肌红蛋白影响畜禽活体肌肉和宰后鲜肉肉色的研究进展

肉色是影响消费者购买肉产品的最主要因素,因为消费者通过肉色对肉产品新鲜度和卫生状况产生第一印象。肉色的化学本质是肌红蛋白分子,本文综述了4个肌红蛋白分子(脱氧肌红蛋白、氧合肌红蛋白、高铁肌红蛋白、碳氧肌红蛋白)的结构及其相互转化反应和对畜禽活体肌肉和宰后鲜肉肉色的影响。     

干扰DHX9对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖与成肌分化的影响

为研究天冬氨酸-谷氨酸-丙氨酸-组氨酸盒解旋酶9 (DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His)-box helicase 9,DHX9)对牛骨骼肌细胞增殖与分化的影响,利用已经建立的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞体外成肌分化模型,设计合成DHX9的si-RNA,采用荧光定量PCR和Western blot技术检测DHX9基因在成肌...     

Identification and characterization of proteoglycans in bovine neonatal skeletal muscle

In order to provide background for understanding biological roles of proteoglycans (PG) in developing skeletal muscle, we have isolated and characterized PG in bovine neonatal skeletal muscle. Two types of PG were isolated from skeletal muscle by density gradient ultracentrifugation and ion‐exchange chromatography. One was a small PG (PG‐S) with a molecular size of 100–130 kDa, another was a large PG (PG‐L) with a molecular size of 300–500 kDa. The glycosaminoglycan chains of PG‐S and PG‐L were dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, respectively, judged by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. Immunoblot assays revealed that both PG bound to type I, II, III and IV collagen, laminin and fibronectin. Unlike PG‐S, PG‐L bound to type V collagen and hyaluronic acid. Small proteoglycans had a core protein of 45 kDa, which reacted with the antibody against the decorin core protein. The N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the PG‐S core protein was consistent with that of decorin from bovine bone and tendon. Thus, PG‐S from neonatal skeletal muscle was identified as decorin in bovines. Immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies against PG‐L and PG‐S demonstrated that PG‐L was located both in the perimysium and endomysium, but PG‐S was localized exclusively in the perimysium. These findings suggest that the characterized PG may have distinct roles in the ECM construction of developing skeletal muscle.     

UBE2L3对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化的影响

将分离的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞(BSMSCs)进行体外培养,首先检测泛素结合酶UBE2L3在BSMSCs增殖分化过程中mRNA以及蛋白表达水平的变化.设计UBE2L3的3个干扰RNA(si-UBE2 L3-1、si-UBE2L3-2、si-UBE2L3-3),对干扰效果进行筛选.构建UBE2L3过表达质粒载体pcDNA3.1...     

Immunohistological study on bovine, swine and ovine skeletal muscle fibers for the localization of fatty acid translocase FAT/CD36

The present immunohistological study was conducted to investigate the localization of fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) in the skeletal muscle (Biceps femoris) fibers of bovine, swine and ovine. The results showed that CD36 was mainly localized in type I muscle fiber of these animals. In contrast, FAT/CD36 localization in type II fiber was insignificant in the types of muscle in the present experiments, suggesting that type II fiber of bovine, swine and ovine might lack fatty acid translocase FAT/CD36.     

牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离培养及诱导分化方法的建立

为了给牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离培养及诱导分化方法及进一步揭示肌肉分化的机理及转基因肉牛的研究提供重要帮助,试验以新生胎牛的骨骼肌为试验材料,分别采用胶原酶Ⅰ和胶原酶Ⅺ与胰蛋白酶结合对其进行消化,并通过差速贴壁法对骨骼肌卫星细胞进行分离纯化,同时采用免疫荧光染色、RT-PCR、Western-blot法对骨骼肌卫星细胞进行鉴定。结果表明:研究成功获得了大量的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞;该细胞的标志性分子的mRNA及其蛋白表达的纯度在98%以上;细胞生长状态良好,可稳定传至90代并保持旺盛的增殖活力;细胞分化效率高,2%的马血清能够诱导细胞分化使其融合形成多核肌管,数量众多的肌管可自发融合为更粗的肌管,并可观察到其具有收缩现象。     

断奶日龄对仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌抗氧化功能的影响

为研究不同断奶日龄对仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌抗氧化功能的影响,试验选取受试仔猪24头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,各处理仔猪分别在14日龄、21日龄、28日龄和35日龄断奶,所有仔猪在42日龄宰杀取样.测定仔猪相应组织的MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性.结果表明,随着断奶日龄的推迟,仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌中MDA含量逐渐降低,35日龄断奶组仔猪心肌MDA含量显著低于14日龄组（P＜0.05）,28日龄和35日龄断奶组背最长肌和半腱肌MDA含量显著低于14日龄组（P＜0.05）;与28日龄和35日龄断奶组相比,14日龄断奶组心肌T-SOD、GSH-Px活性（P＜0.05）以及半腱肌GSH-Px活性均显著降低（P＜0.05）,各断奶日龄组仔猪背最长肌抗氧化酶活性无显著差异.以上结果提示,仔猪断奶日龄越早,其肌肉组织脂质过氧化反应越强,抗氧化功能越低.     

品种、体重和营养对猪背最长肌肌纤维组织学特性的影响

选用荣昌(RC)猪和杜×长×大(DLY)杂交猪为试验对象,研究猪背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度的发育性变化及品种与营养影响特点。结果表明:2个品种猪的背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度的发育规律较为类似,肌纤维直径随体重增加呈线性增长,而肌纤维密度则随体重增加呈乘幂方程式降低。相关分析表明,肌纤维密度与直径均存在极显著负相关(P≤0.003)。背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度在20～50kg阶段品种间差异不显著(P≥0.099),但在80kg,RC猪的肌纤维直径显著低于DLY猪(P=0.0043),而RC猪的肌纤维密度则显著高于DLY猪(P=0.0049)。饲粮营养水平对2个品种猪背最长肌的肌纤维直径和密度均无显著影响。以上结果提示,2个品种猪的背最长肌肌纤维的生长规律较为类似,但不同品种的肌纤维直径存在差异,主要表现在80kg,RC猪显著低于DLY猪,可能与其优良肉质有关。     

贮藏条件对南极磷虾粉脂质氧化稳定性的影响

研究旨在探讨不同贮藏条件对南极磷虾粉品质的影响。以游离脂肪酸含量、过氧化值、茴香胺值和虾青素含量为指标,结合雷达图分析法,对真空包装、维生素E(VE)添加、真空包装结合VE添加等3种贮藏条件下南极磷虾粉的脂质氧化稳定性进行评价。结果表明,在60℃条件下贮藏30 d,磷虾粉脂质发生氧化劣变,游离脂肪酸由(4.36±0.13)%升高至(8.04±0.13)%,过氧化值由(3.54±0.15) meq/kg升高至(6.85±0.18) meq/kg,茴香胺值由(37.7±9.05)升高至(165.05±5.23),虾青素由添加或二者结合的贮藏条件,均可抑制磷虾粉脂质的氧化劣变。雷达图分析结果显示,宜采用的贮藏条件优先顺序为:真空包装+VE添加真空包装VE添加。贮藏过程中隔绝空气接触并添加抗氧化剂VE更加有利于南极磷虾粉的品质保持。     

Effects of dietary oil blend on fatty acid composition,oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle in goats

This study examined the effects of dietary blend of 80% canola oil and 20% palm oil (BCPO) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant status, oxidative stability and fatty acid composition of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle from goats during chill storage. Over a 14‐week feeding trial, 24 Boer bucks were randomly assigned to and supplemented with diets containing 0, 4 or 8% BCPO on a dry matter basis, slaughtered and the LTL was subjected to a 7 day chill storage. Neither diet nor post mortem ageing influenced (P > 0.05) antioxidant enzyme activities, chemical composition and cholesterol. Diet had no effect on the carbonyl content, free thiol content, water‐holding capacity, tenderness, pH and glycogen. Oil‐supplemented goats had higher (P < 0.05) C18:1 trans‐11, C18:3n‐3 and C20:5n‐3, carotenoid, tocopherol and redness, and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values than the control goats. Post mortem ageing decreased (P < 0.05) shear force and oxidative stability of chevon. No significant (P > 0.05) changes were found in the proportion of individual fatty acids throughout storage. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased while total saturated fatty acids increased as storage progressed. Dietary BCPO enhanced n‐3 PUFA without compromising the quality attributes of chevon.     

Effects of feeding frequency on meat quality traits and Longissimus muscle proteome in finishing pigs

Sixty‐four barrows with an initial body weight of 59.8 ± 2.1 kg were allocated to one of the two feeding frequency regimes (had free access to diet and fed two meals per day). Pigs had free access (FA) to feed were fed on an ad libitum basis during the 8‐week experimental period. Pigs fed twice daily (M2) were allowed to consume their meals in 2 h. Pigs fed twice daily had lower average daily feed intake (p < 0.01) and average daily gain (p < 0.1), but a greater G:F (p < 0.05) than FA pigs. Lower perirenal fat deposition, hot carcass weight, intramuscular fat content (p < 0.05) and dressing percentage (p < 0.1) were found in M2 pigs compared with FA pigs. Activities of citrate synthase, β‐hydroxylacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the Longissimus muscle (LM) of M2 pigs compared with FA pigs (p < 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed that expression abundances of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, energy production and lipid utilization were upregulated, but expression levels of proteins participating in protein and amino acid metabolism, stress response and redox homeostasis were downregulated in the LM of M2 pigs than those in FA pigs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the less meal frequency impairs growth rate, has marginal effects on carcass and meat quality traits and affects expression abundances of proteins in the LM of finishing pigs.     

Supranutritional selenium level affects fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of chicken breast muscle tissue

A total of 128 broilers were used to investigate the effect of selenium (Se) on fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative stability of lipids in the breast muscle tissue. There were 4 replicates of 4 dietary treatments: T1 (basal diet with no added Se), T2 (T1 with 0.15 mg Se added per kg diet), T3 (T1 with 0.3 mg Se added per kg diet) and T4 (T1 with 3.0 mg Se added per kg diet). A yeast source was used for added Se. Breast muscle tissue was collected from two chickens per replicate pen for the determination of Se concentration by ICP-MS, FA profile by GC and lipid oxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method. Addition of supranutritional Se levels to chicken diets leads to the production of Se-enriched meat. Consumption of 100 g of breast meat from chickens fed diets supplemented with 0.15, 0.3 and 3 mg Se per kg of diet can provide 26, 41 and 220 μg of Se, respectively. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids namely C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 increased linearly (p = 0.047, p < 0.001, p = 0.023, p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively) as the Se inclusion levels in the diets increased. At slaughter, a linear decrease in lipid oxidation (p = 0.019) was observed with Se addition, possibly attributed to the antioxidant properties of Se. Addition of supranutritional Se to chicken diets, at levels well below those causing toxicity, leads to production of Se-enriched meat, protection of health-promoting long-chain FA like C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 and protection of meat quality from oxidation at day 1 after slaughter.     

不同储藏温度和时间对长白猪肌肉pH、失水率及脂质氧化的影响

研究测定了长白猪屠宰后12h肌肉pH的下降速度、极限值和肌间脂肪氧化速度,及不同储藏温度和时间对肌肉pH值、失水率及脂质氧化的影响。结果表明:屠宰后0～5h长白猪肌肉pH值下降速度较快,9～12hTBA值变化速度较快。4℃条件下,储存时间对长白猪肌肉pH影响不显著,对滴水损失影响极显著,TBA值影响显著;-20℃冷冻条件下,储存时间对长白猪肌肉pH、TBA影响显著,对解冻失水率影响不显著。温度对pH值和TBA值的影响不明显,对滴水损失和解冻失水率有极显著的影响。通过回归分析,长白猪肌肉滴水损失和解冻失水率随pH升高而降低;-20℃条件下TBA值随pH升高而升高。     

日粮中添加蜂胶制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能和皮肤颜色的影响

试验旨在研究蜂胶在仔猪上的应用效果。试验采用90头杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,随机分成对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组饲喂基础日粮+0.03%蜂胶制剂,试验2组饲喂基础+0.05%蜂胶制剂,试验期为30 d。结果表明,在日粮中添加蜂胶制剂能够明显提高仔猪的生产性能和皮肤颜色,降低仔猪腹泻率。     

钝裂银莲花花色素成分及其稳定性

以黄色和浅黄色钝裂银莲花(Anemone obtusiloba)花瓣为研究材料,对其色素进行特征显色反应和紫外-可见光谱扫描分析,并对其色素的成分及其稳定性进行研究。结果显示,两种花色钝裂银莲花花瓣均含有叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,主要色素为黄酮类化合物(花色素苷、黄酮、黄酮醇和异黄酮),不含橙酮和二氢黄酮,其黄酮类化合物均表现为酚羟基结构,可能具有4-酮基、3-OH或4-酮基、5-OH结构的特征;pH值对花色素具有一定影响,避光保存花色苷的稳定性强于光照,Fe3+和Cu2+对花色素稳定性影响比较大。     

橙子皮对鸡蛋蛋黄氧化稳定性的改善作用

文章旨在探讨饲粮中添加橙子皮对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋黄抗氧化能力的影响。试验选择378只产蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复42只鸡(分别饲养在126个重复鸡笼中,每笼饲养3只母鸡),其中对照组饲喂无橙子皮的基础日粮,试验1组饲喂含9%橙子皮的日粮,试验2组饲喂基础日粮添加0.8g/kg橙皮素和0.005g柚皮苷,3组试验日粮为等氮、等能量日粮,试验共开展30d。试验结束后测定鸡蛋的氧化稳定性,以每克蛋黄中丙二醛(ng)的含量表示,并测定蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质参数。结果发现,与对照组相比,添加橙子皮的饲粮对新鲜和贮藏30d和90d鸡蛋的氧化稳定性均有改善(P<0.05)。蛋鸡饲喂橙子皮日粮10d显著提高蛋黄氧化稳定性(P<0.05),延长鸡蛋货架期。与对照组和橙皮素组相比,日粮添加橙子皮显著降低蛋鸡采食量和产蛋率(P<0.05),显著提高料蛋比(P<0.05),采食量的降低可能是由于橙子皮适口性较差,不仅对产蛋性能产生负面影响,还会导致蛋品质参数降低。与对照组相比,用橙子皮饲喂蛋鸡产出的鸡蛋更轻,蛋壳百分比、厚度和强度更低,蛋黄颜色变浅(P<0.05)。综上所述,蛋鸡日粮添加9%橙子皮可显著提高鸡蛋新鲜度和贮藏氧化稳定性,但对蛋鸡的产蛋性能和蛋品质有一定负面影响,这种不利影响是由于适口性差使采食量降低,导致营养供应不足。     

Effect of pterostilbene on development,equatorial lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production of in vitro-produced bovine embryos

The pterostilbene (PT) molecule is a phytoalexin with a reducing effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and with a capacity to block lipogenesis. However, the potential reducing effects of PT on equatorial lipid accumulation and ROS have not yet been elucidated for in vitro-derived bovine embryos. The present study evaluated the effects of concentrations of 3, 1, 0.33, 0.11 μM PT, and a vehicle group on the percentage of cleaved embryos, embryos with more than 6 cells, percentage of blastocyst on Day 7 and 8, percentage of transferable embryos on Day 7, the cell count and relative concentration of lipids. In the second experiment, the effects of 0.33 μM PT and a vehicle group within two different O₂ environments (5% and 20%) were evaluated for ROS generation and the percentage of Day 8 blastocysts. In the first experiment, no significant differences were found between the treatments with PT and the vehicle group (p > .05) concerning the percentage of cleaved embryos and embryos with more than 6 cells. Lipid reduction was observed in the groups treated with PT versus the vehicle group (p < .05). The vehicle group showed a higher rate of blastocyst production on Days 7 and 8 (p < .05) and an increase in the percentage of transferable embryos on Day 7 compared to the PT treatment groups (p < .05). Cell counts were not significantly different between treatments with PT and the vehicle group (p > .05). In the second experiment, the O₂ concentration did not significantly affect ROS generation (p > .05); however, the groups treated with PT (0.33 μM) had a reduction in ROS (p < .05). The O₂ concentration also did not significantly affect the rate of blastocyst production on Day 8 (p = .7696). Future research should be conducted to ascertain whether the reduction of lipids could enhance the cryopreservation and post-thaw viability of PT-treated embryos.     

干扰HNRNPAB对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖与分化的作用研究

为了研究核不均一核糖核蛋白AB(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein AB, HNRNPAB)对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖与分化的影响。本研究以体外分离培养的鲁西黄牛胎牛原代骨骼肌卫星细胞为试验材料,体外诱导成肌分化,分别收取分化前和分化后第1、2、3天的细胞,提取RNA(每组设置4个重复)或蛋白质(每组设置3个重复),通过qRT-PCR、Western blot检测HNRNPAB在成肌分化前后的表达情况。随后合成HNRNPAB的干扰RNA,并转染牛骨骼肌卫星细胞干扰HNRNPAB的表达,设置阴性对照组;在试验组和对照组中,分别利用EdU试验检测细胞增殖情况,qRT-PCR技术、Western blot技术检测HNRNPAB、增殖标志因子Pax7、Cyclin D1及分化标志因子MyoG、MyHC的mRNA表达水平及蛋白表达水平。结果显示,HNRNPAB在牛骨骼肌卫星细胞成肌分化过程中的mRNA表达呈现先升后降的趋势,在分化第1天表达量最高,分化前后蛋白表达水平也具有显著差异。干扰HNRNPAB后,EdU细胞阳性率极显著上升(P<0.01),增...     

不同冷冻方法对牛卵母细胞及孤雌胚发育的影响

研究了麦管和OPS管法冷冻以及OPS法中保护剂种类对牛卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚发育的影响。结果发现,OPS管冷冻牛卵母细胞形态正常率、卵裂率、囊胚率极显著高于麦管法(P<0.05)。在OPS法中,应用两种保护剂冷冻后,卵母细胞形态正常率、卵裂率、囊胚率差异极显著(P<0.01);采取38℃与25℃温度平衡,冷冻后卵母细胞各发育指标差异不显著(P>0.05);采用4℃平衡,冷冻后的卵母细胞激活后没有出现囊胚,各发育指标极显著降低(P<0.01)。结果表明,OPS法可以有效地保护卵母细胞,保证其后孤雌激活;采用低温平衡会对孤雌发育的囊胚阶段有较大影响。