拟中以饱和导水率+海拔+凋落物模拟效果最佳（R2 = 0.976）,可以很好地解释表层土壤水分的变异状况。自回归状态空间模型可用于研究黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区表层土壤水分与其他因素的空间关系。     

黄土高原沟壑区苜蓿地土壤水分剖面特征研究

对黄土高原沟壑区不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤深层水分特征的分析表明,受降水影响0～2m土层水分变化较大,2m以下由于没有水分的补给,出现了干燥化现象。苜蓿在生长前期主要利用上层土壤水分,土壤水分恢复也是从上层开始,下层的干层则难予恢复。10、15、23年生苜蓿分别在9、10.8和11m处水分含量趋于稳定,达到土壤干层的下限。土壤水分的变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小,水分含量趋于稳定。在0～9m土层土壤水分亏缺较大,亏缺量大于年均降水量。     

黄土高原沟壑区塬面苹果园土壤水分特征分析

为了解长期种植果树对黄土高原沟壑区土壤水分的影响,对不同种植年限的塬面果园土壤水分特征进行了分析。结果表明:黄土沟壑区塬面果园土壤水分含量普遍低于80%田间持水量,水分较亏缺。0~10 m果园土壤平均含水量与3 m以下各层含水量均呈极显著相关关系,与2~3 m层含水量呈显著相关关系,与0~2 m层次的土壤含水量相关性不显著。土壤水分含量随种植年限的增加呈现先降低后又略有恢复的趋势,但水分恢复量不大。土壤水分波动性及其亏缺量随种植年限的增加呈现先增加后减小的抛物线型变化趋势。果树根系所吸收利用的土壤水分的深度,随着种植年限的增加而增深。在果树的主要生命周期内,其吸收利用的土壤水分最大深度可达8 m上下,耗水量最大时期为盛果中期(种植15年左右)。     

Temperature and soil moisture interactively affected soil net N mineralization in temperate grassland in Northern China

Intact soil cores from three adjacent sites (Site A: grazed, Site B: fenced for 4 years, and Site C: fenced for 24 years) were incubated in the laboratory to examine effects of temperature, soil moisture, and their interactions on net nitrification and N mineralization rates in the Inner Mongolia grassland of Northern China. Incubation temperature significantly influenced net nitrification and N mineralization rates in all the three grassland sites. There were no differences in net nitrification or N mineralization rates at lower temperatures (−10, 0, and 5 °C) whereas significant differences were found at higher temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C). Soil moisture profoundly impacted net nitrification and N mineralization rates in all the three sites. Interactions of temperature and moisture significantly affected net nitrification and mineralization rates in Site B and C, but not in Site A. Temperature sensitivity of net nitrification and N mineralization varied with soil moisture and grassland site. Our results showed greater net N mineralization rates and lower concentrations of inorganic N in the grazed site than those in the fenced sites, suggesting negative impacts of grazing on soil N pools and net primary productivity.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水分变化规律的研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水分变化规律研究结果表明 ,该区土壤水分随时间变化主要受控于降水量 ,表现为与降水量变化同步。土壤水分垂直分布变化 0～ 30cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而减少 ,30～ 1 2 0cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而增加 ,总体变化趋势平缓。裸地和农田土壤水分空间变异范围分别为 3.1 7m和 7.2 5m。     

黄土高原塿土覆盖层与黏化层的土壤水文效应

黄土高原(土娄)土在《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》中属土垫旱耕人为土类的相应亚类,其土壤水分状况是诊断表层所属人为表层类堆垫表层(覆盖层)和诊断表下层(黏化层)的重要诊断特征。以土壤持水性能、蒸发性能和水分移动性能为切入点,对(土娄)土覆盖层和黏化层的土壤水文效应进行研究论证,以期对土垫旱耕人为土类及其亚类的诊断层与诊断特征获取更深层的认识。     

Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the loess plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period （before about 1866-1872）, soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8 000 to 10 000 t km^-2 year^-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10 000 to 24000 t km^-2 year^-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.     

Soil properties and soil water conditions in the yangjuangou catchment of the chinese loess plateau

Soil properties and soil water conditions were assessed for different land use (forest, arable land, grassland) on a silty Calcaric Regosol in the Yangjuangou Catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The loess here is unimodal, poorly sorted with abundant coarse silt, has very low dry bulk density (1.11?–?1.38?g cm^???3) and little organic carbon content (1.6?–?3.7?g kg^???1). The soils are hydrophilic, have high porosity (0.5?–?0.55 cm^3?cm^???3), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and plant available water content (0.34?–?0.4 cm^3?cm^???3). Soil properties are quite uniform in space. Land use had no significant effects on soil properties and soil water conditions.     

Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration in a northern temperate grassland

Chamber measurements of total ecosystem respiration (TER) in a native Canadian grassland ecosystem were made during two study years with different precipitation. The growing season (April–September) precipitation during 2001 was less than one-half of the 30-year mean (1971–2000), while 2002 received almost double the normal growing season precipitation. As a consequence soil moisture remained higher in 2002 than 2001 during most of the growing season and peak aboveground biomass production (253.9 g m⁻²) in 2002 was 60% higher than in 2001. Maximum respiration rates were approximately 9 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2002 while only approximately 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2001. Large diurnal variation in TER, which occurred during times of peak biomass and adequate soil moisture, was primarily controlled by changes in temperature. The temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q₁₀) for ecosystem respiration was on average 1.83 ± 0.08, and it declined in association with reductions in soil moisture. Approximately 94% of the seasonal and interannual variation in R₁₀ (standardized rate of respiration at 10 °C) data was explained by the interaction of changes in soil moisture and aboveground biomass, which suggested that plant aboveground biomass was good proxy for accounting for variations in both autotrophic and heterotrophic capacity for respiration. Soil moisture was the dominant environmental factor that controlled seasonal and interannual variation in TER in this grassland, when variation in temperature was held constant. We compared respiration rates measured with chambers and that determined from nighttime eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Respiration rates measured by both techniques showed very similar seasonal patterns of variation in both years. When TER was integrated over the entire growing season period, the chamber method produced slightly higher values than the EC method by approximately 4.5% and 13.6% during 2001 and 2002, respectively, much less than the estimated uncertainty for both measurement techniques. The two methods for calculating respiration had only minor effects on the seasonal-integrated estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange and ecosystem gross photosynthesis.     

ERS卫星反演数据在黄土高原近地表土壤水分中的应用研究

将黄土高原地区1992—2000年欧洲遥感卫星(European Remote Sensing Satellites,ERS)风散射计获取的土壤水分指数(Soil Water Index,SWI)与农田实测土壤水分数据进行对比,并分析降雨、植被、土地利用和人工灌溉对反演数据的影响;探讨其在近地表土壤水分时空变化中的应用情况。结果表明,遥感反演的土壤水分数据SWI较好地反映了黄土高原地区土壤水分的时空变化规律,总体上表现出南多北少、东高西低的空间特点和夏秋偏高、春季较低的季节变化趋势;其次,根据SWI转换得到的土壤体积含水量数据Wswi与0~10 cm农田实测土壤水分呈极显著相关,表明该ERS反演土壤水分数据接近表层土壤水分实际情况,可用于估测研究区表层土壤水分含量;在农业集中的平原地区,Wswi与农田表层实测土壤水分相关性较高;而在农业、林业、牧业用地复合交叉地区其相关性较差。研究结果还发现,在相对干旱季节农田实测水分普遍较卫星反演结果高,主要是由于灌溉增加了农田水分含量。这说明在应用卫星遥感数据估算土壤水分时,除了考虑气候、地貌、土壤、植被等自然因素,同时也应充分考虑人为因素的影响。     

黄土丘陵区小流域土壤有效水空间变异及其季节性特征

基于213个样点土壤有效水数据,从流域、坡面和沟道三个尺度分析了黄土丘陵区典型小流域土壤有效水在春、夏、秋三个季节的空间变异特征。结果表明,土壤有效水均呈较强空间变异性,其中沟道土壤有效水均值和空间变异强度(标准差和变异系数)均显著高于坡面,坡面和沟道土壤有效水正态性明显好于流域尺度。不同尺度土壤有效水空间变异程度随均值发生变化,变异系数随均值增加呈指数递减趋势。流域和坡面尺度土壤有效水与坡向呈显著正相关关系且相关系数高于其与坡度和高程,而沟道尺度与各地形因子相关关系均较弱。土壤有效水空间变异呈现明显的季节性特征,秋季土壤有效水均值最高而空间变异性最低,夏季土壤有效水均值最低但变异系数最大。流域尺度夏季土壤有效水与高程相关系数显著高于春秋两季,而坡面尺度则相反。此外,土壤有效水抽样不确定性和估算误差随样点数量增加呈非线性递减变化趋势,当样点数超过20个时,增加样点数量的作用有限。