饵料对不同规格皱纹盘鲍能量收支的影响

对3种不同规格的皱纹盘鲍(41.40±2.05、54.22±2.66、63.17±2.52mm)分别进行不同饵料搭配的投喂,并对各生理活动的能量代谢进行了测量与计算。实验结果表明,搭配投喂的实验组中皱纹盘鲍能够摄取更多的有机物作为能量代谢的基质。扣除代谢能、排泄能和排粪能后,搭配投喂能提供给皱纹盘鲍的生长能显著高于对照组(P<0.05),尤其是孔石莼与裙带菜搭配投喂组以及裙带菜与海带搭配投喂组,其获得的生长能的比例在3种规格组中均处在很高的水平,是鲍的筏式养殖中值得推广使用的投喂方法。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget of a Haliotis discus hannai and Apostichopus japonicus polyculture system

The system nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) budget, N/P utilization rate and the physiological response mechanism of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai (body weight: 12.87 ± 0.82 g) and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (body weight: 10.85 ± 1.16 g) to different co‐culture environment conditions were examined. Animals were kept in a multilayer, cubic recirculating aquaculture system at different polyculture densities (abalones at 400 ind/m²in monoculture [Group C] and abalones at 400 ind/m²with sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² [AS1] or 20 ind/m² [AS2]). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experimental cycle was 90 days. No significant difference in survival rate of abalones was detected when the stocking density of sea cucumbers increased from 10 to 20 ind/m², but the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water were significantly higher in AS2 than in AS1. Survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight of sea cucumbers and SGR of body weight of abalones were significantly lower in AS2 than in AS1. No significant difference in protease (PES), lipase, amylase and cellulase activities of abalones was identified between Group C and AS1, but the PES and amylase activities of abalones and sea cucumbers in AS1 were significantly higher than those in AS2. In AS1, the N/P output from harvesting of abalones and sea cucumbers and the N/P utilization rates were significantly higher than those in AS2. Although the N/P output from faeces was significantly lower in AS2 than in Group C and AS1, the N/P output from the water layer was significantly higher than that in AS1. The expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of both abalones and sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. No significant difference in expression of catalase (CAT) and HSP90of abalones was identified among these groups, but the expression levels of CAT and HSP90of sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. These results indicate that stocking sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² in the polyculture system will relieve the organic load on the system and improve the N/P utilization rate. It will also increase aquaculture production and improve the ecological and economic benefits of the system.     

Effects of light quality and intensity on the growth,survival and metamorphosis of Haliotis discus hannai Ino larvae

Light is a key environmental factor that influences the growth, culture and survival of aquatic organisms. This study examined the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue and green light) and intensities (5 μmol m^?2 s^?1, 15 μmol m^?2 s^?1 and 40 μmol m^?2 s^?1) on the hatching and metamorphosis of larva of Haliotis discus hannai Ino and the growth and survival of juveniles. It was found that under blue and green light, the hatching success rate and metamorphosis of larva were significantly higher than those for any other light quality (P < 0.05), and there was a decreasing trend with an increase in light intensity. Under red and orange light, the abnormality rate of trochophores in each light intensity treatment and the time required for the metamorphosis of larva were significantly higher than those for any other light group (P < 0.05). Both the abnormality and metamorphosis rates significantly increased with light intensity. Under white light, at an intensity of 40 μmol m^?2 s^?1, the settlement and size of larva at metamorphosis were significantly smaller than those for any other light intensity (P < 0.05). Under red and orange light, the SGR of juvenile abalone in each light intensity treatment was significantly lower than that in any other light group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was identified (P > 0.05). Therefore, selecting blue and green light and controlling the light intensity to 5–15 μmol m^?2 s^?1 during fingerling reproduction of abalone should increase the hatching success rate of larva and the yield per water body.     

4种多糖对皱纹盘鲍血细胞活性氧和血清凝集活力的影响

水温为(20.0±3)℃,盐度为30.0±1.5下,将灵芝多糖1、灵芝多糖2、脂多糖和酵母多糖分别配制成0、1.0、5.0、10、50、100、200μg·mL-1质量浓度,采用鲁米诺化学发光法(CL)和凝聚法检测其对皱纹盘鲍(HaliotisdiscushannaiIno)血细胞产生活性氧和血清凝集活力的影响。这些多糖均能增强鲍血细胞产生活性氧的能力和吞噬能力,其增强效果由强至弱依次为:灵芝多糖2>灵芝多糖1>脂多糖>酵母多糖;同种多糖中,急性组增强鲍血细胞活性氧产生和促进血清凝集活力的能力强于孵育组。本研究还比较了浸泡和注射灵芝多糖2(50μg·mL-1)和脂多糖(10μg·mL-1)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞活性氧产生和血清凝集活力的影响。结果表明,注射的效果优于浸泡。     

周期性断食对皱纹盘鲍生长、摄食、排粪和血细胞组成的影响

对壳长为65mm的皱纹盘鲍进行投喂2d、饥饿1～4d的周期性断食处理,连续投喂组作为对照。皱纹盘鲍的摄食、生长、排粪和血细胞组成的研究结果表明,当投喂2d,饥饿天数少于2d时,皱纹盘鲍的生长没有显著差异(P>0.05),饥饿天数多于3d,鲍体重开始下降;摄食率呈随解饿时间增加呈升高趋势,但实验组间无显著差异(P>0.05);排粪率与粪便中的有机物含量随饥饿时间增长而降低,其中,各处理阶段间的差异显著(P<0.05)。血细胞中颗粒细胞的比例在饥饿少于2d的实验组间无差异,但显著高于投喂2d、饥饿3d的实验组与投喂2d、饥饿4d的实验组(P<0.05)。     

温度胁迫对皱纹盘鲍生理和生化活动的影响

为探讨温度胁迫下皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)的响应机制,采用室内控温实验,通过设置4个温度梯度(5℃、10℃、20℃和25℃),设计温度骤变处理组(皱纹盘鲍从15℃暂养温度直接转移至各实验温度)和温度缓变处理组(0.5℃/12 h),分析温度剧烈变化和温度缓慢变化对皱纹盘鲍耗氧率和排氨率的影响及其差异性;并对高温和低温处理下皱纹盘鲍消化腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性的变化情况以及不同组织(血细胞和肌肉组织)中Cu/Zn–SOD基因的表达状况进行了研究。结果表明,皱纹盘鲍耗氧率和排氨率随海水温度的升高而增加,20℃达到最高值;25℃骤变处理组与缓变处理组耗氧率和排氨率间存在极显著差异(P0.01)。5℃和10℃骤变处理组皱纹盘鲍氧氮比(O/N)同缓变处理组间存在极显著差异(P0.01)。在高温胁迫后的3 h,消化腺中SOD、CAT和LSZ活性达到最高,而ACP活性在胁迫6 h后达到最高(P0.01);低温胁迫显著降低皱纹盘鲍LSZ的活性,于胁迫9 h后达到最低(P0.01)。不同温度胁迫下,皱纹盘鲍血细胞和肌肉组织中Cu/Zn–SOD基因的相对表达量均表现上调,与对照组存在显著差异性(P0.05)。本研究表明,温度胁迫能显著影响皱纹盘鲍的生理和生化活动,这将有助于探讨皱纹盘鲍夏季高死亡率的原因,为皱纹盘鲍健康养殖提供一定的理论依据。     

Physiological metabolism of Haliotis discus hannai Ino under different light qualities and cycles

The goal of this experiment was to examine the effects of different light qualities (red, white, blue) and cycles (12L:12D, 8L:16D, 4L:20D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D) on the survival, growth, metabolism and antioxidant defence system of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Under red and white light at 4L:20D, the body weight‐specific growth rate of abalones was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D group (P < 0.05). At 16L:8D, succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased and lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity and the lactic acid content significantly rose (P < 0.05) in the red and white light groups. Under blue light, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content for each light cycle were significantly higher than those of the red and white groups (P < 0.05). Under blue, white and red light, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content gradually rose with increased duration of light exposure. Under red light, significant differences in these parameters were detected between the 4L:20D and 16L:8D groups (P < 0.05). Under blue and white light at 16L:8D, values of T‐AOC, SOD, GP_X activity and GSH content were significantly lower than those of the 12L:12D group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that red light at light cycles of 4L:20D and 8L:16D is optimal for the culture and production of H. discus hannai, as these conditions promoted food intake, growth and health maintenance as well as normal physiological metabolism of the organism.     

皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症病原菌的发现及初步研究

１９９２年９月至１９９４年１１月间，在大连沿海发现的致皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症的一株病原菌，对皱纹盘鲍人工感染有很高的死亡率，并且与自然发病有相同的症状。     

叶酸对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响

以皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannaiIno(平均壳长:13.90±0.01mm;平均体重:482.2±2.2mg)为研究对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行112d的摄食生长实验,以海带为对照,探讨饲料中不同叶酸含量(0.06、1.44、2.86、5.88、14.27、35.71mg/kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响。实验结果表明,(1)叶酸缺乏可显著降低皱纹盘鲍C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的含量(P<0.05),却显著提高C18∶3n-3和C22∶6n-3的含量(P<0.05);(2)海带与实验基础饲料中的脂肪酸组成存在显著差异,海带中的C14∶1、C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3含量显著高于饲料组(P<0.05),而C18∶0、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C20∶0、C22∶6n-3均显著低于饲料组(P<0.05);(3)海带组鲍鱼的C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3显著高于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05),而C18∶1n-9、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C22∶6n-3则显著低于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05)。(4)C16∶0、C16∶1、C18∶0在鲍鱼体内的含量比较稳定,不受饲料中叶酸含量和脂肪酸组成的显著影响(P>0.05)。这些结果说明,饲料中叶酸缺乏导致皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成发生改变,很可能抑制C18∶2n-6和C18∶3n-3的碳链延长和去饱和作用,从而减少C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的合成。此外,饲料中的脂肪酸组成也是影响皱纹盘鲍体组织脂肪酸组成的一个重要因素。     

皱纹盘鲍消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布

采用阿新兰—过碘酸雪夫氏反应 (AB -PAS)染色方法显微观察和分析了皱纹盘鲍成贝消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布。据所显示颜色的不同 ,将粘液细胞分为Ⅰ—Ⅳ 4种类型 :分别呈红色、蓝色、紫红色和蓝紫色。口区唇上皮分布有大量粘液细胞 ,以Ⅱ型为主 ,另有少量Ⅳ型 ,主要为杯形并多为大型细胞。口球上皮及齿舌囊上皮粘液细胞分布密度高 ,以Ⅱ型为主 ,Ⅳ型次之。食道前段上皮有大量粘液细胞分布 ,中段和后段粘液细胞逐步减少 ,主要为Ⅱ型。肠各段上皮均有粘液细胞分布 ,但下行肠道比上行肠的粘液细胞相对多些 ,也以Ⅱ型为主 ,多为杯形和近圆形。直肠内、外上皮均有大量Ⅱ型粘液细胞分布 ,近圆形的较多。在嗉囊、胃盲囊和胃未见明显着色的粘液细胞     

不同生长期皱纹盘鲍对水温适应能力的比较

将皱纹盘鲍依壳长分为4个组群，分别为4月龄组、1龄组、2龄组和3龄以上组。比较研究环境水温对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai Ino）生长的影响以及不同发育阶段个体间的生长差异，结果表明，温度对皱纹盘鲍的生长影响显著，不同发育期的皱纹盘鲍对水温变化的适应能力不同。成鲍期生长适宜水温为10～22℃，水温高于26℃或者低于0℃出现死亡；壳长10～25mm的1龄鲍生长适宜水温为15～22℃，当水温升至26℃或者降至4℃时摄食量剧减，生长停滞；低于4℃则出现死亡；壳长3～6mm的4月龄鲍15℃以上开始生长，22℃生长最快。幼鲍阶段对水温变化的适应能力比成鲍弱，个体越小适应能力越弱。温度变化幅度加大时，鲍对水温的适应能力减弱。     

Effects of the initial size, stocking density and sorting on the growth of juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

During winter months, a novel overwintering mode of transferring juvenile abalones to open seawaters in southern China rather than keeping them in closed land-based nursery systems in northern China is a popular practice. The initial size, stocking density and sorting are among the first considerations when establishing an abalone culture system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of these factors on the growth of juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, during overwintering. Juvenile abalones were reared in multi-tier basket form for overwintering in open seawaters in southern China for 106 days. The daily growth rates (DGRs) in the shell length of all experimental groups ranged from 67.08 to 135.75 μm day⁻¹, while the specific growth rates (SGRs) were 0.2447–0.3259% day⁻¹. Variance analysis indicated that both DGRs and SGRs in shell length were significantly affected by the initial body size and stocking density. Furthermore, the effects of stocking density on DGRs and SGRs varied with the initial size. However, sorting abalones according to their initial sizes may not be necessary in practice as sorting did not alter growth significantly at all densities in this study. Factors potentially affecting abalone growth such as genetic control and intraspecific competition were discussed.     

Effects of LED light quality on the growth,survival and metamorphosis of Haliotis discus hannai Ino larvae

Light is a key environmental factor influencing the growth, development and survival of aquatic organisms. We examined the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue, green or no light) and developmental stage at initial lighting [fertilized egg (FE), trochophore larva (TL), or eye‐spot larva (EL)] on the growth, development, and survival of larvae of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Larva‐hatching success was significantly higher under blue, green, or no light compared with red, orange or white light (P < 0.05). Larval abnormalities were significantly increased under red, orange or white light compared with all other light qualities (P < 0.05). The incidence of metamorphosis in larvae illuminated from the TL stage was significantly higher under blue compared with other light qualities. Irrespective of the stage at initial illumination, the incidence of metamorphosis was lower in larvae cultured under red, orange or no light compared with other light qualities, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Juvenile survival was significantly higher under blue or green compared with other light qualities (P < 0.05), with no significant effect of stage at initial illumination (P > 0.05). Larval size at completion of the shell was unaffected by stage at initial illumination, but was greater under blue or green light, while size at metamorphosis was greatest following illumination with blue or green light since the TL or EL stage (P < 0.05). Metamorphosis time was shortest with blue or green light and in cultures illuminated from the FE or TL stage (P < 0.05). Larval development from the FE to formation of the fourth tubule on the cephalic tentacles was fastest in larvae exposed since the FE or TL stage to blue or green light, compared with other light qualities (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in terms of the rate of development from the FE to the TL stage between cultures lit or unlit since the FE egg stage (P > 0.05). These results suggest that a blue or green light source applied from the TL stage can increase the hatching and yield of H. discus hannai Ino, with important implications for the development of the aquaculture industry.     

Shelter selection by juvenile Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) as a function of food distribution and water flow velocity

Juvenile Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) are currently reared in land‐based aquaculture systems until they reach the necessary size for seeding in the sea. One problem that this industry faces is that an uneven distribution of juveniles in tanks can lead to variations in the growth rate. Understanding the cues that affect the sheltering behaviours exhibited by juvenile Pacific abalone—namely, the food distribution and the water flow velocity—will help optimize abalone culture settings. In this study, a group of 1,000 juvenile Pacific abalone (distributed across three tanks) was visually observed and enumerated during six experiments that were conducted over a 5‐month study period. It was found that juvenile Pacific abalone preferred to shelter close to food sources when the food was unevenly distributed. When the food was evenly distributed, the juveniles tended to avoid areas of rapid water flow and distributed evenly across the sheltered areas receiving the equal water velocity. This distribution might be the confounding effects between water flow velocity and food stimulus. Based on these findings, it was recommend that the food and water velocity be evenly distributed in an abalone aquaculture system.     

皱纹盘鲍内脏酶的酶学性质及褐藻胶裂解酶的分离纯化

采用(NH4)2SO4分段盐析、透析、阴离子(DEAE-52)交换柱层析、SephadexG-200凝胶柱层析等分离纯化技术,通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析了皱纹盘鲍内脏酶的组成,结果表明鲍内脏酶主要含有两种褐藻胶裂解酶Ⅰ, Ⅱ,一种纤维素酶,一种琼脂酶。对酶的酶学性质分析结果表明两种褐藻胶裂解酶Ⅰ, Ⅱ的最适pH分别为8.6, 7.2,最适温度为35 ℃,分子量分别为35.2 ku, 67 ku;两种褐藻胶裂解酶的热稳定性比较差,且易受金属离子影响;纤维素酶的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为40 ℃。并确定了皱纹盘鲍内脏酶分离纯化的方法及参数,为进一步研究鲍内脏复合酶的性能提供了基础参数。图14表3参12 关键词：皱纹盘鲍; 褐藻胶裂解酶; 纤维素酶; 纯化 E-mail：wqk320@dlfu.edu.cn     

Effects of dietary guaiacol on shell biomineralization of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai, Ino

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of guaiacol on shell biomineralization of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Seven semi-purified diets were formulated with graded levels of guaiacol (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹). Abalone (initial weight: 0.29±0.01 g; initial shell length: 8.55±0.27 mm) were fed with these diets in a re-circulated water system for 152 days. The results showed that the contents of calcite in the shell increased significantly with dietary guaiacol levels, but the aragonite content decreased significantly. Dietary guaiacol significantly decreased the contents of calcium and strontium, but significantly increased the magnesium content in the shell. The effects of dietary guaiacol on the contents of phosphorus and zinc in shell were not significant. It was obvious that the ratio of potential acidic/basic amino acids [(Asx+Glx)/(Lys+Arg+His)] in the shell was elevated by dietary guaiacol. In conclusion, dietary guaiacol has effects on both the mineralogy and the amino acid composition in the shell. Furthermore, changes in mineralogy are related to the ratio of (Asx+Glx)/(Lys+Arg+His) in the shell.     

磁化水对皱纹盘鲍生长影响的研究

水在磁场中可以被磁能活化,使水分子缔结链变小,活性增加。小分子水的渗透力、溶解力强,更容易穿过细胞膜,促进机体新陈代谢。本试验利用永磁铁使海水磁化激活,饲养皱纹盘鲍,试验结果显示,壳长2．0～2．5cm的幼鲍在三个月内增长率提高了1．3～1．6％,增重率提高了7％;饵料系数降低了1．7～2．1％;成活率提高了2．4～3．0％。     

Suitability of cage culture for Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino production in China

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) aquaculture is a thriving industry in China. This study describes a novel submerged cage culture system for abalone rearing in Fujian, South China. The cage consisted of five vertical slots that were oriented perpendicular to the flow of water. The slots were separated by six vertically connected plastic plates for abalone attachment and shelter at the bottom of the cage. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the appropriate stocking density at the start of the abalone sea‐based production cycle. Eight‐month‐old hatchery reared and size‐graded juveniles were transferred to the sea‐based culture system. For different stocking densities, shell length of juveniles obtained in this novel culture system on 2, 3.5 and 5 months, respectively, was compared with shell lengths obtained in a traditionally multi‐tier basket culture system. In Experiment 2, daily growth rates (DGRs) in shell length and biomass in terms of wet weight of 2‐year‐old abalones reared in cage and tiered basket culture systems were compared over a 6‐month period. Results of Experiment 1 showed that growth of abalone in the cage culture system is density‐dependent; the mean final shell length of juveniles obtained was 6.7–15.9% higher than in tiered baskets system even at the same initial stocking density. In Experiment 2, DGRs in shell length of 53.83–78.38 μm day^?1 obtained in cage system were significantly higher than that in tiered baskets (P < 0.01). And in terms of wet weight biomass, it was 1.48–3.01 times higher in the cage system compared with the traditional system. Abalone survival was more than 87.5% in both culture systems in both experiments. Advantages of the newly established cage culture system included better growth performance of the animals reared and potential improvement of rearing conditions, such as improved water flow velocity and dissolved oxygen.     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.     

Production and sinking rates for bio‐deposits of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino)

Particle size distribution, organic content and the sinking velocity of bio‐deposits of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino were evaluated. The abalone was divided into three size classes according to shell length: Group B: 68.8 ± 2.8 mm, group M: 56.1 ± 2.3 mm and group S: 42.4 ± 2.8 mm. The faecal pellets had an amorphous shape, with a cross‐sectional area ranging from 0.01 to 2.64 mm². The mean cross‐sectional area varied among the size classes: 0.59 (B), 0.21 (M) and 0.12 (S) mm². The bio‐deposit organic content was similar among the groups (B: 18.3 ± 1.1%; M: 19.9 ± 0.9%; S: 19.3 ± 1.0%). Sinking velocity ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 cm s^?1. Larger abalone tended to have larger and thus faster‐sinking faecal pellets. The median sinking velocity for groups B, M and S was 0.9, 0.5 and 0.7 cm s^?1 respectively. The mean daily production rates for groups S, M and B were 2.8 ± 1.2, 3.4 ± 1.3 and 4.3 ± 1.8 g ind.^?1 respectively. Bio‐deposit production rate estimated to be between 134.4 and 206.4 mg m^?2 day^?1 in the bay. Our results suggest that the pellet size was within the appropriate size range for filter‐feeding bivalves.