基于血液生化指标的奶牛胎衣不下预警分析

为探寻适用于宁夏回族自治区奶牛胎衣不下产前的生化预警指标,本实验以宁夏回族自治区某规模化奶牛场36头奶牛为研究对象,监测奶牛产前第21天～产后第21天的19项血清生化指标变化情况.结果显示:在产前第21天,胎衣不下组奶牛血液中直接胆红素和尿酸浓度显著低于胎衣正常组(P＜0.05);在产前第7天,胎衣不下组奶牛血液中肌酸...     

"益母生化散"对胎衣不下奶牛胎盘激素含量的影响

随机选择1～4胎龄健康黑白花奶牛10头,设为健康对照组(A组);选择1～4胎龄产后健康黑白花奶牛17头,产后立即灌服"益母生化散"250 g,为中药预防组(B组);选择1～4胎龄产后胎衣不下奶牛10头,为胎衣不下组(C组);选择1～4胎龄产后胎衣不下奶牛26头,产犊后12 h灌服"益母生化散"500 g,设为中药治疗组(D组).采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测奶牛胎盘组织中孕酮、雌激素、前列腺素和血管紧张素的含量,探讨奶牛胎衣不下的发生机理及中药"益母生化散"的防治效果.结果表明,奶牛胎衣不下的发生与胎盘组织中孕酮、雌激素、前列腺素(PGE2)和血管紧张素Ⅱ含量变化关系密切,胎盘组织中孕酮含量的升高,雌激素、前列腺素和血管紧张素含量的降低是胎衣不下发生的重要机理之一."益母生化散"对奶牛胎衣不下有较好地防治效果,其机制可能与"益母生化散"具有调节胎盘组织的激素分泌等作用有关.     

“益母生化散”对胎衣不下奶牛胎盘激素含量的影响

随机选择1～4胎龄健康黑白花奶牛10头,设为健康对照组（A组）;选择1～4胎龄产后健康黑白花奶牛17头,产后立即灌服＂益母生化散＂250g,为中药预防组（B组）;选择1～4胎龄产后胎衣不下奶牛10头,为胎衣不下组（C组）;选择1～4胎龄产后胎衣不下奶牛26头,产犊后12h灌服＂益母生化散＂500g,设为中药治疗组（D组）。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测奶牛胎盘组织中孕酮、雌激素、前列腺素和血管紧张素的含量,探讨奶牛胎衣不下的发生机理及中药＂益母生化散＂的防治效果。结果表明,奶牛胎衣不下的发生与胎盘组织中孕酮、雌激素、前列腺素（PGE2）和血管紧张素Ⅱ含量变化关系密切,胎盘组织中孕酮含量的升高,雌激素、前列腺素和血管紧张素含量的降低是胎衣不下发生的重要机理之一。＂益母生化散＂对奶牛胎衣不下有较好地防治效果,其机制可能与＂益母生化散＂具有调节胎盘组织的激素分泌等作用有关。     

奶牛胎衣不下的病因分析及防治措施

胎衣不下又称胎衣滞留或胎盘停滞，一般母牛于产后4～8h胎衣自行排出，若产后经过12h胎衣尚未全部排出，称为胎衣不下。胎衣不下是奶牛产后常见病，易继发其他产后疾病，已成为影响奶牛繁殖的主要疾病之一。特别是由胎衣不下引起的子宫内膜炎的发病率显著增高，致使母牛不孕、发情延迟、增加配种次数，影响母牛繁殖效率和产奶量，给奶牛饲养业造成巨大的经济损失。     

衣滞康散对胎衣不下奶牛SOD、MDA、NO的影响及临床疗效研究

从氧自由基和一氧化氮自由基变化角度研究衣滞康散防治产后奶牛胎衣不下作用.试验分为3组:产后健康组20例,胎衣不下组20例,胎衣不下用药组20例.用药组按1g/kg体重投喂衣滞康散,给药方法为产后1、2、3d每日1剂,共计3剂.于产后1、2、4、7、10d按设计指标采血、化验分析.结果表明喂服衣滞康散可显著改善产后气虚血瘀证.显著升高1、2、4、7d血液SOD含量(p<0.01或p<0.05);显著降低2、4、7d血液MDA含量(P<0.01或P<0.05);显著降低1、2、4、7、10d血液一氧化氮含量(P<0.01或P<0.05),农滞康散可显著改善产后胎衣不下奶牛的氧自由基和一氧化氮自由基失衡状况.     

奶牛胎衣不下的诊治

奶牛胎衣不下是一种很常见的疾病，在奶牛产后12h未能排出胎衣，就表示异常。正常健康奶牛分娩后胎衣不下的发生率在6％左右，异常分娩的奶牛胎衣不下的发生率升高，最高可达50％。胎衣不下可引起奶牛产奶量下降、子宫炎、乳房炎、不孕、酮病、败血症或死亡，给养牛业造成极大的危害。     

胎衣不下奶牛血液生化预警指标的筛选

由于不同饲养环境条件对动物血清生化的指标有显著的影响,因此为了探寻适用于黑龙江地区胎衣不下的奶牛在产前的血清生化预警指标,本试验对黑龙江某规模化奶牛繁殖牧场-7 d、0 h(分娩时为0 h)和12 h 3个时间点的奶牛血清进行生化指标的检测。结果显示:在-7 d时胎衣不下的奶牛在尿素(UREA)、磷(P)和血尿素氮(BUN)3项指标上极显著高于胎衣正常排出的奶牛,总蛋白(TP)显著高于胎衣正常排出的奶牛;在0 h时,胎衣不下奶牛UREA和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),镁(Mg)和BUN 4项生化指标要显著高于胎衣正常排出的奶牛。研究结果表明,产前奶牛在UREA和BUN两项指标的升高可能与胎衣不下的发生有关。     

胎衣不下奶牛胎儿胎盘解剖组织学变化的研究

胎衣不下(RFM)是严重影响奶牛饲养业的一种繁殖障碍性疾病,可引起奶牛产奶量下降、繁殖效率降低[1-3].目前对胎盘娩出机理和胎衣不下的发病机制还没有很清晰的解释,多数研究只停留在血液生化指标和激素水平变化对胎衣不下的影响,而有关奶牛胎儿胎盘解剖学改变与胎衣不下发生之间关系的研究却甚少.     

两例奶牛胎衣不下的诊治体会

正奶牛产后最常见的疾病是胎衣不下,在产后12小时如果胎衣未能自然并且完全排出,即可以认为是胎衣不下,又称胎衣滞留。经过2015—2017两年间在永靖县30多家奶牛养殖户中的调查,数据显示正常健康产犊母牛的胎衣不下率为15%-20%,异常分娩的母牛如双胎、难产、早产、感染布病的奶牛患胎衣不下的就相对比较多,高达20-40%。产后胎衣不下不仅会引起奶牛产奶量下降,胎衣不下的奶牛60%的会继发子宫内膜     

两种不同药物治疗奶牛胎衣不下的效果观察

胎衣不下是母牛产后的常见病,在舍饲奶牛群中较常发生。奶牛胎衣不下的发病率有逐年增多的现象,胎衣不下已成为引起奶牛子宫内膜炎发病的主要原因。为此,我们对90头产后胎衣不下的奶牛进行治疗。在奶牛生产过程中,几年来,我们应用“胎衣灵”与“催乳下衣产后康”治疗奶牛胎衣不下收到了较好的效果。现报告如下。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -