进口与国产番茄酱制品的流变特性比较

利用MCR101流变仪对进口(Masterfoods Tomato Sauce,MTS)和国产(亨氏)番茄酱样品的流变学特性进行了研究和测定。结果表明,进口和国产番茄酱样品均符合非牛顿流体模型,呈现触变性和假塑性流动模式。在25℃时,进口和国产番茄酱的流动分别需克服15.94 Pa和47.61 Pa的屈服应力,但其流动活化能的差别不大。在黏弹性的动态测定过程中,两种番茄酱样品的动态贮藏模量(G′)和损失模量(G″)随着频率增大而增大,随着温度增加而减小;动力学黏度η随振荡频率的增大而减小,表现为剪切变稀。与国产番茄酱样品相比,进口番茄酱样品的G′,G″,η均较小,表现出较低的黏稠性,这与进口番茄酱样品具有较低的固形物含量和较强的流动特性相关。     

盆栽和地栽牡丹叶片与花芽中矿质元素含量的变化

对盆栽与地栽牡丹体内7种矿质元素含量随时间推移的变化规律的差异性进行了研究,为盆栽牡丹和地栽牡丹的平衡营养、合理施肥与高效优质栽培提供科学的理论依据。以牡丹品种‘洛阳红’为试材,通过盆栽和地栽2种栽培方式,在不同日期（5—11月）采集样品,测定和比较2种栽培方式下牡丹叶片和花芽中7种矿质元素（氮、磷、钾、铁、锰、锌和铜）含量的变化情况,并分析矿质元素间相关性。结果表明,牡丹叶片和花芽中每一种大量元素（氮、磷、钾）在2种栽培方式下变化趋势基本一致。叶片中大量元素平均含量高低依次为氮、钾、磷,而花芽中大量元素平均含量高低依次为氮、磷、钾。牡丹叶片和花芽中微量元素（铁、锰、锌、铜）在2种栽培方式下变化趋势有一定差异。地栽牡丹叶片中微量元素平均含量排序为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu,而盆栽牡丹叶片中微量元素平均含量排序均为Fe＞Zn＞Mn＞Cu,2种栽培方式下花芽中微量元素平均含量排序均与盆栽牡丹叶片中微量元素含量变化一致。2种栽培方式下,牡丹叶片中矿质元素间相关性差异较大,然而氮和磷间相关性均达到显著或以上水平,牡丹花芽中矿质元素间相关性也有一定差异,然而氮和磷、氮和钾间相关性均较好。     

流动注射分析法和传统方法测定土壤中N的比较研究

采用FIAstar 5000流动注射分析仪和传统方法（氧化镁浸提-扩散法、酚二磺酸比色法和镀铜镉还原-重氮化耦合比色法）分别测定了同一流域内不同利用类型土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的含量,通过样品均值、测试误差、回收率和标准偏差等指标对两种方法进行比较研究。结果表明,流动注射分析仪在测定土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮时,分析速度快且仪器具有较好的稳定性（5次平行次数内结果RSD＜5％）。从分析结果的准确性看,采用流动注射分析仪分析土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮时,与传统方法也具有可比性,样品回收率分别为98.5~102.0%和96.7~98.3%。在测定土壤亚硝态氮时,流动注射分析法仪器稳定较差（5次平行次数内结果RSD＞6％）,且分析结果普遍偏低,需要进行必要的校正。因此,在大批量测定土壤样品铵态氮、硝态氮时,用流动注射分析法是可行的,但测定亚硝态氮含量时,存在较大的误差,需要进行校正。     

皖南焦甜香烤烟碳氮代谢差异分析及糖分积累变化动态

选择皖南4种代表性植烟土壤,研究了烤烟生长发育过程中碳氮代谢和糖分积累动态的差异,为开发焦甜香烟叶提供理论依据.试验结果表明,冲积沙壤土和河滩沙壤土烟叶的碳氮代谢变化具有较大的一致性,表现为在烟株生长发育的早中期阶段氮代谢和碳代谢强度均处于较高水平,下部叶在移栽45 d以后,中部和上部叶在移栽60d后硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,碳代谢的标志性酶转化酶活性在达到最大值后也表现下降,但下降幅度远低于硝酸还原酶.两种沙壤土烟叶的总糖含量较高.水稻土烟叶在烟株前中期碳氮代谢水平相对偏低,高峰期偏迟,后期氮代谢水平相对偏高,有明显滞后现象,烟叶总糖含量相对较低;沙滩粉沙土烟叶碳氮代谢高峰出现较早,且在整个生长发育过程中均处于较低水平,沙滩粉沙土烟叶糖分含量低于2种类型沙壤土.     

油菜光合碳氮代谢特征及其与氮效率的关系

为阐明油菜碳氮代谢与氮效率的关系,及其对油菜品质的影响。采用土培试验,以低产甘蓝型油菜品种沪油15(品种A)与高产甘蓝型油菜品系742(品种B)为试验材料,在常氮与氮胁迫2种供氮情况下,研究了不同品种油菜不同供氮水平下光和参数,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸与硝酸盐含量差异,氮效率与收获指数以及与籽粒脂肪酸组成的变化及差异。结果表明,无论哪种供氮水平,品种B苗期光合参数大于品种A,盛花期规律相反,两品种的Pn、Gs、Ci与Tr皆在盛花期有所升高,而WUE有所降低。盛花期与角果发育期品种B茎、叶中可溶性糖含量高于品种A,油菜茎叶中可溶性糖含量从角果发育期呈减少趋势,角果发育期与收获期较抽薹期减少53%~80%,两品种5个时期茎叶皆表现为常氮时可溶性糖含量小于氮胁迫;品种B游离氨基酸除在2种供氮水平下盛花期叶、角果发育期地上部分与氮胁迫时抽薹期叶中大于品种A,其余时期呈现相反规律,到达角果发育期,两品种营养器官中游离氨基酸较生育前期大幅度减少;品种B 5个时期硝酸盐含量、氮效率、收获指数、品质皆高于品种A。碳氮代谢与氮效率关系密切,油菜后期碳氮代谢大幅度减弱,碳氮代谢强的品种氮效率高,有利于氮素积累,籽粒品质较好,品种B碳氮代谢及其各项指标优于品种A,品种优势明显。     

追氮时期对两种穗型小麦氮素代谢及蛋白质组分的影响

在大田条件下,研究了追氮时期对两种穗型冬小麦品种氮素的积累、运转以及蛋白质组分的影响.结果表明,拔节期追氮显著增加开花期和成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量及转运量,而抽穗期追氮反而下降,氮素转运率和贡献率则随追氮时期后移而降低.兰考矮早八GS活性和豫麦49-198 NR活性在所有测定日期均表现随追氮时期后移而增加,兰考矮早八NR和豫麦49-198的GS活性在灌浆前期呈现与此相同趋势,而在灌浆后期则以拔节期追氮最高.推迟追氮时期,两品种籽粒总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均增加,而球蛋白却降低.兰考矮早八剩余蛋白含量随追氮时期后移而降低,豫麦49-198则相反.     

‘豫烟9号’和‘中烟100’苗期生物学特性及氮代谢差异研究

为进一步研究氮高效品种‘豫烟9号’和氮低效品种‘中烟100’品种特性差异,进行了苗期生物学特性及氮代谢差异研究。选用‘豫烟9号’和‘中烟100’基质漂浮培养幼苗进行了叶片、根系生物学调查;选用不同氮素浓度条件下的水培幼苗进行了氮代谢相关指标的测定。结果表明:幼苗期‘豫烟9号’和‘中烟100’烤烟品种生物学特性差异明显,主要表现在‘豫烟9号’总叶面积、干物质积累量、总根长、根表面积和根体积明显高于‘中烟100’。叶片硝酸还原酶活性明显高于叶脉,高氮条件下硝酸还原酶活性高于低氮条件;无论叶片或叶脉,氮营养液浓度高低,‘豫烟9号’硝酸还原酶活性均高于‘中烟100’。高氮条件下‘中烟100’叶片硝态氮含量高于叶脉,其他处理叶脉硝态氮含量均高于叶片。无论氮营养液浓度高低,‘豫烟9号’叶片氮含量和SPAD值均明显高于‘中烟100’。由此看来,‘豫烟9号’的物质合成和氮素同化积累能力均明显高于‘中烟100’。     

控（缓）释性复合肥在旱地春播高粱上的应用效应及对土壤有效氮的影响

摘要：为了探索寻求旱地高粱最佳施肥途径,追求最大的水肥利用率,以尽量减少对环境的污染,本研究特设了两种类型的肥料、两种施肥方式的比较研究。并分析了不同处理下,土壤碱解氮的变化情况,运用随机区组设计的方法进行了比较试验。结果表明：不同类型的肥料在不同的施肥方式下结果是有明显差异的。1、缓释性复合肥SRCF与普通复合肥CCF相比,在总养分含量相同的条件下,产量提高27.69%~28.71%,氮素农学利用率提高40.24%~42.05%,表观利用率提高4.18%~5.26%,生理利用率提高34.58%~34.95%;2、春施肥SAF与秋施肥AAF相比,产量、氮素利用率等均差异不显著。3、0~60cm土层内的碱解氮含量,在苗期表现为普通复合肥CCF高于缓释性复合肥SRCF,而进入拔节期后,情况则相反。随着生育期的推进,土壤碱解氮逐渐降低,而春施肥SAF与秋施肥AAF两种方式相比,土壤碱解氮的高峰出现的土壤深层不同,前者,碱解氮高峰出现在0-20cm土层,后者,碱解氮高峰出现在20-40cm土层中。4、在苗期,0-60cm土层中碱解氮含量,两种类型的肥料差异很明显,拔节期后,差异不太明显。5、各时期0-100cm土层中,碱解氮主要存在于0-60cm土层中,60cm是养分最低点,60cm以下碱解氮又有所回升。     

基因型、施氮量及其互作对烤烟多酚类物质的影响

为探讨基因型、施氮量及其互作效应对烤烟多酚类物质含量的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,以烤烟品种中烟100、云烟87和K326为材料,设置低氮（45kg/hm²）、中氮（60kg/hm²）和高氮（75kg/hm²）处理,研究其对烟叶中总酚、绿原酸、芸香苷和莨菪亭含量的影响。结果表明,基因型、施氮量及其互作效应对烤烟总酚、绿原酸、芸香苷和莨菪亭含量变异的贡献率不同,其中基因型对四者的贡献率分别为2.50%、5.13%、4.70%和15.95%,施氮量的贡献率分别为59.30%、42.55%、38.30%和67.79%,基因型与施氮量互作效应的贡献率分别为36.40%、51.20%、51.50%和15.03%。基因型与施氮量互作效应结果表明,高氮与中烟100互作条件下总酚、绿原酸和芸香苷含量较高,与K326互作时总酚和芸香苷含量较高,与云烟87互作时莨菪亭含量较高;中氮与云烟87互作时总酚、绿原酸和芸香苷含量较高,与K326互作时总酚、芸香苷和莨菪亭含量较高;低氮与云烟87互作时绿原酸含量较高。与种植品种相适应的施氮量是提高烟叶多酚类物质含量的重要措施。     

关于自动凯氏定氮仪用于测定土壤碱解氮的疑问与验证

随着现代仪器的迅速发展，诸多研究认为采用自动凯氏定氮仪可以代替碱解扩散法测定土壤碱解氮，对此笔者有一些疑问。为了解开这些疑惑，也为了进一步研究自动凯氏定氮仪用于测定土壤碱解氮的可行性，笔者进行了验证实验。用自动凯氏定氮仪和传统方法测定自制土壤样品碱解氮含量，并分析2种方法测定结果之间的相关性和差异性，以及硝态氮测定结果的准确性。结果表明：在设定的试验条件下，无论加与不加还原剂，2种方法的测定结果均呈极显著相关关系，但75%以上的土壤样品测定值具有显著差异性；与碱解扩散法相比，自动凯氏定氮仪测得的结果与硝态氮含量相关程度更高。自动凯氏定氮仪测定的“土壤碱解氮”不能等同于碱解扩散法测定的“土壤碱解氮”，但其测定结果仍可以作为一个新的测定指标，应用于生产实践。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.