河南省4种地方品系鸡的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD) 技术分析河南省4个地方鸡的品系,固始鸡快羽G_K系、固始鸡慢羽G_M系、矮小型绿壳蛋鸡、黄麻羽丝毛乌骨鸡的遗传变异。用186个随机引物对4个鸡种基因组DNA池扩增筛选,40个引物产生多态性。此40个引物经重新优化反应体系后,对120个个体的基因组DNA 进行RAPD分析。40个引物共产生387种扩增片段,扩增产物片段的长度大小在100～2220 bp范围内。利用电泳分析数据分别计算4个品系群体之间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离指数,结果4个鸡种的亲缘关系与它们的引种情况基本一致。同时也证明了RAPD技术可以作为分子标记,很好地检测鸡种群内的遗传变异及区分不同鸡品系。     

鸡EX-FABP基因PCR-SSCP分析

以AA白鸡、广西鸡、E1矮小鸡品系为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP技术对鸡细胞外脂肪酸结合蛋白基因(EX-FABP)的2个片段进行PCR扩增,分析了EX-FABP基因在3个鸡品系的多态性。结果表明:EX-FABP基因在2对引物扩增片段中均存在PCR-SSCP多态性。对于引物1扩增片段,3个鸡品系均检测到BB基因型,AA基因型只出现在AA白鸡中;而且B等位基因频率在3个鸡品系中均明显高于A等位基因频率。对于引物2扩增片段,3个鸡品系均检测到HH和Hh基因型,hh基因型只出现在E1矮小鸡中;H等位基因频率在3个品系中均明显高于h等位基因频率。引物1和引物2的多态性片段测序分析表明,EX-FABP基因第641位点和645位点分别发生了单碱基的转换(G-A和T-C),第3264位点发生了转换(T-C)。     

中国美利奴羊(新疆型)四个品系的RAPD分子标记研究

选用120条随机引物分别对中国美利奴羊（新疆型）毛质好、体格大、毛密和超细4个品系的混合DNA进行RAPD扩增，共筛选出3条特异性多态引物，占产生扩增产物引物总数的3，0％，说明各品系问的遗传变异程度较小。用其中的特异性引物OPF15分别对4个品系的部分个体样品进行分析，同样表现出多态性，并出现混合DNA样品RAPD分析结果中未出现的谱带。其中超细型有94．12％的个体（16／17）都产生一条特异的相同谱带，大小约为826bp，而其他3个品系混合DNA及个体的扩增产物均未获得此大小扩增片段，由此，可将该扩增片段作为中国美利奴羊（新疆型）超细型的一个特征性RAPD标记。     

淮南猪遗传特异性的RAPD分析

试验用150个10碱基随机引物对引入品种杜洛克猪、长白猪、大约克猪及河南地方品种淮南猪4个猪种基因组池DNA进行了RAPD分析。电泳检测结果发现,其中72个引物扩增出明显的多态性条带,共检测到911条扩增片段,其中多态性片段462条,占50.71%。统计分析结果表明,大约克猪与长白猪之间的遗传距离指数为0.0064,遗传关系最近;淮南猪与杜洛克猪、大约克猪遗传距离指数相近,分别为0.0068、0.0069,遗传关系较近;淮南猪与长白猪遗传距离指数为0.0072,遗传关系最远。结果显示,河南省地方品种淮南猪与其他引入品种之间有遗传的相似性,也存在差异,同时也证明了RAPD技术可以作为分子标记,很好地检测猪种群内的遗传变异及区分不同猪种的遗传检测方法。     

鹌鹑高低应激品系的RAPD标记研究

本研究对美国路易斯安那州立大学家禽系选育的高应激和低应激两个品系鹌鹑进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,评定其遗传多态性。采用两个Ｋｉｔ共４０个引物,至少能得到１个多态性片段的引物有３５个。扩增片段大小范围为２００～２６００ｂｐ。９个引物测得高低应激系中共享条带为１０～１３。２８个引物的品系内条带共享率为０５～０９１,６个引物为０３５～０４９。２８个引物的系间条带共享率在０７以上。两个Ｋｉｔ测定品系间遗传距离的差异显著,ＫｉｔＡＱ测得的遗传距离大于ＫｉｔＵ。结果表明两个品系的鹌鹑间存在遗传变异。利用ＫｉｔＡＱ和ＫｉｔＵ的引物进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,可以评定鹌鹑高应激和低应激品系的个体间、品系间的遗传变异。     

五个品种(系)鸡的RAPD亲缘关系分析

本试验用DNA池法从40条随机引物中筛选出29条多态性、重复性好的引物,对贵州黄鸡、兴黔黄鸡、乌骨鸡三个培育品种(系)和地方品种兴义矮脚鸡及引进选育品种矮脚黄鸡共五个品种(系)进行随机扩增多态亲缘关系分析。结果表明,29条引物共扩增出稳定、清晰、重复性好的条带190条,其中多态性片段127条,在300bp￣3000bp之间。单个引物扩增出的RAPD条带在4￣13条之间,平均为6.55条。五个品种(系)间的亲缘关系符合它们的育种背景[1,2,3]。     

三种蛋用鸡生产性能观察

用相同日龄的星杂288、日系来航和锦州白鸡,在相同的饲养管理环境下,从81年4月15日到82年8月2日,进行了500日龄生产性能观察和测定,初步了解了三品种蛋用鸡的生产性能。星杂288、日系来航和锦州白鸡产蛋量都在230枚以上,达到国内较高水平。其中星杂288产244.03枚。锦州白鸡作为地方良种鸡产236.98枚,生产潜力是可观的,从高产、小型、产蛋强度、适应性看均和引进的国外两个品种不相上下。锦州白鸡从58年到现在一直没有引进外血,闭锁繁育近26年,因此它具备良好的基因库;今后在家系育种的基础上搞好品系间杂交,定能有新的突破。星杂288、日系来航鸡种在我地区适应能力和生产性能的表现是今人满意的,应大力推     

西藏绒山羊、内蒙古绒山羊、辽宁绒山羊随机扩增多态DNA研究

利用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对西藏绒山羊、内蒙古绒山羊、辽宁绒山羊的遗传变异进行了分析比较 ,用 37个随机引物和 5 5个两两组合的随机引物组合进行筛选 ,筛选出了 5个多态性较为丰富的随机引物 (组合 )。用这 5个随机引物 (组合 )对 3个品种 ,每个品种 2 8个个体进行扩增。据它们的RAPD指纹图计算了遗传距离 ,得到 :西藏绒山羊同内蒙古绒山羊的遗传距离为 0 0 876 ,西藏绒山羊同辽宁绒山羊的遗传距离为0 16 0 1,内蒙古绒山羊同辽宁绒山羊的遗传距离为 0 0 80 3。这同它们之间地理位置的远近相吻合。据RAPD指纹图计算了西藏绒山羊、内蒙古绒山羊、辽宁绒山羊的遗传变异分别为 0 32 6 6 ,0 2 6 2 2 ,0 2 4 75。这同它们系统选育的历史长短相一致。     

宁夏滩羊体大品系遗传标记的研究

研究首先采用RAPD技术,利用混合基因池(DNA pool)法,对滩羊体大品系、普通品系进行DNA多态性分析。从100种具有10个碱基的随机引物中,筛选出84种引物在滩羊群体基因组中共扩增出358条带,其中22种引物扩增产物表现为多态(占22%),且扩增出32条有差异的条带,占总带数的8．94%(32/358);62种引物的扩增产物表现为单态(占62%)。滩羊体大品系的特异性条带5个,而普通品系的特异性条带7个。这些特异标记可以用来鉴定滩羊的2个品系。滩羊体大品系和普通品系间的遗传距离为0．136±0．087,表明2个品系之间的亲缘关系很近。     

桑属种质资源的随机扩增多态性DNA研究

用RAPD技术对桑属 1 2个种 3个变种的 4 4份材料和 1份构属材料的基因组DNA进行了多态性分析。在事先优化的反应条件下 ,用筛选的 2 4个随机引物扩增 ,共得到 1 1 3条清晰稳定的多态性片段 ,多态性达 72 0 % ,表明材料间有较丰富的遗传多样性。统计这些片段 ,根据扩增计算出遗传相似系数和遗传距离 ,然后用UPGMA法进行分析 ,构建了 4 5份材料间的系统发生树 ,并进一步探讨了材料间的亲缘关系。     

Differentiation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

Here we describe the application of a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for molecular genetic typing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains. The RAPD technique was shown to be highly reproducible. Stable banding patterns with a high discriminatory capacity were obtained using two different primers. Overall, 55 E. coli strains were analyzed with a RAPD technique. The RAPD analysis showed that the E. coli strains isolated from poultry in Thailand and Sweden could be grouped into 50 of RAPD types by using these two different primer sets. Most of these different E. coli RAPD types were not geographically restricted. There was, as expected, a tendency of higher genetic relationship among E. coli strains isolated from the same farm. It is suggested that the RAPD technique may provide a rapid, low cost, simple and powerful tool to study the clonal epidemiology of avian E. coli infections.     

Genomic relatedness among Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field strains of sterotypes 1 and 5 isolated from healthy and diseased pigs.

Forty-four Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates recovered from both healthy and diseased pigs were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and apx toxin gene typing. Nine RAPD types and 14 PFGE patterns were identified. No common RAPD or PFGE patterns were found between strains of serotype 1 and those of serotype 5. The RAPD analysis indicated that the 15 serotype 1 strains isolated from diseased pigs were assigned to 4 RAPD types, with 66% of strains characterized by the same RAPD type. By contrast, the 5 strains of serotype 1 isolated from healthy carriers were dispersed in 4 RAPD types. These data suggest that the diversity of strains isolated from healthy pigs could be higher than that of strains recovered from diseased pigs. In addition, all serotype 5 strains exhibited a unique RAPD type. Unlike RAPD, PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of serotype 1 and among those of serotype 5. All but 3 isolates showed the same apx genotype as their respective serotype reference strain. These data indicate that RAPD analysis is a valuable rapid tool for routine subtyping of strains of serotype 1. For strains of serotype 5, a combination of several typing methods, such as PFGE and apx gene typing, is needed to provide useful information on the molecular epidemiology of swine pleuropneumonia.     

Identification of Escherichia coli recovered from milk of sows with coliform mastitis by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using standardized reagents

A standardized-reagents commercial kit for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for typing 58 Escherichia coli strains that were recovered from the milk of sows, having coliform mastitis, within a single swineherd in Sweden. Previously, the 58 E. coli strains were characterized serologically and profiled biochemically. They were also evaluated for their serum resistance and their ability to adhere to fibronectin and bovine fetal fibroblasts. The RAPD analysis was fast, easily performed, and required only a nanogram of DNA. The indistinguishable banding patterns obtained with repeated analyses of 2 isolates from each strain demonstrated that RAPD analysis using standardized beads is a technique that provides reproducible results for typing E. coli strains that cause mastitis in sows. The results of the RAPD analyses demonstrated that E. coli sow mastitis strains are highly variable in serotype, biochemical profiles, virulence factors, and RAPD type, and that all 58 strains can be differentiated by means of the RAPD technique. The strains grouped into 24 RAPD types by combining the results of 2 primers, and into 38 groups by combining the results of serotype and RAPD type. No relationship between serotypes, virulence factors and RAPD types was found.     

Genomic fingerprinting of pigeon Streptococcus gallolyticus strains of different virulence by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 95 pigeon S. gallolyticus strains of different virulence and belonging to different biotypes and different culture supernatant phenotypes as determined by SDS-PAGE. Four distinct RAPD patterns, designated A, B, C and D, were distinguished using primer OPM6 (5'CTGGGCAACT). All 76 strains generating RAPD pattern A or B were designated highly virulent on the basis of their SDS-PAGE pattern. Five of seven strains generating RAPD pattern C and 11 of 12 strains generating RAPD pattern D belonged to the moderately virulent and low virulent culture supernatant phenotype groups, respectively. Only one RAPD group C strain belonged to a highly virulent culture supernatant phenotype group. There was a correlation between biotype and RAPD patterns. These findings indicate that there is a high correlation between RAPD pattern and virulence for pigeons. Therefore, RAPD typing seems a rapid, reliable method to distinguish pigeon S. gallolyticus strains of high, moderate and low virulence.     

Comparison of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strains from pigs and humans in Sweden by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using standardized reagents

Infections with atypical mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium avium/intracellulare complex (MAC) can cause infection in both animals and humans. Using a standardized reagents commercial kit for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, 49 MAC strains isolated from 32 slaughter pigs and 17 humans in Sweden were identified and sorted out, yielding 6 RAPD types. By combining the results of RAPD primers 4 and 5 and the primer IS1245A, we found that pigs and humans may be infected with the same types of MAC strains, since 14 strains from humans and 8 strains from pigs were essentially identical and together, comprised RAPD type 2, the largest group of strains (44.8% of strains). With respect to grouping of strains, serotype and RAPD type were uncorrelated, except for serotype 20 and RAPD type 6. Using standardized beads, RAPD analysis is a reproducible technique for typing MAC strains, as the indistinguishable banding patterns obtained with repeated analyses of two isolates from each strain in this study demonstrate. However, primer selection and DNA purity were crucial for differentiating closely related strains.     

Molecular Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma imitans Strains by Pulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were used to compare 21 Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains and five M. imitans strains. Each strain of M. gallisepticum typed by PFGE and RAPD methods was genetically quite unique and RAPD and PFGE fingerprinting enabled strain characterization. Relationships between the M. gallisepticum and M. imitans strains were established and dendrograms were drawn from PFGE and RAPD patterns. PFGE group A and RAPD group D were significantly associated with M. imitans strains (P < 0.05). Three M. imitans strains shared the same PFGE and RAPD patterns. The two M. gallisepticum vaccine strains had singular PFGE and RAPD patterns. Thus, PFGE and RAPD can be used to investigate disease outbreaks in vaccinated flocks or for epidemiological tracking. For M. gallisepticum, the RAPD and PFGE discriminatory powers were superior to 0.95 and the in vitro, in ovo and in vivo reproducibility of RAPD and PFGE was 100%. The RAPD drawback was the inconsistent band intensity complicating the interpretation of patterns, while the PFGE limit was its low typeability (86%). Thus, these two molecular typing methods seemed complementary for M. gallisepticum epidemiological studies.     

Genetic diversity among Escherichia coli O149:K91 strains isolated from pigs with diarrhoea determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

The genetic relatedness among 72 Escherichia coli strains of serotype O149:K91 isolated from pigs with diarrhoea was investigated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Fimbrial and toxic virulence markers of the isolates were also tested. Amplification with primer 1254 resulted in three different RAPD types whereas primer 1290 generated one RAPD profile only. Based on the RAPD and fimbrial/toxin types the strains were classified into five distinct groups.     

Comparison of Closely Related Orthopoxvirus Isolates by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

The reliability and reproducibility of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) was compared with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by analysing three virus strains isolated from zoo animals in Berlin and three isolates which were cultivated from pets from Northern Germany. The RAPD technique was evaluated as a reliable tool with good reproducibility of the patterns for each virus strain investigated. Problems of interpretation due to inconsistent intensity of bands in different polymerase chain reaction runs may arise for less experienced personnel. The RAPD analysis can be performed within one working day and needs less DNA compared with RFLP so costs will be reduced. The obvious advantage of RFLP is that the pattern can be traced to the recognition site of the restriction enzyme whereas the RAPD primer sequence is not present in the orthopoxvirus genome at all. To the authors knowledge, the RAPD technique has never been applied in DNA viruses before and they conclude that this technique is a useful tool for the discrimination of closely related cowpoxviruses.     

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from turkeys from the central valley of California.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of 26 Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) isolates obtained from turkeys located in the central valley of California. The MG isolates were recovered from 5 different companies and 13 ranches. Each company had unique MG strains. No evidence of spread of MG between companies was detected. RAPD analysis of MG isolates within a ranch during an outbreak revealed only a single strain involved in each outbreak. RAPD analysis identified an isolate from 1 ranch with a banding pattern identical to that of the 6/85 vaccine strain, which had been used on that particular ranch. Similar RAPD banding patterns of isolates from different ranches within the same company suggested horizontal spread of MG between ranches. The use of 2 primer sets in RAPD analysis was critical to prevent misinterpretation of relationships between different isolates.     

山东省区保存家蚕品种的RAPD分析

采用RAPD标记技术分析山东省区保存的58个家蚕品种资源的DNA多态性。选用重复性较好的20个引物对58份家蚕品种资源材料扩增的总条带数为155条,多态率为93.73%,RAPD标记在家蚕品种间表现出丰富的多态性。根据58个家蚕品种的指纹图谱,采用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,构建了供试家蚕品种资源的分子系统发育树,可为家蚕新品种选育提供基础信息。