AM真菌对红花生长及其有效成分的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌是土壤生态系统中广泛分布的优秀微生物资源,是具有重要经济价值的药用植物。本文基于人工培育条件下对中药材红花(Carthamus tinctorius)分别进行摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和混合菌(G. mosseae,Glomus etunicatum,Glomus microagregatum,Glomus caledonium,Glomus cladoideum和G. intraradices) 3种AM真菌接种处理,并以接种等量灭活菌种作为对照组处理。采用高效液相色谱法测定不同采摘时期红花绒中羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素含量的变化。结果表明:与对照组相比,AM真菌接种处理显著促进了红花生物量的积累,且AM真菌混合接种效果显著高于AM真菌单接种;在次生代谢产物合成方面,AM真菌接种处理以及不同采摘期的红花中羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素的含量差异不显著。表明AM真菌虽能促进红花的生长,但不影响羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素的合成。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta under variable soil water conditions

Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM fungi) are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents(4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%(w/w)),and three AM inoculation treatments(Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation).The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on severity of root rot of bananas caused by Cylindrocladium spathiphylli

The interaction between four arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus sp., G. proliferum , G. intraradices and G. versiforme , and the root-rot fungus Cylindrocladium spathiphylli , and subsequent effects on growth and phosphorus nutrition of banana ( Musa acuminata , AAA, cv. Grande Naine) were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Overall, root infection by C. spathiphylli reduced the growth of banana plants, but preinoculation with AM fungi significantly attenuated this detrimental effect. Lower disease severity, stimulation of growth and increase of shoot P content were observed for the plants inoculated with one of the four AM fungi. Glomus sp. and G. proliferum induced the largest increase in growth parameters and shoot P content as compared to G. intraradices and G. versiforme , in the presence as well as in the absence of C. spathiphylli . Root damage caused by C. spathiphylli was decreased in the presence of AM fungi, but the inoculation of mycorrhizal plants with C. spathiphylli also decreased the intensity of AM fungal root colonization, indicating a clear interaction between the two organisms.     

AM真菌诱导的番茄信号物质及其对根结线虫的 抑制 效应

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌能诱导植物合成一些信号物质,如茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)、H2O2等,这些信号在AM真菌与植物识别、共生体建立和激活植物防御系统过程中发挥着重要作用[1].     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis for control of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivation

The present study assessed the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) control to determine its effects on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) growth indices. This experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments included three strains of AMF (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Glomuse hoe ) at three levels (100, 200 and 300 kg ha^?1). The control treatments (without mycorrhiza) were with and without broomrape (weed infest and weed free). The results showed that the use of G. intraradices and G. mosseae decreased broomrape seed germination, the number of nodules and the dry weight of the broomrape and increased root area and dry weight of the tomato plant when compared to G. hoe and the control treatments without broomrape. The tomato yield in G. intraradices 300 kg ha^?1 treatment increased by 10 and 205% than weed free and weed infest treatments, respectively. Finally, G. intraradices and G. mosseae at, respectively, 200 and 300 kg ha^?1 are recommended for land under tomato cultivation that has been contaminated with broomrape.     

摩西球囊霉对紫花苜蓿烟色织孢霉根腐病的影响

紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa是一种优质的多年生豆科牧草,素有"牧草之王"的美称。根腐病是紫花苜蓿生产中的主要限制因素,可抑制植物生长,严重时导致植物死亡,造成巨大的经济损失。丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM）广泛存在于农业系统中,可与植物根系形成内生菌根,提高宿主植物对营养元素和水分的吸收,增加植物产量和抗逆性。本研究以紫花苜蓿为试验材料,探究接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae对紫花苜蓿根腐病烟色织孢霉Microdochium tabacinum的影响。结果表明,摩西球囊霉可抑制烟色织孢霉的侵染,植株发病率降低了20.78%;病原菌的侵染显著抑制紫花苜蓿根系生长和养分吸收,植物地下生物量降低12.87%,根长降低20.52%,根系P含量降低了18.29%,丙二醛（MDA）含量提高了12.78%;AM真菌可以缓解病原菌的危害,促进紫花苜蓿生长,与不接种AM真菌的处理相比,地上生物量、地下生物量、根长分别提高了47.77%,38.67%和20.67%;防御酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了42.25%、26.05%和33.62%;地上部分和地下部分P含量分别提高了58.63%和75.38%。     

Biocontrol traits of plant growth suppressive arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi against root rot in tomato caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium aphanidermatum</Emphasis>

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi known to cause plant growth depressions in tomato were examined for their biocontrol effects against root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. The main hypothesis was that plant growth suppressive AM fungi would elicit a defence response in the host plant reducing Pythium root rot development. To test this hypothesis a fully factorial experiment was performed with AM fungi (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae, G. claroideum or nonmycorrhizal), Pythium (± P. aphanidermatum) and harvest (7 and 14 days after pathogen inoculation (dapi)) as the main factors. Two weeks after AM fungi inoculation, roots were challenged with P. aphanidermatum. Variables evaluated at each harvest were root colonization levels of the interacting fungi, plant growth responses, and expression of a plant pathogenesis related protein gene (PR-1). All of the tested AM fungi caused marked growth suppressions, but did not affect PR-1 gene expression or the phosphorous concentration in the host plant. Plants singly inoculated with P. aphanidermatum had an increased PR-1 expression and phosphorous concentration. Among the AM fungi included in the study only G. intraradices reduced the pathogen root infection level, measured both in terms of Pythium ELISA and by recovery on selective media and only at the first harvest. Likewise, P. aphanidermatum root infection reduced colonization levels of G. intraradices, but not that of the two other AM fungi. In conclusion, plant growth suppressive AM fungi may offer plant beneficial traits in terms of biocontrol of root cortical pathogens.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia(Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis(65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula(52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis(53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi(41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata(25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum(34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens(22%) and V. schimperi(22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.     

茉莉酸介导的丛枝菌根真菌诱导植物抗病性研究进展

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM）真菌能与植物根系建立共生体提高植物抗病性。植物激素茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）参与AM的形成,介导AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性。目前,关于AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性内容较为丰富,但是关于JA介导的AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性却有待进一步研究。本文首先总结了JA对AM形成和AM对植物内源JA积累的影响;其次介绍了AM真菌对植物抗病性影响及诱导机制;最后从诱导形成防御结构、提高酶活性及合成防御蛋白、诱导次生代谢物质合成、诱导调控信号分子、JA与其他激素相互作用五个方面探讨了JA在AM真菌诱导抗病性中的作用,并对本领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为植物病害防治和菌根研究提供可借鉴的思路。     

不同形态磷肥对棉花生长和AM真菌接种效应的影响

通过两室根箱栽培棉花新陆早13号实验,研究了磷酸二氢钾、植酸钠(Na-phytate)2种磷源形态对AM真菌Glomus mosseae接种效应的影响及棉花生长的影响。结果表明:在不施磷肥的条件下,接种Glomus mosseae真菌时,棉花的生长势没有显著差异,棉株地上部磷含量显著高于没有接种Glomus mosseae真菌的处理。施磷酸二氢钾时,接种Glomus mosseae真菌对棉花生长势起到显著的促进作用,棉株地上部磷含量也显著提高;施用植酸钠时,接种Glomus mosseae真菌对棉花生长势与棉珠地上部磷含量都没有显著影响。对Glomus mosseae真菌接种处理而言,不同形态磷素处理,植物室土壤有效磷的含量大小顺序为磷酸二氢钾>植酸钠>对照。磷素形态对Glomusmosseae真菌的侵染率没有显著影响。不施磷肥Glomus mosseae真菌的侵染率要显著高于施用磷酸二氢钾、植酸钠磷肥的处理,这说明,Glomus mosseae真菌在土壤磷较低时有利于侵染棉花根系。     

丛枝菌根真菌对接种尖孢镰刀菌后黄瓜 根系次生代谢物的影响

采用灌根法对4周龄的黄瓜幼苗接种尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum,研究了不同取样时期AM真菌Glomus versiforme对植株根系黄酮和总酚含量及叶片中POD和PPO酶活性的影响.结果表明:菌根化植株可通过生物量的补偿和体内次生代谢物含量的改变来提高抗病性.即接种F.oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum的第9天,菌根化植株根系和地上部生物量分别比对照高出50%和31.7%,此时,对照发病率达15%,而菌根化植株生长始终正常;在病原菌的侵入初期和后期,菌根化植株根系中黄酮和总酚含量高于对照;在植株发病期,菌根化植株仍可通过根系中含量相对较低的黄酮和总酚来抵御病原菌的侵害;与对照相比,抗病性较强的菌根化植株叶片中POD酶活性变化较为缓和,且PPO酶活性一直较高.     

Total phenol,anthocyanin, and terpenoid content,photosynthetic rate,and nutrient uptake of Solanum nigrum L. and Digitaria sanguinalis L. as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation

Over the last decades, tillage, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides have reduced the beneficial fungal population size in arable soils. Though soil inoculation can be a practical way to restore arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) population size, weeds may also be benefited, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of three AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, and Rhizoglomus intraradices) on photosynthetic rate, secondary metabolites content, reproductive organs percentage and nutrient uptake in Solanum nigrum L. and Digitaria sanguinalis L. weed species. Our results showed species variation in response to AMF inoculation, so that, while inoculation with R. intraradices fungal species decreased total biomass in S. nigrum plants significantly, it increased total biomass of D. sanguinalis plants by 26–49%. In addition, inoculation with F. mosseae species increased phenol, anthocyanin, and total terpenoid content in S. nigrum plants much more than D. sanguinalis. Increased photosynthetic rate, secondary metabolites content, and flowering percentage in AMF‐inoculated S. nigrum plants show the enhanced competitive ability and allelopathic potential of this weed when associated with AMF, which makes it a good competitor against other plant species in the environment.     

A semiaxenic phototrophic system to study interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi in woody plants

Among other benefits, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may increase plant tolerance to root diseases. The research on the underlying mechanisms requires growth conditions that are both controlled and realistic. To study these interactions, a semiaxenic phototrophic system was developed in which the roots grow in a controlled environment and can be inoculated with both pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. Micropropagated fig plantlets were grown in containers having shoots in the outside and roots in a growth medium without sugar, inoculated or not with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the pathogenic fungus Armillaria mellea. Dual inoculated plants developed the mycorrhizal association and pathogen infection symptoms. Mycorrhizal inoculation lowered disease index and increased plant growth. Colonization of A. mellea in fig roots was quantified by real-time PCR, showing that R. irregularis did not significantly lower the quantity of Armillaria, suggesting that other mechanisms were involved in increased tolerance to the pathogen. The results show that the system proposed is suitable to study the triple interaction involving plant, AM and root pathogenic fungi.     

Quantification of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli in Mycorrhizal Bean Plants and Surrounding Mycorrhizosphere Soil Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Direct Isolations on Selective Media

ABSTRACT The capacity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in reducing the presence of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli in bean plants and the surrounding mycorrhizosphere soil was evaluated in a compartmentalized experimental system. Quantification of the pathogen and the symbiont in plant tissues, the soil regions of the mycorrhizosphere (rhizosphere and mycosphere), and the bulk soil was accomplished using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers in real-time PCR assays, culture-dependant methods, and microscopic determination techniques. Nonmycorrhizal bean plants infected with the pathogen had distinctive Fusarium root rot symptoms, while infected plants previously colonized by G. intraradices remained healthy. The amount of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli genomic DNA was significantly reduced in mycorrhizal bean plants and in each mycorrhizosphere soil compartment. The presence of G. intraradices in the mycorrhizosphere was not significantly modified, although the mycorrhizal colonization of roots was slightly increased in the presence of the pathogen. The results suggest that the reduced presence of Fusarium as well as root rot symptoms are caused by biotic and/or abiotic modifications of the mycorrhizosphere as a result of colonization with G. intraradices.     

Protection of olive planting stocks against parasitism of root-knot nematodes by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effects were investigated, under controlled conditions, of single and joint inoculation of olive planting stocks cvs Arbequina and Picual with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices , Glomus mosseae or Glomus viscosum , and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica , on plant performance and nematode infection. Establishment of the fungal symbiosis significantly increased growth of olive plants by 88·9% within a range of 11·9–214·0%, irrespective of olive cultivar, plant age and infection by M. incognita or M. javanica . In plants free from AMF, infection by Meloidogyne spp. significantly reduced the plant main stem diameter by 22·8–38·6%, irrespective of cultivar and plant age. Establishment of AMF in olive plants significantly reduced severity of root galling by 6·3–36·8% as well as reproduction of both Meloidogyne spp. by 11·8–35·7%, indicating a protective effect against parasitism by root-knot nematodes. Infection by the nematodes influenced root colonization by AMF, but the net effect depended on the AMF isolate–olive cultivar combination. It is concluded that prior inoculation of olive plants with AMF may contribute to improving the health status and vigour of cvs Arbequina and Picual planting stocks during nursery propagation.     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert

Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.     

Effects of climatic factors on native arbuscular mycorrhizae and Meloidogyne exigua in a Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may both occur in the roots of Brazilian rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis ). AM fungi may stimulate plant growth whereas nematodes usually reduce it. Variations of native AM fungi and M. exigua populations in soil and roots of rubber trees were studied for one year in a Brazilian plantation. The number of AM spores in the soil was generally greater in the rainy season than in the dry season, although AM colonization of roots was unaffected by season. During the dry season, numbers of juveniles and eggs of M. exigua in roots were lower than in the rainy season. A site without nematodes in the soil or roots showed the greatest numbers of AM spores in soil and highest AM colonization of roots. A negative correlation was observed between the percentage of AM colonization and the number of second-stage juveniles in soil and second-stage juveniles and eggs in roots. Microscope observations revealed (i) tissue specificity for each of the microorganisms in the roots, with a cortical location of mycorrhizae and a mainly vascular cylinder location of nematodes, and (ii) that Gigaspora was the most abundant AM genus in the plantation soil.     

Regulation of biosynthesis,perception, and functions of strigolactones for promoting arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and managing root parasitic weeds

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid‐derived plant secondary metabolites that play important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development as plant hormones, and in rhizosphere communications with symbiotic microbes and also root parasitic weeds. Therefore, sophisticated regulation of the biosynthesis, perception and functions of SLs is expected to promote symbiosis of beneficial microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and also to retard parasitism by devastating root parasitic weeds. We have developed SL mimics with different skeletons, SL biosynthesis inhibitors acting at different biosynthetic steps, SL perception inhibitors that covalently bind to the SL receptor D14, and SL function inhibitors that bind to the serine residue at the catalytic site. In greenhouse pot tests, TIS108, an azole‐type SL biosynthesis inhibitor effectively reduced numbers of attached root parasites Orobanche minor and Striga hermonthica without affecting their host plants; tomato and rice, respectively. AM colonization resulted in weak but distinctly enhanced plant resistance to pathogens. SL mimics can be used to promote AM symbiosis and to reduce the application rate of systemic‐acquired resistance inducers which are generally phytotoxic to horticultural crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

丛枝菌根真菌与小麦孢囊线虫的相互作用

 近年来, 小麦孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematodes, CCN:主要病原为燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae)对小麦(Triticum aestivum)的危害日益严重, 亟待探索新的生防途径。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)作为环境功能生物, 对寄主植物具有生物药肥双重作用, 不仅能促进植物吸收利用养分, 而且能拮抗土传病原物、提高植物抗病性。本研究以AMF与CCN相互作用为切入点, 试图明确AMF与CCN相互作用关系, 并科学评价不同AMF抑制CCN、降低病害的效应。试验于温室盆栽条件下进行, 设接种AMF Gigaspora margarita(Gi.m)、Glomus mosseae(G.m)、Glomus intraradices(G.i)、Glomus versiforme(G.v)、Gi.m +G.m+G.i+G.v、CCN、CCN+Gi.m、CCN+G.m、CCN+G.i、CCN+G.v、CCN+Gi.m+G.m+ G.i+G.v和不接种对照(CK)共12个处理。结果表明, 接种AMF各处理均能降低小麦孢囊线虫侵染率、土壤中孢囊数和根内J2数量, 其中Gi.m处理抑制效果最大;CCN不同程度减少AMF侵入点数和产孢数量。Gi.m 和CCN+Gi.m处理的根内丛枝着生数量最多, 而后者根内的超氧化物歧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于其他处理、丙二醛含量则显著低于其他CCN+AM真菌处理。Gi.m和G.i处理的小麦株高、地上部干重高于其他处理;Gi.m 和CCN+Gi.m的处理的单穗重和单株产量均高于其他处理。表明AMF能不同程度拮抗CCN、促进小麦生长和提高产量, 其中, Gi.m是高效菌种。结论认为, AMF与CCN之间存在一定相互抑制作用, AMF能通过诱导植株防御反应拮抗CCN。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviate the Negative Effect of Temperature Stress in Millet Lines with Contrasting Soil Aggregation Potential

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish a mutualistic symbiosis with several plants and play a key role in improving plant growth, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses as well as the soil structure. This work aimed at elucidating the AMF temperature stress modulating impact on four pearl millet lines plant growth and soil aggregation. Experimental trials were carried out in both greenhouse and growth chamber to determine the response of the four millet lines to inoculation with two AMF strains (Rhizophagus aggregatus and Funneliformis mosseae) under heat and non-stress conditions. We first investigated the mycorrhizal colonization (MC) and the mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) of millet lines in relation with their soil aggregation potential (root adhering soil/root biomass, MAS/RB) in the greenhouse. Secondly, the four millet lines were grown in two separated growth chambers and subjected to a day/night temperature of 32/28?°C as the control treatment and 37/32?°C as the temperature stress treatment. Plant growth, mycorrhization rate and several physiological, mycorrhizal and soil parameters were measured. Results showed that the mycorrhization rates of millet lines were low and not significantly different. Funneliformis mosseae (31.39%) showed higher root colonization than Rhizophagus aggregatus (22.79%) and control (9.79%). The temperature stress reduced the mycorrhizal colonization rate, shoot and root biomass, and the soil aggregation for all tested lines. L220 and L132 showed more MC rate and MGR than the other lines under control and high-temperature treatment. The MGR was significantly better under temperature stress conditions than in the control. Under the temperature stress conditions, inoculation with R. aggregatus and F. mosseae increased chlorophyll concentration, root dry weight and shoot dry weight as compared to non-inoculated plants. AMF inoculation, particularly with F. mosseae had a positive influence on the tolerance of millet lines to temperature stress. This study demonstrates that AMF play an important role in the response of these four millet lines to temperature stress. AMF is therefore an important component in the adaptation of crops to climatic variations in Sub-Saharan Africa.