粘土矿物中钾的生物活化: Ⅰ. 外生菌根

A pot experiment was Carried out to in vestigate effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on eucalyptus growth and K bio-mobilization from soils and clay minerals,In the experiment,sands mixed with soil,KCl-satureated vermiculate and mica,respectively,were used to nurse eucalypus seedings which were nonectomycorrhized or ectomycorrhized by an ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius strain XL1(Pt XC1) isolated from a forest soil from Xichang,Sichuan Province,China,and a worldwide well-know ectomycorrhial fungus Pioslithus tinctorius strain 2144(Pt 2144) obtained in Australia.More depletion of HCl-souluble K by mycorrhizas from the soil and minerals than nomycorrhizas suggested that mycorrhizas had a great ability to mobilize K present in the interlayer and feldspar.Mycorrhizal seedlings depressed greatly K digested with HF-HClO4 from substrates after consecutive extractions of soils and minerals by water,ammonium acetate and boiling HCl,while nonmycorrhizal seedlings reduced it little if any,shwing that the mycorrhizal seedlings could mobilize and then utilize the structureal K in mineral lattice,Ectomycorrhizal fungi played a very important role not only in promoting the growth of eucalyptus seedlings but also in mobilizing K in soils and minerals.The infection of Pt XC1 led to a better growth of eucalyptus seedlings and more K accumulation in the seedlings than that of Pt 2144.The large differeces in K accumulation by the seedlings might be due to different abilityes of the two ectomycorrhizal fungi to mobilize K in intelayer and lattice pools in the clay minerals.     

接种菌根真菌影响青菜中铅镉的累积和迁移

Heavy metal(HM) contamination in soils is an environmental issue worldwide that threatens the quality and safety of crops and human health. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and Pb and Cd accumulation of pakchoi(Brassica chinensis L. cv. Suzhou) in response to inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi(AMF), Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus versiforme, and Rhizophagus intraradices, aimed at exploring how AMF inoculation affected safe crop production by altering plant-soil interaction. The symbiotic relationship was well established between pakchoi and three AMF inocula even under Pb or Cd stress, where the colonization rates in the roots ranged from 24.5% to 38.5%. Compared with the non-inoculated plants, the shoot biomass of the inoculated plants increased by 8.7%–22.1% and 9.2%–24.3% in Pb and Cd addition treatments, respectively. Both glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP) and polyphosphate concentrations reduced as Pb or Cd concentration increased. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation significantly enhanced total absorbed Pb and Cd(except for a few samples) and increased the distribution ratio(root/shoot) in pakchoi at each Pb or Cd addition level. However, the three inocula significantly decreased Pb concentration in pakchoi shoots by 20.6%–67.5% in Pb addition treatments, and significantly reduced Cd concentration in the shoots of pakchoi in the Cd addition treatments(14.3%–54.1%), compared to the non-inoculated plants.Concentrations of Pb and Cd in the shoots of inoculated pakchois were all below the allowable limits of Chinese Food Safety Standard.The translocation factor of Pb or Cd increased significantly with increasing Pb or Cd addition levels, while there was no significant difference among the three AMF inocula at each metal addition level. Meanwhile, compared with the non-inoculated plants, AMF inocula significantly increased soil p H, electrical conductivity, and Pb or Cd concentrations in soil organic matter in the soils at the highest Pb or Cd dose after harvest of pakchoi, whereas the proportion of bioavailable Pb or Cd fraction declined in the AMF inoculated soil. Our study provided the first evidence that AM fungi colonized the roots of pakchoi and indicated the potential application of AMF in the safe production of vegetables in Pb or Cd contaminated soils.     

A菌根真菌外生菌丝对难溶性无机磷酸盐的活化及利用Ⅰ.~(32)P间接标记法

采用三室栽培装置培养三叶草 ,接种VA菌根真菌Glomusmosseae。将根系与VA菌根真菌外生菌丝隔开 ,在菌丝室施用 5种磷酸盐和32 P间接标记磷肥 ,研究外生菌丝对难溶性磷酸盐的活化利用能力。结果表明 ,外生菌丝可以活化吸收磷酸二钙、磷酸八钙、磷酸铝和磷酸铁 ,无法活化利用磷酸十钙 ;各种磷酸盐被活化吸收的量及其对三叶草磷营养的贡献率的大小顺序是磷酸二钙 >磷酸八钙、磷酸铝 >磷酸铁     

有机肥(物)对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究──Ⅱ.有机肥(物)分解产生的有机酸及其对不同形态磷的活化作用

通过有机肥在不同土壤水分状况下分解产生的有机酸种类和数量检测、各种有机酸对不同磷酸盐的溶磷试验,对有机肥活化土壤磷的机理进行了研究。结果表明,无论在好气或淹水条件下,猪粪、稻草和纤维素均能明显增加土壤中有机酸含量,其作用为猪粪＞稻草＞纤维素;7种检出的有机酸对不同形态人工合成磷酸盐的溶磷能力为:草酸和乙酸对钙磷的溶磷均有一定效果,多数有机酸对铝磷的溶磷效果均不错,而柠檬酸对铁磷的溶磷效果最好。柠檬酸虽数量不及其它有机酸,但在有机肥活化土壤磷中所起的作用是最大的。铁磷在有机肥活化磷中的贡献较其它形态无机磷大。     

有机肥(物)对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究──Ⅱ.有机肥(物)分解产生的有机酸及其对不同形态磷的活化作用

通过有机肥在不同土壤水分状况下分解产生的有机酸种类和数量检测、各种有机酸对不同磷酸盐的溶磷试验,对有机肥活化土壤磷的机理进行了研究。结果表明,无论在好气或淹水条件下,猪粪、稻草和纤维素均能明显增加土壤中有机酸含量,其作用为猪粪＞稻草＞纤维素;7种检出的有机酸对不同形态人工合成磷酸盐的溶磷能力为：草酸和乙酸对钙磷的溶磷均有一定效果,多数有机酸对铝磷的溶磷效果均不错,而柠檬酸对铁磷的溶磷效果最好。柠檬酸虽数量不及其它有机酸,但在有机肥活化土壤磷中所起的作用是最大的。铁磷在有机肥活化磷中的贡献较其它形态无机磷大。     

VA菌根真菌外生菌丝对难溶性无机磷酸盐的活化及利用Ⅰ. 32P间接标记法

采用三室栽培装置培养三叶草,接种VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae.将根系与VA菌根真菌外生菌丝隔开,在菌丝室施用5种磷酸盐和32P间接标记磷肥,研究外生菌丝对难溶性磷酸盐的活化利用能力.结果表明,外生菌丝可以活化吸收磷酸二钙、磷酸八钙、磷酸铝和磷酸铁,无法活化利用磷酸十钙;各种磷酸盐被活化吸收的量及其对三叶草磷营养的贡献率的大小顺序是磷酸二钙>磷酸八钙、磷酸铝>磷酸铁.     

有机肥(物)对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究──Ⅰ.有机肥(物)对土壤不同形态无机磷的活化作用

采用逐级去磷的土壤研究在好气与淹水条件下猪粪、稻草和纤维素对土壤中不同形态磷的活化作用。结果表明,在好气条件下,猪粪、稻草和纤维素均能对土壤中各种形态的无机磷起活化作用,其效果为猪粪＞稻草＞纤维素。在淹水条件下,有机肥则表现为明显增加土壤对磷的固定,这主要是土壤中的铁氧化物强烈吸附磷所致。但当土壤去除Fe－P和O－P后,有机肥则能对土壤磷起明显的活化作用。采用人工合成磷酸铁加入去磷、去铁氧化物土壤的试验表明,有机肥对磷酸铁的活化率可高达30％。由于土壤中存在的铁氧化物对活化的磷起掩盖作用,因此,有机肥对土壤磷,尤其对Ca₂－P、Ca₈－P、Al-P和Fe－P的实际活化作用有可能比测定值还要高。     

有机肥(物)对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究──Ⅰ.有机肥(物)对土壤不同形态无机磷的活化作用

采用逐级去磷的土壤研究在好气与淹水条件下猪粪、稻草和纤维素对土壤中不同形态磷的活化作用。结果表明,在好气条件下,猪粪、稻草和纤维素均能对土壤中各种形态的无机磷起活化作用,其效果为猪粪＞稻草＞纤维素。在淹水条件下,有机肥则表现为明显增加土壤对磷的固定,这主要是土壤中的铁氧化物强烈吸附磷所致。但当土壤去除Fe－P和O－P后,有机肥则能对土壤磷起明显的活化作用。采用人工合成磷酸铁加入去磷、去铁氧化物土壤的试验表明,有机肥对磷酸铁的活化率可高达30％。由于土壤中存在的铁氧化物对活化的磷起掩盖作用,因此,有机肥对土壤磷,尤其对Ca2－P、Ca8－P、Al-P和Fe－P的实际活化作用有可能比测定值还要高。     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对土壤中阿特拉津降解的影响

于盆栽高粱(Sorghum,龙杂一号)条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,GI)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)降解土壤中阿特拉津的效用。结果表明,阿特拉津(浓度为50 mg/kg)污染土壤中,供试AM真菌都能够侵染高粱根系形成菌根,而且GM比GI侵染效果好,最高侵染率可达到90.5%,显著提高了植株的生物量。接种AM真菌后土壤中阿特拉津的残留浓度显著低于不接种对照处理,并且接种GM比GI对阿特拉津的降解效果显著。接种GM处理的土壤中阿特拉津最高降解率达到了91.6%,其中菌根效应占22.6%。接种AM真菌的宿主植物根际土壤中微生物数量多于不接种处理,且GM优于GI处理,说明AM真菌能促进根际微生物的繁殖。此外,接种AM真菌后能显著增加土壤中脲酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著。认为GM是一株比较理想的修复阿特拉津污染土壤的AM真菌。     

红壤中丛枝菌根真菌对污泥态铜生物有效性的影响

以玉米为宿主植物 ,研究了不同污泥量 (0、1 %、4% )施入红壤后接种丛枝菌根真菌Acaulosporalaevis、Glomuscaledonium和Glomusmanihotis对菌根侵染率、孢子密度、玉米生长和铜生物有效性的影响。结果表明 ,施用 1 %的污泥可增加接种A laevis的菌根侵染率和孢子密度 ,其玉米地上部和地下部生物量也有显著增加 ,而不接种 (含土著菌根真菌 )、接种G caledonium和G manihotis的菌根侵染率、孢子密度、玉米地上部和地下部生物量却有显著下降 (p<0 0 5 )。施用 1 %的污泥时接种A laevis降低了玉米地上部铜浓度 ,而接种G caledonium和G manihotis却增加了玉米地上部铜浓度 ,另外 ,接种处理增加玉米根部对铜的吸收总量。不同的菌根真菌对重金属的耐受力是不同的 ,只有施入一定的污泥量即在一定污染程度下才能发挥菌根真菌A laevis对污染土壤的修复作用     

树木外生菌根真菌多样性研究方法进展

树木外生菌根真菌在森林生态系统中发挥着重要的作用,其多样性研究能反映外生菌根真菌的种群结构。随着分子生物学技术在多样性研究中的应用,打破了传统方法诸如大多数微生物处于不可培养状态的局限性,提高了人们对外生菌根真菌群落结构的认识。本文主要介绍了几种外生菌根真菌多样性研究常用的方法,综述了它们在菌根研究中的应用状况,为森林生态系统生物多样性研究提供参考。     

主要环境因子对两株松树外生菌根真菌生长的影响

研究了培养基、pH、温度及水势对松林下常见外生菌根真菌牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)和乳菇(Lactariussp.)生长的影响。结果表明,在所选择的培养基上,两种菌株都能生长,在添加维生素类物质的天然培养基上,生长旺盛;对pH适应范围较广;L.sp.在弱碱性条件下生长较好,而B.sp.在弱酸性条件下生长较好;温度对菌株生长影响较大,两种菌株最适生长温度均为25℃;极端水势条件下,L.sp.和B sp.均不能生长,轻度水分胁迫能促进L.sp.和B.sp.的生长。L.sp.是一种适应性较强的菌株。     

外生菌根真菌Laccaria bicolor S238N增强花旗松生长及其对磷钾吸收的能力

Two variable charge soils were submerged after the addition of 30g/kg of organic matter to examine the differences in behavior between iron and manganese with respect to reduction and the distribution of different froms of the reduced elements.The reduction of manganese proceeded almost synchronously with the fall in redox potential,while the reduction of iron showed a remarkable lag behind the Eh change.Once formed,the distribution of water-soluble,exchangeable and precipitatied forms of ferrous iron was controlled by pH,CEC of the soil and total concentration of the element.For manganous ions,the proportions of water-soluble and exchangeable forms in total Mn^2 were larger than those for ferrous ions.The reduction of the two elements led to a mobilization of them,and such effect persisted even after drying of the soil,i.e.,the content of amorphous Fe became higher than that of the original soil.     

Potassium Availability as Related to Clay Mineralogy and Rates of Potassium Application

Availability of applied potassium (K) as a fertilizer to plants is influenced by soil mineralogy, environmental factors, and rates of K application. The objective of this research was to study the effects of clay minerals and K application on K supply characteristics of calcareous soils in Iran. Surface and subsurface horizons of six sites with different ranges of clay content and exchangeable K were selected. The soils were treated with potassium chloride (KCl) solution with different K concentrations. Four wet–dry cycles were sequentially applied. Illites, vermiculites, and chlorites were present in all soils. Smectites were present in larger amounts in one soil. The increase in soluble and exchangeable K was expressed by linear equations in which the slops influenced by the dominant clay minerals. Potassium fixation was much higher in soils with more illites and vermiculites. Results revealed that different forms of K were affected by the dominant clay minerals but were independent from the rate of applied K.     

Potassium Dynamics in Inceptisols as Influenced by Graded Levels of Potash for Banana: I. Potassium Fractions

Knowledge of forms of potassium (K) in soil is of great importance for formulating sound fertilizer recommendation to banana. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of graded levels of potash application on forms of potassium at juvenile, grand growth, shooting, and harvest stages of banana on Vertic Haplustept soil. The negative balance of soil-available K was observed in the treatments of 0, 100, and 200 g K₂O plant^?1. However, at 300-g K₂O plant^?1 level, the balance was a mere –11 kg ha^?1, and positive balance was observed in the treatments of 400 and 500 g K₂O plant^?1. Significant positive correlation among different forms of K indicated the interdependency and dynamic equilibrium between K forms. Application of K₂O above the level of 300 g plant^?1 for banana resulted in the build-up of potassium fractions in soil.     

纳米粘土矿物对阿特拉津的吸附-解吸特性研究

采用批量平衡实验,研究了纳米粘土矿物与原粘土矿物对除草剂阿特拉津的吸附解吸特陛。结果表明,粘土矿物对阿特拉津的吸附-解吸均能用Freundlich方程很好地拟合。随着溶液中阿特拉津浓度的增加,粘土矿物对阿特拉津的吸附量增加;粘土矿物粒径越小,吸附量越大,纳米粘土矿物的吸附量显著大于原粘土矿物。粘土矿物对阿特拉津吸附量大小顺序为：纳米SiO2）纳米蒙脱石〉凹凸棒石〉蒙脱石〉SiO2。粘土矿物对阿特拉津的解吸表现出一定的滞后效应,即粘土矿物吸附的阿特拉津越多,解吸的越少。粘土矿物对阿特拉津的解吸率大小顺序为：SiO2〉凹凸棒石〉纳米蒙脱石〉纳米SiO2〉蒙脱石。     

Soil Reserves of Potassium: Release and Availability to Lolium perenne in Relation to Clay Minerals in Six Cropland Soils from Eastern China

An 8‐month greenhouse experiment with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) examined the relationship between the dynamics of potassium (K) reserves in soil and changes in clay minerals, using X‐ray diffraction. The capacity of soil to release K was consistent with its ability to supply it and was the highest in the soil samples collected from Laiyang (H₁T₂a), Harbin (H₁T₁) and Beibei (H₂T₄), followed by the sample from Jiangyan (H₁T₂b), and the lowest in the samples from Gao'an (H₂T₃a) and Wangcheng (H₂T₃b). Removal of soil K decreases the intensity of reflections for illite and increases that for interstratified clay minerals. The centre of gravity values of the clay fractions was significantly negatively correlated to the depletion of soil K reserves, as ascertained through chemical extraction or through plant action. The quantitative regression equations between the centre of gravity values and the dynamics of soil reserves of K can be used for predicting the release and plant availability of K even without growing a crop. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of Clay Minerals in Podzols and Podzolic Soils

The clay minerals in Podzols and podzolic soils developed under coniferous forests in the Subarctic and Cool-temperate zones are characterized by the predominance of smectite and/or mica-smectite interstratified minerals in the eluvial horizons and chlorite-vermiculite intergrade in the illuvial horizons. A large amount of vermiculite is present in the eluvial horizons of some podzolic soils in the Cool-temperate zone. The illuvial horizons of these soils also contain free iron oxides such as goethite. Imogolite and allophane are present in the illuvial horizons of several soils derived from volcanic ashes. It is suggested that the critical bioclimate for the release of interlayered aluminum from the 2:1-type minerals lies between the Cool- and Warm-temperate zone. In the eluvial horizons of Podzols and podzolic soils, mica minerals and chlorite, as primary minerals, have been transformed to smectite through the pedogenic process. Based on previous studies on the structure and degradation of the dioctahedral mica minerals, it is considered that smectite is transformed from 1M-type mica minerals directly, and from 2M-type mica minerals via mica-smectite interstratifled minerals. The formation of a smectite lattice in the eluvial horizon should be a clay-mineralogical indicator of podzolization.