Nitrogen fertilizer enhances zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Nitrogen (N) fertilization is known to have a substantial effect on heavy metal uptake in plants. However, the impact of N fertilization on plant growth and heavy...     

Metal removal from and microbial property improvement of a multiple heavy metals contaminated soil by phytoextraction with a cadmium hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii H.

Purpose

Effects of phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii H., a native cadmium hyperaccumulator, on metal removal from and microbial property improvement of a multiple heavy metals contaminated soil were studied under greenhouse conditions.

Materials and methods

A rhizobox experiment with an ancient silver-mining ecotype of S. alfredii natively growing in Zhejiang Province, China, was conducted for remediation of a multiple heavy metals contaminated soil. The rhizobox was designed combining the root-shaking method for the separation of rhizospheric vs near-rhizospheric soils and prestratifying method for separation of sublayers rhizospheric soils (0–10 mm from the root) and bulk soil (>10 mm from the root). Soil and plant samplings were carried out after 3 and 6 months of plant growth.

Results and discussion

Cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) concentrations in shoots were 440.6, 11,893, and 91.2 mg kg^?1 after 6 months growth, and Cd, Zn, and Pb removed in the shoots were 0.862, 25.20, and 0.117 mg/plant. Microbial biomass C, basal respiration, urease, acid phosphatase, and invertase activities of the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than that of unplanted soils after 6 months growth. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) of 0–2 mm and basal respiration (BR) rate of 0–8 mm sublayer rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than that of bulk soil after 6 months growth. So were the three enzyme activities of 0–4 mm sublayer rhizospheric soils. BR rate and urease were significantly negatively correlated with soluble Cd, so were MBC, acid phosphatase, and intervase activities with soluble Zn, MBC, BR rate, and three enzyme activities with soluble Pb.

Conclusions

Harvesting shoots of S. alfredii could remove remarkable amounts of Cd, Zn, Pb, and lower water-soluble Cd, Zn, and Pb concentrations in the rhizospheric soils. MBC, BR rate, and enzyme activities of the metal polluted soil, especially the rhizospheric soils increased with phytoextraction process, which is attributed to the stimulation of soil microbes by planting as well as the decrease in soil-soluble metal concentration.     

可溶性磷肥对重金属复合污染土壤东南景天提取锌/镉及其养分积累的影响

施肥能显著提高植物产量,改变土壤环境中元素的生物有效性,已成为植物修复过程中必要的强化措施。针对长期自然老化的重金属复合污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了KH2PO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、NaH2PO4和NH4H2PO4在P2O5 0～352 mg/kg时,对东南景天（Sedum alfredii H.）地上部锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）积累和养分元素吸收的影响。结果表明,外源施入磷酸二氢盐促进了东南景天生长,P2O5 352 mg/kg显著增加了地上部干物质重;地上部磷（P）含量显著增加,Zn含量随着P浓度的增加而显著升高,而Cd含量显著下降。磷肥降低了植物地上部氮（N）、中量元素钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、硫（S）和微量元素锰（Mn）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）的含量,对钾（K）含量的影响不显著,地上部总碳（C）含量随P浓度增加而升高。一季收获后,东南景天地上部对Zn的提取量在施P2O5 88和352 mg/kg时显著增加,Cd提取量仅在高浓度时显著升高。KH2PO4和NH4H2PO4两种磷肥在施P2O5 352 mg/kg时对东南景天提取土壤Zn、Cd的效果最为明显,可在实际修复应用中使用。因此,合理磷酸盐施用能增加植物对C的生物固定,提高东南景天对Zn/Cd复合污染土壤的修复效率,缩短修复周期。     

养分调控对超积累植物伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

采用四因素三水平正交设计温室盆栽试验研究了N、P、K三因素不同水平对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天的生长及地上部Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。结果表明,增施N肥是伴矿景天地上部干重增加的主要因素,高N配施低P(200 mg/kg N,60 mg/kg P,不施K)处理的伴矿景天地上部干重达最大值31.2 g/盆(1.5 kg土/盆),是不施肥处理的3.15倍。增施K肥是提高伴矿景天地上部重金属尤其是Cd浓度和吸收量的主要影响因子,高量K处理比不施K处理地上部Cd浓度增加28.1%;低量施P也可提高伴矿景天的Zn吸取修复效率。综合考虑伴矿景天生物量及其对Zn、Cd的吸取效率,本试验条件下低量N、P肥配施高量K肥为最佳施肥处理(N1P1K2),种植伴矿景天一季对Zn、Cd的吸取量分别为11.2 mg/kg±0.1 mg/kg和0.12 mg/kg±0.02 mg/kg。     

Changes of microbial properties in (near-) rhizosphere soils after phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii H: A rhizobox approach with an artificial Cd-contaminated soil

The ultimate goal of soil remediation is to restore soil health. Soil microbial parameters are considered to be effective indicators of soil health. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of phytoextraction on microbial properties through the measurement of soil microbial biomass carbon, soil basal respiration and enzyme activities. For this purpose, a pre-stratified rhizobox experiment was conducted with the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii H. for phytoextraction Cd from an artificial contaminated soil (15.81 mg kg⁻¹) under greenhouse conditions. The plant and soil samples were collected after growing the plant for three and six months with three replications. The results indicated that the ecotype of S. alfredii H. originating from an ancient silver mining site was a Cd-hyperaccumulator as it showed high tolerance to Cd stress, the shoot Cd concentration were as high as 922.6 mg kg⁻¹ and 581.9 mg kg⁻¹ at the two samplings, and it also showed high BF (58.4 and 36.8 after 3 and 6 months growth), and TF (5.8 and 5.1 after 3 and 6 months growth). The amounts of Cd accumulated in the shoots of S. alfredii reached to an average of 1206 μg plant⁻¹ after 6 months growth. Basal respiration, invertase and acid phosphatase activities of the rhizosphere soil separated by the shaking method were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of the near-rhizosphere soil and the unplanted soil after 3 months growth, so were microbial biomass carbon, urease, invertase and acid phosphatase activities of the rhizosphere soil after 6 months growth. Acid phosphatase activity of the 0–2 mm sub-layer rhizosphere soil collected by the pre-stratified method after 3 months growth was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of other sub-layer rhizosphere soils and bulk soil, and so were microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration, urease, invertase and acid phosphatase activities of the 0–2 mm sub-layer rhizosphere soil after 6 months growth. It was concluded that phytoextraction by S. alfredii could improve soil microbial properties, especially in rhizosphere, and this plant poses a great potential for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil.     

柠檬酸活化协同伴矿景天-玉米套作对镉轻微污染土壤的修复效果

伴矿景天-玉米套作是一种原位、绿色、边生产、边修复Cd污染土壤的有效方式,土壤中添加柠檬酸可有效提高伴矿景天的修复效率。该研究通过田间微区试验,探究了柠檬酸不同添加方式协同伴矿景天-玉米套作模式对Cd轻微污染稻田土壤修复机理及修复效果。结果表明：1）同一种植模式,添加柠檬酸可提高土壤Cd有效性,显著提高伴矿景天的修复效率;5次添加柠檬酸,伴矿景天单作时修复效率提高了2.09%,套作时提高了10.54%。2）柠檬酸添加量相同时,套种与伴矿景天单种相比,修复效率提高了3.42%～4.27%,同时减少了玉米对土壤Cd的吸收。3）5次添加柠檬酸协同伴矿景天-玉米套作,伴矿景天Cd移除量可达18.59 mg/m2,该处理伴矿景天对轻微Cd污染土壤的修复效果最佳。因此,柠檬酸协同伴矿景天-玉米套作的联合修复模式可强化伴矿景天修复效率,可运用于Cd轻微污染稻田土壤的修复,并可实现边修复边生产。     

Pig manure vermicompost (PMVC) can improve phytoremediation of Cd and PAHs co-contaminated soil by Sedum alfredii

Purpose

A major challenge to phytoremediation of co-contaminated soils is developing strategies for efficient and simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential for enhanced phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) by Sedum alfredii and dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in co-contaminated soil by application of pig manure vermicompost (PMVC).

Materials and methods

Soil contaminated by Cd (5.53?mg?kg^?1 DW) was spiked with phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene together (250?mg?kg^?1 DW for each PAH). A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with four treatments: (1) soil without plants and PMVC (Control), (2) soil planted with S. alfredii (Plant), (3) soil amended with PMVC at 5?% (w/w) (PMVC), and (4) treatment 2?+?3 (Plant?+?PMVC). After 90?days, shoot and root biomass of plants, Cd concentrations in plant and soil, and PAH concentrations in soil were determined. Abundance of PAH degraders in soil, soil bacterial community structure and diversity, and soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon were measured.

Results and discussion

Application of PMVC to co-contaminated soil increased the shoot and root dry biomass of S. alfredii by 2.27- and 3.93-fold, respectively, and simultaneously increased Cd phytoextraction without inhibiting soil microbial population and enzyme activities. The highest dissipation rate of PAHs was observed in Plant?+?PMVC treatment. However, neither S. alfredii nor PMVC enhanced PAH dissipation when applied separately. Abundance of PAH degraders in soil was not significantly related to PAH dissipation rate. Plant?+?PMVC treatment significantly influenced the bacterial community structure. Enhanced PAH dissipation in the Plant?+?PMVC treatment could be due to the improvement of plant root growth, which may result in increased root exudates, and subsequently change bacterial community structure to be favorable for PAH dissipation.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that remediation of Cd and PAHs co-contaminated soil by S. alfredii can be enhanced by simultaneous application of PMVC. Long-term evaluation of this strategy in co-contaminated field sites is needed.     

Interactive effects of Cd and PAHs on contaminants removal from co-contaminated soil planted with hyperaccumulator plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum alfredii</Emphasis>

Purpose  

Soil contamination by multiple organic and inorganic contaminants is common but its remediation by hyperaccumulator plants is rarely reported. The growth of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and removal of contaminants from Cd and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) co-contaminated soil were reported in this study.     

Phytoextraction of Metal-Contaminated Soil by Sedum alfredii H: Effects of Chelator and Co-planting

Phytoextraction is a promising technology that uses hyperaccumulating plants to remove inorganic contaminants, primarily heavy metals, from soils and waters. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate impacts of a mixture of chelators (MC) upon the growth and phytoextraction of heavy metals by the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance in a co-planting system in a paddy soil that was historically irrigated with Pb and Zn contaminated mining wastewaters. The co-planting system used in this study was comprised of a Zn- and Cd-hyperaccumulator (S. alfredii) and a low-accumulating crop (Zea mays). Results showed that yields of S. alfredii were significantly increased with the addition of the MC and by co-planting with Z. mays. Our study further revealed that concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd in the corn grains of Z. mays conform to the Chinese hygiene standards for animal feeds and in the other parts of Z. mays conform to the Chinese organic fertilizer standards. The uptake of Zn, Cd, and Pb by S. alfredii was significantly increased with the addition of MC. The uptake of Zn by S. alfredii was also significantly enhanced by co-planting with Z. mays, but the interaction between MC and co-planting was not significant, meaning the effects of the two types of treatments should be additive. When the MC was applied to the co-planting system in the soil contaminated with Zn, Cd, and Pb, the highest phytoextraction rates were observed. This study suggested that the use of the hyperaccumulator S. alfredii and the low-accumulating crop Z. mays in the co-planting system with the addition of the MC was a more promising approach than the use of a single hyperaccumulator with the assistance of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). This approach not only enhances the phytoextraction rates of the heavy metals but also simultaneously allows agricultural practices with safe feed products in the metal-contaminated soils.     

Zn accumulation and subcellular distribution in the Zn hyperaccumulator Sedurn alfredii Hance

Zn accumulation and subcellular distribution in leaves of the hyperaccumulating ecotype （HE） and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype （NHE） of Sedum alfredii Hance were studied using radiotracer and gradient centrifugation techniques. Leaf Zn accumulation in the HE of S. alfredii was 18.5-26.7 times greater than that in the NHE when the plants were grown at 1-500μmol Zn L-1. Leaf section uptake of 65Zn was highly dependent on external Zn levels. Greater 65Zn uptake in HE was noted only at external Zn levels 〉 100μmol L-1. Zinc subcellular distribution in the leaves of the two ecotypes of S. alfredii was： cell wall 〉 soluble fraction 〉 cell organelle. However, more Zn was distributed to the leaf cell wall and soluble fractions for HE than for NHE. In the leaf of HE, 91%-94% of the Zn was found in the cell walls and the soluble fraction and only 6%-9% Zn was distributed in the cell organelle fraction. For NHE, about 20%-26% Zn was recovered in the cell organelle fraction. In stems, Zn distribution to the ceil wail fraction was approximately two fold greater in the HE than that in the NHE. For the hyperaccumulating ecotype of S. alfredii, the cell wall and the vacuole played a very important role in Zn tolerance and hyperaccumulation.     

超积累植物东南景天根际土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和盆栽试验研究了超积累植物东南景天根际土壤酶活性变化及其与重金属有效态的关系。研究结果表明,在矿山土壤、重度污染土壤和轻度污染土壤上,种植超积累生态型东南景天后,根际土壤有效态Zn分别比非根际减少了14.3%,7.9%和47.4%,有效态Cd分别比非根际减少25.1%,21.9%和20%。在铅锌矿区,东南景天生长地段土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性高于其它植物生长地段。在矿山土壤和重度污染土壤中,超积累生态型东南景天根际土壤酶活性明显高于非根际土壤,同时也高于非超积累生态型根际土壤。Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu4种重金属对东南景天根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性均有抑制作用,而Pb对磷酸酶有一定的刺激作用。东南景天根际土壤脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与重金属有效态含量呈极显著相关。     

Zinc and Lead Accumulation by Two Contrasting Ecotypes of Sedum alfredii Hance at Different Zinc/Lead Complex Levels

The old mined ecotype (OME) was more tolerant to high zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) levels than the nonmined ecotype (NME) of Sedum alfredii H. The greatest stem values of Zn and Pb of the OME at Zn/Pb of 2.0/0.1 mM reached 19.9 and 0.460 g kg^?1 respectively, which was 15 times greater for Zn but similar for Pb as compared with the MNE. The greatest leaf values of Zn and Pb for the OME were about 67 and 400 times more than for the NME. At Zn/Pb level of 1.0/0.2 mM, the OME shoots achieved the maximum Zn and Pb accumulation. No antagonistic effect of Zn and Pb was noted in the OME grown below tolerable metal levels, and Zn addition could enhance Pb uptake by the roots. The extraordinary ability to tolerate and accumulate both Zn and Pb by the mined ecotype of Sedum alfredii H. could be valuable for phytoremediation of multimetal‐contaminated soils.     

外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天吸收和积累锌的影响

通过溶液培养试验,比较研究了外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天生长和锌吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,外加柠檬酸或草酸能明显增强非超积累生态型东南景天的耐锌毒能力,叶片、茎和根系的生物量均有增加;而对锌超积累生态型东南景天的生长没有显著性影响。外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸,锌超积累生态型根系Zn含量显著增加,但叶片和茎组织中Zn含量无明显变化;而非超积累生态型叶片、茎和根系Zn含量均显著增加,尤其是根系Zn含量,与单独Zn处理相比外源有机酸处理增加4～5倍。同样,外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸明显提高Zn在非超积累生态型根系和地上部的积累量,且对地上部Zn积累量的促进程度大于根部;柠檬酸的促进作用又比草酸及2种酸混合处理高1倍。然而,有机酸处理对Zn超积累生态型根系Zn积累量有所增加,但对叶片和茎中Zn积累量无影响。叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量也受外源有机酸的影响,2种生态型叶片、茎中水溶态Zn含量均受有机酸处理而提高。Zn超积累生态型叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量占总Zn含量比例也受有机酸处理而增大,但非超积累生态型则显著降低。上述结果表明,柠檬酸和草酸可能作为其Zn吸收的配基,促进根系对Zn吸收与积累,叶片和茎中的Zn可能与可溶性有机化合物或无机盐结合。     

氮对超积累植物东南景天生长和镉积累的影响

通过水培试验,研究了氮素水平对超积累植物东南景天植株生长和镉吸收积累的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内供氮（4.0-16.0 mm ol/L）能明显促进东南景天的生长,随着氮素水平的升高,地上部和根系的生物量也提高,在供氮水平为16.0 mm ol/L时达到最大值,而当供氮水平≥32.0 mm ol/L时,东南景天的生长受到严重的抑制,其地上部和根系的生物量开始下降,各项根系形态的指标（包括根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积）均有所降低。氮对东南景天体内镉积累有一定的促进作用,随着氮素用量的增加,体内镉含量逐渐升高,与生物量不同,镉含量在氮水平32.0 mm ol/L条件下达到最大。研究结果表明,适当提高营养液氮素水平,有利于东南景天的生长和镉吸收,为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供科学依据。     

Effects of Zinc on Root Morphology and Antioxidant Adaptations of Cadmium-Treated Sedum alfredii H.

ABSTRACT

The study demonstrated S. alfredii is an excellent cadmium (Cd)/zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulator as Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves reached 2,183 and 13,799 mg kg^?1 DW, respectively. There was a significant increase in root morphological parameters induced by 50 and 500 μM Zn supplement; however, a sharp decrease in these parameters occurred when treated with 100 μM Cd +1000 μM Zn. The inhibited root dehydrogenase activity in 100 μM Cd treated plants was restored to control levels when supplemented with 500 μM Zn. Moderate Zn supplement did not produce significant changes in (malondialdehyde) MDA concentrations as compared with those treated with Cd alone. Variations of the antioxidative enzymes proved an ineffective role in coping with metal-stress in S. alfredii. Combined Cd and Zn treatment significantly enhanced ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents in leaves of S. alfredii, as compared with those treated with Cd alone. Thus, Zn may rely on the involvement of GSH in detoxification and tolerance.     

杭州湾南岸土壤有机碳空间异质性研究

应用地统计学与地理信息系统相结合的方法,研究了杭州湾南岸慈溪市域内不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100、0～100 cm)的土壤有机碳含量空间变异特征。结果表明:研究区各土层土壤有机碳平均含量变化范围为3.49～7.95 g kg-1,变异系数介于54.51%～67.34%之间,属中等程度变异;地统计分析得出块金效应变化范围为0.141～0.372,表现为较强空间自相关性;自表层至底层最优半方差模型依次为高斯、指数、指数、高斯和球状模型;Kriging插值结果显示各土层土壤有机碳含量自滩涂向内陆呈递增趋势,其中0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量呈平行于海岸线的带状分布;土壤有机碳含量随剖面深度增加呈递减规律;不同土地利用方式和不同围垦时期均增加了土壤有机碳的空间变异性。从研究结果看,慈溪市土壤有机碳空间异质性主要由结构性因素引起,研究结果可为了解杭州湾南岸土壤有机碳分布特征提供参考。     

影响土壤中镉的植物有效性的因素及镉污染土壤的植物修复

阐述了镉的来源及其对人类的危害,并对影响土壤中镉的植物有效性的土壤因素中的pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、有机物质、营养物质浓度对镉的植物有效性的作用作了详细的阐述。此外对其它如EDTA、淤泥等对土壤中镉的植物有效性的影响和镉污染土壤的植物修复等方面也进行了综述,并对镉污染土壤的修复治理与趋势进行了展望。     

Spatial patterns of cadmium contents related to soil heterogeneity

To investigate Cd behavior in a heterogeneous soil, soil samples were taken along a transect in a field. Total Cd content, Cd concentration in solution, and soil properties controlling Cd sorption were measured. The scale and degree of variability of these parameters were assessed using statistical and spectral analysis. No substantial correlation was found between total Cd and Cd in solution. However, with a scaled sorption model that accounts for effects of pH and organic matter content the variability of total Cd was predicted well as a function of measured concentrations and soil properties. Apparently, total Cd contents of this soil are primarily controlled by the organic matter content and pH.     

可生物降解螯合剂GLDA和磷素活化剂促进东南景天提取土壤重金属的潜力

植物提取是重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术中去除重金属最具前途的方式之一。为了进一步提高植物对重金属的提取效率,向土壤施加螯合剂增加土壤重金属的可溶性,促进植物对重金属的吸收和积累,该技术被称为螯合诱导植物提取技术。EDTA（乙二胺四乙酸）由于其较强的络合能力,是目前常用和研究较多的螫合剂。但EDTA在环境中不易被生物降解,施入土壤的EDTA有着较长的残留效应,因此施用EDTA存在潜在的环境风险。     

锌在超积累植物东南景天叶片细胞水平的吸收积累特征

利用同位素示踪技术研究锌在两种生态型东南景天叶片及叶片原生质体的吸收积累特征。结果表明,锌在东南景天叶片及叶片原生质体中的积累过程分为开始的快速吸收和随后的缓慢吸收两个阶段,超积累生态型东南景天吸收的65Zn明显高于非超积累生态型。两种生态型东南景天叶片及叶片原生质体吸收锌的浓度动力学均为平滑的非饱和曲线,可分为饱和部分和直线部分,其中饱和部分可以用Michaelis-Menten方程拟合。两种生态型东南景天的米氏常数（Km）差异不显著,而超积累生态型的最大吸收速率（Vmax）显著高于非超积累生态型。代谢抑制剂（CCCP）处理显著抑制了超积累生态型东南景天叶片原生质体对锌的吸收。研究表明,在超积累生态型东南景天叶片细胞膜上存在锌载体调控体系,能够促进锌跨叶细胞膜运输并储藏到液泡中,降低对细胞的毒害,是东南景天超积累锌的重要机制之一。