氨基酸在炎症性肠病中的作用及其信号通路

肠道是营养物质消化、吸收的主要器官，但易受外界环境刺激，导致炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease，IBD）的发生，严重危害动物肠道健康。膳食氨基酸在促进肠道发育、维持肠道健康方面发挥重要作用，其主要通过调控腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated kinase，AMPK）、雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin，mTOR）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase，MAPK）、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors，TLRs）、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域（nucleotide binding oligomerization domain，NOD）/核因子-κB（nuclear factor kappa-B，NF-κB）等信号通路影响肠上皮细胞生理活动、改善肠道屏障功能、减轻肠道氧化损伤、调节炎性因子的产生、提高内源抗菌肽表达，进而预防和治疗IBD。本文综述了IBD的基本特征、氨基酸在IBD中的作用及其信号通路，以及氨基酸在畜禽生长中维持肠道健康的作用与应用，为膳食营养素防治IBD提供有效线索与策略。     

Effects of Amino Acids on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Signaling Pathways

The intestine is the primary organ responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients and is frequently subjected to external environmental stimulations leading to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can cause serious harm to intestinal health in animals. Dietary amino acids play important roles in promoting intestinal development and maintaining intestinal health and exert diverse effects through multiple signaling pathways on the prevention and treatment of IBD, including affecting the physiological activities of intestinal epithelial cells, improving intestinal barrier function, reducing intestinal oxidative damage, regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines, and promoting the expression of endogenous antimicrobial peptides, and involved in main signaling pathways including AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In this review, basic characteristics of IBD, effects and involved signaling pathways of the amino acids on IBD, and effects and applications of amino acids in maintaining intestinal health in livestock and poultry production were reviewed, so as to provide effective clues and strategies for dietary nutrients in the prevention and treatment of IBD.     

猪营养与肠道健康

肠道不仅在消化吸收营养物质过程中发挥着重要作用,而且是机体的重要免疫屏障,肠道健康水平决定着动物的健康状况。肠道结构的完整性和功能的正常发挥均需要通过获取各种营养物质来维持,因此,日粮中各种营养成分对肠道健康十分重要。本文综述了近年关于猪肠道营养成分对肠道健康影响的研究进展。     

家禽肠道健康评价指标研究进展

肠道是家禽消化和吸收营养物质的重要器官,同时也是机体防御的重要屏障。肠道多种屏障有机地结合在一起,共同抵御致病菌等有害物质的侵袭,保护动物肠道及机体健康。禽舍内温度、氨气等环境因子以及营养水平和营养物质等都会影响肠道健康。因此,了解并保障家禽肠道健康状况十分必要。本文主要通过总结和分析了肠道健康的评价指标,为深入研究家禽肠道健康进而防治肠道疾病、促进家禽健康生长提供理论依据。     

外泌体对动物肠道健康的影响及其研究方法

在无抗养殖的大背景下,动物的肠道健康问题愈加引起关注。肠道是机体消化吸收营养物质的主要器官,也是防止肠道微生物侵袭的先天屏障,肠道屏障功能的完整性对机体的正常生长发育起着至关重要的作用。外泌体是一种内源性调节物质,可作为解决肠道健康问题的切入点。外泌体是由多种类型细胞分泌的纳米级细胞外囊泡,其广泛分布于各种体液中,可携带蛋白质、核酸、脂质等生物活性物质,它们参与细胞之间的传递、细胞的迁移和增殖等进程,在机体的生理和病理过程中发挥作用。近期研究表明,外泌体可通过调节肠道菌群的组成、诱导小肠干细胞的增殖,修复动物的肠道屏障功能。作者梳理了近年来外泌体对畜禽肠道健康影响及外泌体的研究方法,为后续相关研究提供参考。     

Research Advanced on Functions of Nutritional Regulation and Intestinal Barrier of Arginine

Arginine is one of the most important amino acids for animals,and participates in the synthesis and metabolism of many nutrients,plays a role in the development and function of the gastrointestinal tract.Intestinal barrier function is one of the most functions for intestine.The article will summarize the effect of arginine on intestinal barrier.It was explicated the influence on inteseinal immunity of Toll-like receptor.This research provided some references for further study of arginine regulation on animal production.     

精氨酸对畜禽营养调控及肠道屏障功能的影响研究进展

在畜禽体内,精氨酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸,参与多种营养物质的合成与代谢,同时对胃肠道的发育及功能有重要作用.肠道屏障功能是肠道主要生理功能之一,文章阐述了精氨酸对畜禽肠道屏障功能的重要作用;重点从Toll样受体途径等方面简述精氨酸对肠道免疫屏障的影响,为深入了解精氨酸在畜禽生产中的调节作用提供参考.     

丁酸钠对肉鸡肠道形态与消化吸收功能影响的研究进展

肠道是肉鸡重要的消化、内分泌及免疫器官，肠道健康主要依赖于营养物质、微生物菌群和肠道黏膜之间的动态平衡。肠道消化吸收功能与肠黏膜上皮细胞的生长及肠道形态结构的完整性直接相关。研究表明，丁酸钠作为能量来源，可刺激肉鸡肠道上皮细胞增殖并改善肠道黏膜形态，促进绒毛生长和肠道组织发育。丁酸钠通过肠道游离脂肪酸受体FFAR2和FFAR3介导肠道内分泌细胞分泌多种激素，促进胃肠黏膜的发育，刺激胃和胰腺分泌消化酶，促进养分消化吸收。丁酸钠是肠道稳态的重要调节因子，可刺激黏蛋白的产生，增加黏液层厚度，降低结肠上皮的通透性，维持肠道完整性和黏膜屏障功能。丁酸钠促进宿主防御肽（HPDs）的合成，抑制肠道内有害菌的增殖，降低内毒素对肠黏膜上皮细胞的损伤。丁酸钠通过抑制NF-κB激酶（IKK）下调促炎症途径，抑制NF-κB的活化，预防肠黏膜炎症发生，进而促进消化吸收和保护肠道健康。综上，丁酸钠具有肠道保护和抗菌作用，可增强肠道完整性，促进营养物质的消化吸收，提高免疫力和抗病力。在饲料工业禁抗的背景下，对抗生素替代品丁酸钠的研究和应用非常重要，作者就丁酸钠对肠道功能的作用机制进行重点阐述，以期为其在肉鸡饲料中替代抗生素提供科学依据。     

Mycotoxins and the intestine

Fungal biochemical pathways can yield various compounds that are not considered to be necessary for their growth and are thus referred to as secondary metabolites. These compounds have been found to have wide ranging biological effects and include potent poisons(mycotoxins). Mycotoxins invariably contaminate crops and(thus) animal feeds. The intestine is the key link between ingested mycotoxins and their detrimental effects on the animal. Effects on the intestine, or intestinal environment, and immune system have been reported with various mycotoxins. These effects are almost certainly occurring across species. Most, if not all, of the reported effects of mycotoxins are negative in terms of intestinal health, for example, decreased intestinal cell viability, reductions in short chain fatty acid(SCFA)concentrations and elimination of beneficial bacteria, increased expression of genes involved in promoting inflammation and counteracting oxidative stress. This challenge to intestinal health will predispose the animal to intestinal(and systemic) infections and impair efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients, with the associated effect on animal productivity.     

Fatty acids,inflammation and intestinal health in pigs

The intestine is not only critical for nutrient digestion and absorption, but also is the largest immune organ in the body.However, in pig production, inflammation induced by numerous factors, such as pathogen infection and stresses(e.g.,weaning), results in intestinal mucosal injury and dysfunction, and consequently results in poor growth of pigs. Dietary fatty acids not only play critical roles in energy homeostasis and cel ular membrane composition, but also exert potent effects on intestinal development, immune function, and inflammatory response. Recent studies support potential therapeutic roles for specific fatty acids(short chain and medium chain fatty acids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) in intestinal inflammation of pigs. Results of these new lines of work indicate trophic and cytoprotective effects of fatty acids on intestinal integrity in pigs. In this article, we review the effect of inflammation on intestinal structure and function, and the role of specific fatty acids on intestinal health of pigs, especial y under inflammatory conditions.     

Postnatal development of nutrient transport in the intestine of dogs

OBJECTIVE: To measure nutrient absorption by the intestine during postnatal development of dogs. ANIMAL: 110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Rates of absorption for sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose), amino acids (aspartate, leucine, lysine, methionine, and proline), a dipeptide (glycyl-sarcosine), and linoleic acid by the proximal, mid, and distal regions of the small intestine were measured as functions of age and concentration (kinetics) by use of intact tissues and brush-border membrane vesicles. Absorption of octanoic acid by the proximal portion of the colon was measured in intact tissues. RESULTS: Rates of carrier-mediated transport by intact tissues decreased from birth to adulthood for aldohexoses and most amino acids but not for fructose and aspartate. Kinetics and characteristics of absorption suggest that there were changes in the densities, types, and proportions of various carriers for sugars and amino acids. Saturable absorption of linoleic acid in the small intestine and octanoic acid in the proximal portion of the colon increased after weaning. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Rates of absorption decreased between birth and adulthood for most nutrients. However, because of intestinal growth, absorption capacities of the entire small intestine remained constant for leucine and proline and increased for glucose, galactose, fructose, aspartate, and proline but were less than predicted from the increase in body weight. Although postnatal ontogeny of nutrient absorption was consistent with changes in the composition of the natural and commercial diets of growing dogs, rates of amino acid and peptide absorption were lower than expected.     

Caco-2细胞模型及其在营养素小肠吸收机理研究中的应用

Caco-2细胞源自人结肠癌细胞,体外培养时能自发地进行类似肠道细胞的形态学和生化学上的分化,获得许多小肠吸收细胞的特性,如形成微绒毛结构;在细胞表面形成良好的刷状缘;在细胞间形成紧密连接;分泌水解酶以及合成转运糖、氨基酸和药物等的载体转运系统。由培养在微孔滤膜上的Caco-2细胞构建的模型为研究营养素在小肠的吸收机理提供了一个有效且易于操作的实验手段。本文主要综述了Caco-2细胞模型的建立、特征、检测及其在氨基酸、维生素、核苷和微量元素等营养素小肠吸收机理研究中的应用。     

微小RNA对肠道健康的影响及作用机制

肠道既是机体营养物质消化吸收的主要场所,也是防御肠道微生物感染的先天性屏障,肠道健康是机体正常生长发育的关键。微小RNA(miRNAs)是基因转录后调控的重要因子。本文主要对肠道miRNAs表达情况,miRNAs在肠道细胞中的增殖、分化、凋亡,miRNAs在营养代谢、肠道屏障功能、肠道相关疾病进程调控中的作用以及肠道对外源miRNAs摄取等方面的研究进行综述,以期为相关研究的开展提供参考。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2分泌与代谢、生物学作用的研究现状

胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon-like peptide2,GLP-2)是一种多肽类胃肠道激素,具有促进动物肠道生长发育,修复受损伤肠道,加快营养物质转运与吸收,增强肠粘膜屏障功能等生理作用,在畜牧生产上具有广阔的应用前景。     

不同纤维源日粮对猪肠道菌群影响的研究进展

猪只日粮中添加纤维会在一定程度上降低营养物质的吸收效率,但是饲粮纤维可在猪只肠道后端进行一定程度的发酵,并产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸,具备了一定的营养作用.同时,也因此而降低猪只肠道pH,影响肠道菌群丰度及菌群结构.通过改变纤维日粮的组成来影响肠道中的菌群,发挥肠道上皮屏障功能,并且通过调节肠道微生物的组成来维持肠道微生物...     

Mutual interaction between gut microbiota and protein/amino acid metabolism for host mucosal immunity and health

In recent years, many studies have shown that the intestinal microflora has various effects that are linked to the critical physiological functions and pathological systems of the host. The intestinal microbial community is widely involved in the metabolism of food components such as protein, which is one of the essential nutrients in diets. Additionally, dietary protein/amino acids have been shown to have had a profound impact on profile and operation of gut microbiota. This review summarizes the current literature on the mutual interaction between intestinal microbiota and protein/amino acid metabolism for host mucosal immunity and health.     

Current experimental models,assessment and dietary modulations of intestinal permeability in broiler chickens

Maintaining and optimising the intestinal barrier (IB) function in poultry has important implications for the health and performance of the birds. As a key aspect of the IB, intestinal permeability (IP) is mainly controlled by complex junctional proteins called tight junction proteins (TJ) that link enterocytes together. The disruption of TJ is associated with increased gut leakage with possible subsequent implications for bacterial translocation, intestinal inflammation, compromised health and performance of the birds. Despite considerable data being available for other species, research on IP in broiler chickens and in general avian species is still an understudied topic. This paper reviews the available literature with a specific focus on IP in broiler chickens with consideration given to practical factors affecting the IP, current assessment methods, markers and nutritional modulation of IP. Several experimental models to induce gut leakage are discussed including pathogens, rye-based diets, feed deprivation and stress-inducing agents such as exogenous glucocorticoids and heat stress. Although various markers including fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, expression of TJ and bacterial translocation have been widely utilized to study IP, recent studies have identified a number of excreta biomarkers to evaluate intestinal integrity, in particular non-invasive IP. Although the research on various nutrients and feed additives to potentially modulate IP is still at an early stage, the most promising outcomes are anticipated for probiotics, prebiotics, amino acids and those feed ingredients, nutrients and additives with anti-inflammatory properties. Considerable research gaps are identified for the mechanistic mode of action of various nutrients to influence IP under different experimental models. The modulation of IP through various strategies (i.e. nutritional manipulation of diet) may be regarded as a new frontier for disease prevention and improving the health and performance of poultry particularly in an antibiotic-free production system.     

有机锌对动物肠道健康的调控作用研究进展

肠道既是动物机体消化吸收营养物质的主要器官,也是体内最大的免疫器官,同时还发挥着重要的屏障功能,因此肠道健康是动物健康的必要条件。锌是动物必需的微量元素之一,对动物生长发育、抗氧化和免疫等生理功能具有重要调控作用。长期以来,饲料中补充营养性锌源以无机硫酸锌为主,近年来蛋氨酸锌、乳酸锌和甘氨酸锌等有机锌源的使用越来越普遍。关于有机锌对动物肠道健康的调控作用已成为锌营养领域研究热点之一。本文从有机锌对肠道黏膜屏障、肠道免疫和肠道生物屏障的影响等方面综述了有机锌对动物肠道健康的调控作用,为有效利用有机锌改善动物健康提供重要的科学依据和理论支撑。     

Fatty acids,inflammation and intestinal health in pigs

The intestine is not only critical for nutrient digestion and absorption, but also is the largest immune organ in the body. However, in pig production, inflammation induced by numerous factors, such as pathogen infection and stresses (e.g., weaning), results in intestinal mucosal injury and dysfunction, and consequently results in poor growth of pigs. Dietary fatty acids not only play critical roles in energy homeostasis and cellular membrane composition, but also exert potent effects on intestinal development, immune function, and inflammatory response. Recent studies support potential therapeutic roles for specific fatty acids (short chain and medium chain fatty acids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) in intestinal inflammation of pigs. Results of these new lines of work indicate trophic and cytoprotective effects of fatty acids on intestinal integrity in pigs. In this article, we review the effect of inflammation on intestinal structure and function, and the role of specific fatty acids on intestinal health of pigs, especially under inflammatory conditions.     

Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals:a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins in all animals.Based on growth or nitrogen balance,amino acids were traditionally classified as nutritionally essential or nonessential for mammals,birds and fish.It was assumed that all the "nutritionally nonessential amino acids(NEAA)" were synthesized sufficiently in the body to meet the needs for maximal growth and optimal health.However,careful analysis of the scientific literature reveals that over the past century there has not been compelling experimental evidence to support this assumption.NEAA(e.g.,glutamine,glutamate,proline,glycine and arginine) play important roles in regulating gene expression,cell signaling,antioxidative responses,fertility,neurotransmission,and immunity.Additionally,glutamate,glutamine and aspartate are major metabolic fuels for the small intestine to maintain its digestive function and to protect the integrity of the intestinal mucosa.Thus,diets for animals must contain all NEAA to optimize their survival,growth,development,reproduction,and health.Furthermore,NEAA should be taken into consideration in revising the "ideal protein" concept that is currently used to formulate swine and poultry diets.Adequate provision of all amino acids(including NEAA) in diets enhances the efficiency of animal production.In this regard,amino acids should not be classified as nutritionally essential or nonessential in animal or human nutrition.The new Texas A&M University’s optimal ratios of dietary amino acids for swine and chickens are expected to beneficially reduce dietary protein content and improve the efficiency of their nutrient utilization,growth,and production performance.