奶牛产后子宫弛缓的治疗

奶牛产后子宫复旧不全性子宫弛缓的病例多有发生，临床以并发症多见。１子宫复旧的相关变化１．１子宫复旧不全的概念产后子宫恢复过程中，由产后膨大的子宫恢复到未孕时的子宫大小的正常过程称复旧。由于产后受不同致病因素影响，不能如时正常复旧的为子宫弛缓。１．２子宫复旧的时间一般在胎儿排出后子宫的长度约达１m左右，粗３０～４０cm，牛此时仍处在生产力作用下，子宫不断阵缩，随之子宫的水肿逐渐消退，子宫内的胎膜、胎水及恶露逐渐排出，子宫体逐渐变小，达到正常期的大小。从剖检产后的牛观察到，于产后２４h死亡的牛子宫长约３…     

母猪产后常见病的治疗

母猪产后病较多，常见的有产后厌食、产后瘫痪、产后子宫脱、产后缺乳、产后乳房炎、产后腹痛等。笔者在几十年兽医临床工作中，对母猪产后这些常见病的治疗，积累了一些经验，效果满意，总结如下，供同道参考。     

奶牛产后子宫组织超微结构变化的研究

应用透射电镜观察两头奶牛产后第1、7、l3、20、26、32、38、45、52、60天的子宫组织的超微结构变化，结果发现：分娩使奶牛部分子宫内膜破损，并且与其相邻的细胞也在产后1～7d内坏死脱落；未破损上皮细胞的纤毛和微绒毛也受到损坏；产后第13天时，基底细胞开始生长以修复分娩时被损坏的子宫内膜，到45d时生长基本完成，产后60d时组织修复完成，纤毛和微绒毛覆盖整个子宫内膜表面。在产后1～7d内，子宫组织内胶原片段多、胶原纤维呈溶解状、横纹不清楚、胶原束内出现空腔；从产后第26天开始胶原纤维片段较少并排列较整齐，而第32天以后胶原纤维束交错整齐排列、横纹清楚、无胶原片段。在产后1～7d内，子宫平滑肌细胞核呈扭曲状、胞质内充满肌丝，并且体积较小；从产后20d开始平滑肌细胞体积增大、胞质内线粒体和高尔基复合体等细胞器增多。产后1～32d之间，子宫组织内巨噬细胞数量增多，其胞质内溶酶体、线粒体等细胞器增多；产后13～32d之间，浆细胞数量增多，其胞质内粗面内质网池扩大、线粒体和高尔基体等细胞器增多；淋巴细胞大量浸润。产后20～45d之间，成纤维细胞数量增加，其胞质内细胞器增多；产后7～45d之间毛细血管周围的周细胞数量增加。     

母猪产后常见病的产生原因及防治

母猪产后容易发生子宫内膜炎、乳房炎、无乳或少乳症、产后瘫痪、产后厌食、产后子宫脱出，通常称为产后常见病。该病多发生于高温高湿的夏季，尤其是6月份至9月份更明显，各胎次母猪均可发生，高度培育的品种多出现这类问题。该病如不及时采取有效的措施，将给养猪生产造成很大的损失。下面笔者就实际生产中遇到的母猪产后出现的几种病症及防治措施作以介绍。     

雌激素对产后奶牛免疫功能,子宫感染的影响研究

将３２头产后妈牛随枘发成对照组（ｎ＝１２）和用药组（ｎ＝２０），用药组奶牛产后第９，１０天肌注２０ｍｇ雌激素。在两组奶牛产后３，５，７，９，１１，１３，１５天采集子宫分泌物，涂片，染色，镜检。结果发现用药后子宫粘液涂片中嗜中性白细胞、淋巴细胞及白细胞总数比同时期对照组显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），比用药前组内的各时期显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），并且用药组产后２１天子宫炎发生率为１０％，而对照组为３３％，     

奶牛产后子宫弛缓并发症的治疗体会

奶牛产后变化最大的是子宫，胎儿及胎衣排出后迅速缩小，借助于子宫的收缩，约在产后3～4天开始大量流出恶露，一般可持续10～12天。如果超过上述时间仍未排出或排出量很少，势必出现恶露停滞，继而引起前胃弛缓、乳房炎、子宫内膜炎、产后败血症等。这些疾病有时单一出现，有时合并发生。我场于1990～1995年共治疗33例，治愈32例，死亡1例，治愈率达96．9％。现将治疗体会浅谈如下：l临床症状病牛在分娩后4～6天出现精神沉郁，两肺部下陷，瘤胃蠕动减弱，蠕动波稀少。食欲减退，不愿站立，反刍停止，乳房肿胀。泌乳量突然减少，有的病例挤…     

产后奶牛子宫内膜炎的防治

奶牛产后子宫内膜炎，通常是子宫黏膜发生黏液或化脓性炎症，为产后或流产最常见的一种生殖器官疾病。     

产后正常奶牛子宫内细菌的研究

研究不同产后时期正常奶牛子宫内细菌的数量变化、种类及细菌与子宫复旧的关系。实验发现 ,产后第 2 ,7,14,2 4d子宫内细菌平均数量为 (1.91±0 .44 )× 10 5,(3.93± 1.6 1)× 10 6,(3.40± 0 .94)× 10 3 ,(2 .49± 2 .92 )× 10 2 个/mg子宫样品 ,而产后 39d时子宫内细菌数量均小于 1× 10个 /mg子宫样品 ;共分离到细菌 5 7株 ,其中葡萄球菌 2 4株 (占 42 .1% )、大肠杆菌 11株 (占 19.3% )、链球菌 7株 (占 12 .3% )、芽孢杆菌 8株 (占 14% )及微球菌 7株 (占 12 .3% ) ;经直肠检查在产后 39d时所有受试牛均完成了子宫复旧。结果表明 :细菌从分娩前的无菌状态增加到最高点较迅速 ,约 7d左右 ,而下降比较缓慢 ,到复旧完成 (39d)时 ,才接近于无菌状态 ;产后奶牛子宫内的细菌有葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌、芽胞杆菌和微球菌 ;产后子宫内一定数量的细菌对子宫复旧无显著影响。     

奶牛的产后监控

母牛由妊娠到分娩泌乳．全身要发生很大的变化，表现为水、钠、氯、镁、氯化物和磷酸盐的迅速交换，他们通过乳或其他途径排泄与分泌而发生变化，这些急速变化影响母体营养物质代谢与分泌而发生代谢改变，可以使母牛代谢稳定降低，同时产后子宫弛缓．子宫颈尚未完全关闭，恶漏滞留，为微生物侵入和繁殖提供了有利条件。母牛在分娩过程中，体力消耗严重，抵抗力降低，皆可促使母牛产后发病增加。因此．对奶牛的产后监控显得尤为重要。     

中西医结合治疗犬产后子宫炎的疗效和观察

犬产后子宫炎为适龄生产母犬产科常见病之一，中兽医称为产后恶露不尽，为子宫黏膜在分娩时或产后因细菌感染而致的炎症；按病程可分为急性型和熳性型两类（中兽医辩证分为瘀血内阻型和气血虚弱型两类），重者可发展为子宫蓄脓，病程长达数月，不能自愈，现将本站该类病犬材料总结如下，供同行参考：     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.