长薄鳅对过饱和总溶解气体的回避特征研究

高坝泄洪过程中,高速水流造成下游水体的总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和极易使得水体中的鱼类患上气泡病,进而对下游水体的鱼类生存造成威胁。为了探究长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongate)幼鱼对TDG过饱和水体的探知回避能力,本实验以2月龄的长薄鳅为研究对象,记录其在不同TDG饱和度水体中的反应和趋向。结果表明,在120%TDG过饱和水体中,长薄鳅回避率为-20%,其对该饱和度下的水体表现出了一定的趋向性;TDG饱和度为130%时,长薄鳅回避率为-2%,无明显回避能力;TDG饱和度为140%时,长薄鳅展现出微弱的回避特征,其在清水与过饱和水体之间往复游动,最终回避率为12%;150%TDG过饱和水体中,长薄鳅体现出敏锐的探知能力,1~2 min后开始频繁游动,同时具有一定的回避能力,回避率为34%。长薄鳅的回避率与过饱和水体浓度呈现较强的线性相关关系,水体TDG饱和度越高,实验鱼回避现象越明显。     

氨氮对鳜幼鱼急性毒性研究

为研究氨氮对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)幼鱼的急性毒性效应,以体质量(7.92±0.80) g、体长(8.3±1.1) cm的鳜幼鱼为试验材料,采用常规急性毒性试验法,确定氨氮对鳜幼鱼的半致死浓度和安全浓度。结果表明,在水温(24.7±0.5)℃,pH为7.4±0.1,溶解氧(DO)为(5.9±0.3) mg/L的条件下,氨氮对鳜幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为40.45、19.24、13.35、9.23mg/L,安全浓度为0.923mg/L。非离子氨对鳜幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为0.550、0.262、0.182、0.126mg/L,安全浓度为0.0126mg/L。非离子氨氮对鳜幼鱼的毒性与其浓度大小和作用时间呈正相关,鳜幼鱼对氨氮耐受性较低。     

TDG过饱和高含沙水体对鲤幼鱼的影响

高坝泄洪后产生的总溶解气体(Total dissolved gas,TDG)过饱和含沙水体威胁着下游河道鱼类的生存。以鲤(Cyprinus carpio)幼鱼为实验对象,中值粒径为7μm的泥沙为实验用沙,开展不同规格鲤幼鱼受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫的耐受性实验。结果表明,实验开始后不久,鲤幼鱼出现较明显的异常行为和气泡病症状;在无沙和含沙量为1 500 mg/L的TDG过饱和(饱和度为125%、130%、135%)水体中,无沙水体第一批实验鱼[体长(6.40±0.10) cm、体重(5.80±0.20) g]的中位生存时间为14.3 h、10.3 h、9.1 h,含沙水体(1 500 mg/L)第一批实验鱼的中位生存时间为13.0 h、9.8 h、7.1 h,两者无显著性差异(P0.05);含沙量为1 500 mg/L的TDG过饱和(饱和度为125%、130%、135%)水体中,第二批小规格实验鱼[体长(5.80±0.25) cm、体重(2.00±0.31) g]的中位生存时间为12.6 h、10.2 h、7.4 h,第三批大规格实验鱼[体长(8.50±0.57) cm、体重(9.50±0.48) g]中位生存时间为11.2 h、8.6 h、4.5 h,两者也无显著差异(P0.05),不同规格实验鱼对TDG过饱和含沙水体的耐受性无明显差异(P0.05)。即使含沙量达到1 500 mg/L,泥沙单独作用并未造成实验鱼异常或死亡,但高饱和度(135%)的过饱和TDG与泥沙共同作用对实验鱼影响较大,降低了实验鱼的中位生存时间(最小值为4.5 h)。     

史氏鲟养殖技术讲座:苗种培育(Ⅰ)

1 史氏鲟仔幼鱼对环境因素的适应性 大部分鱼类幼体比成体对环境的要求高,对于史氏鲟的养殖,即使水质符合渔业养殖用水标准也不能掉以轻心,冈为鲟鱼仔、幼鱼对水质极为敏感。史氏鲟对非离子氨的敏感性高于一般淡水鱼类,仔鱼96小时半致死浓度为0.063 mg/L,稚鱼96小时半致死浓度为0.17 mg/L。仔鱼养殖水体中铁的浓度小于0.5 mg/L为宜,对于10cm以上的幼鲟,水中铁的浓度以小于1mg/L为宜。史氏鲟养殖用水的pH值应在6.5-9.0为宜。当溶氧高于6 mg/     

洞庭青鲫幼鱼最适蛋白质需求量的研究

室内实验研究表明,洞庭青鲫幼鱼在水温(28.0±2.0)℃,水体溶解氧保持在5mg/L以上、pH为7.0~8.5、水中总氨氮小于0.5mg/L时,实验60天,用抛物线回归法求得饲料蛋白质的最适需求量为35.05%,具有最低饲料系数的饲料蛋白质含量为34.77%。     

氨氮对“新吉富”罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究

为了解氨氮对"新吉富"罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,以体质量(28.1±1.4)g,体长(9.4±0.4)cm的幼鱼为试验材料,采用常规生物急性毒性试验法,研究了氨氮对"新吉富"罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性。结果显示,在水温为(27.4±0.2)℃,p H为7.2±0.1,溶氧量为5.2~5.5 mg/L的条件下,氨氮对"新吉富"罗非鱼幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为245.737、229.145、146.188、144.287 mg/L,安全浓度为14.429 mg/L。非离子氨对"新吉富"罗非鱼幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为2.528、2.387、1.523、1.503 mg/L,安全浓度为0.150 mg/L。研究表明,氨氮、非离子氨对"新吉富"罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性效应与浓度、作用时间呈正相关,"新吉富"罗非鱼幼鱼对非离子氨具有较强的耐受性。     

鲢幼鱼对不同气量气泡幕的趋避行为

研究鲢幼鱼在静水且黑暗处理下对不同气量气泡幕的响应,并观察发现其中的逃避行为,探究其在应对不同气量气泡幕时的行为策略及响应关系,为过鱼设施诱驱鱼手段的利用提供依据。鲢幼鱼体重(14.62±1.84)g、体长(11.68±0.56)cm。试验装置为自制钢混结构水槽,水槽中间位置底部铺设PVC管,上侧顶端布置小孔。气量设置:对照组0,试验组10、20、30、40、60、80、100和120 L/min。每次试验结束后更换试验鱼进行下一次试验。观察记录试验鱼在气泡幕前的折返情况、尝试距离和逃逸方式。结果表明:(1)对照组通过率(100%)显著高于试验组(平均53%),20、30 L/min时通过率最低,为40%;(2)对照组鲢幼鱼的尝试距离(229.6 cm)大于试验组的平均尝试距离(152.4 cm),对照组与30 L/min组之间鲢幼鱼尝试距离差异显著(P0.05),其他组间均无显著性差异(P0.05),30 L/min气量组鲢幼鱼的尝试距离最小;(3)鲢幼鱼对气泡幕的通过率与尝试距离呈正相关,30 L/min工况下鲢幼鱼的通过率与尝试距离相对应,均为所有试验组中最小;(4)鲢幼鱼的逃逸次数占比随着气量的增大而增加。声场和水流流场的耦合作用对鱼趋避气泡幕行为的影响需要进一步研究。     

pH与氨氮对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长与肝脏超氧化物歧化酶的影响

为了解不同水体pH和氨氮组合对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)特定生长率(SGR),饲料效率(FE)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响。实验采用中心复合设计与响应曲面法分析方法,利用瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼开展试验,养殖周期为7周。结果表明,水体氨氮对SGR,FE和肝脏SOD活力有显著影响;pH对SGR有显著影响。pH对SGR,FE和SOD活力存在显著的二次效应。氨氮浓度小于1.7 mg/L时对黄颡鱼生长无抑制作用;高氨氮与高pH环境对幼鱼的生长、饲料利用与肝脏SOD活力有明显的抑制作用。水体pH和氨氮水平分别为7.5和1 mg/L时,SGR、FE和SOD同时最优,分别为1.47%/d、1.71和97.9 U/(mg.prot),优化的可信度为0.836。建议在黄颡鱼养殖中,将pH与水体氨氮维持在7.0~8.0与0.1~1.7 mg/L内,从而保证黄颡鱼的正常生长与较强的抗氧化活性。     

急性氨氮暴露对大弹涂鱼炎性反应相关基因表达的影响

为研究急性氨氮胁迫对大弹涂鱼炎性反应相关基因表达的影响,实验挑选初始体质量为(15.14±0.05) g的健康大弹涂鱼幼鱼180尾,进行96 h的急性氨氮胁迫实验。结果显示,大弹涂鱼96 h氨氮半致死浓度为8.99 mg/L总氨氮(0.11 mg/L非离子氨,T-AN);氨氮胁迫后TNF基因的mRNA表达量分别于12和96 h时显著上调,96 h时表达量达到0 h时的2倍;IL-1基因的mRNA表达量12 h时显著上调,为0 h时表达量的6倍;氨氮胁迫后IL-6基因的mRNA表达量分别于12和96 h时显著上调,表达量达到0 h时的1.5倍;氨氮胁迫后IL-8基因的mRNA表达量在24 h时出现显著下调。研究表明,大弹涂鱼96 h氨氮半致死浓度为8.99 mg/L总氨氮;半致死浓度的氨氮胁迫48 h后,TNF、IL-1、IL-6和IL-8基因的mRNA表达量持续升高,推测过度炎性应激可能是导致鱼类氨中毒死亡的原因之一。     

氨氮及亚硝酸盐对大刺鳅幼鱼的急性毒性

依照水生生物毒性方法,在溶解氧5.0~6.0mg/L、水温27.0~28.0℃、p H8.0~8.2条件下,用分析纯NH_4Cl和NaNO_2配制成总氨氮(非离子氨)浓度为0(对照组)、37(2.26)mg/L、42(2.56)mg/L、49(2.99)mg/L、56(3.42)mg/L、65(3.96)mg/L、75(4.57)mg/L、87(5.31)mg/L和100(6.10)mg/L,亚硝酸盐浓度为0mg/L(对照组)、0.49mg/L、0.65mg/L、0.75mg/L、0.87mg/L、1.15mg/L、1.55mg/L和2.10 mg/L,研究氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度对平均体质量(1.39±0.60)g的大刺鳅Mastacembelue armatus幼鱼的急性毒性。结果表明:大刺鳅幼鱼总氨氮的24h、48h和96h半致死浓度分别为78.35mg/L、77.15mg/L和76.05mg/L,非离子氨半致死浓度分别为4.78 mg/L、4.71mg/L和4.64mg/L,亚硝酸盐半致死浓度分别为1.177mg/L、0.921mg/L和0.798mg/L,总氨氮、非离子氨和亚硝酸盐的安全浓度分别为7.61mg/L、0.46mg/L和0.0798mg/L。亚硝酸盐对大刺鳅幼鱼的急性毒性强于氨氮,对亚硝酸盐的毒性也比其他鱼类更敏感,在生产中应特别注意监控水体中亚硝酸盐浓度的变化。     

Largemouth bass use prior experience,but not information from experienced conspecifics,to avoid capture by anglers

Angler satisfaction is based on the presence of catchable fish, and therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving catchability is important for fisheries biologists and managers. Lure avoidance learning (including via social learning) may be a driver of catchability, but these mechanisms have not been explored in depth. To address this, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède), were stocked into four ponds, and two were angled using a green plastic worm. Naïve bass were then introduced into all ponds, and angling commenced using a sequence of three lures (green plastic worm, white plastic worm and in‐line spinnerbait). Naive bass stocked alongside experienced conspecifics were not less catchable, indicating socially learned lure avoidance did not take place. Catch rates declined across sessions until the switch to the spinnerbait, when rates temporarily spiked. This suggests that the similarity of a novel lure to previously experienced lures may determine if a fish avoids angling capture.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of vertical distribution for three planktivorous fishes in Lake Washington

Abstract – We sampled three limnetic fish species: juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), three‐spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) in Lake Washington to quantify species‐specific patterns of diel vertical migration (DVM). Catch‐per‐unit‐effort data analysed from 15 years of midwater trawling documented seasonal and diel differences in vertical distributions for each species. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that the patterns of DVM in Lake Washington were affected by life history, size and morphology. Sockeye salmon showed clear DVM in spring but essentially no DVM in fall, remaining in deep water, whereas three‐spine sticklebacks were prevalent at the surface at night in both seasons. In fall, distribution patterns may be explained by differences in thermal performance (e.g., sticklebacks favouring warm water), but the patterns were also consistent with inter‐specific differences in predation risk. Younger sockeye salmon and longfin smelt were present in greater proportions higher in the water column during dusk and night periods than older conspecifics. Compared with sockeye salmon, the greater use by three‐spine sticklebacks of surface waters throughout the diel cycle during weak thermal stratification in spring was consistent with the hypothesis that sticklebacks’ armour reduces predation risk, but use of this warmer, metabolically beneficial stratum may also have promoted growth. This study illustrates variation in the vertical distribution of three sympatric planktivores and offers broader implications for the DVM phenomenon and applied lake ecology.     

Dominance and predator avoidance in domesticated and wild masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou

ABSTRACT:   Dominance, aggression and predator avoidance were compared among farmed, sea-ranched and wild juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou in laboratory experiments. Domesticated fish (farmed and sea-ranched), which had been exposed to artificial selection, were not dominant against wild fish in pairwise contests, nor did they show greater aggressiveness. Farmed fish did show greater feeding than wild fish. Under chemically simulated predation risk, farmed fish were more willing to leave cover and feed than wild fish, indicating reduced predator avoidance in the farmed fish. Our results indicate that selection for fast growth (domestication) in masu salmon favors fish that respond to food quickly and ignore predation risk.     

Habitat–predator association and avoidance in rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp.)

Abstract –  The ability to recall the location of a predator and later avoid it was tested in nine populations of rainbowfish ( Melanotaenia spp.), representing three species from a variety of environments. Following the introduction of a model predator into a particular microhabitat, the model was removed, the arena rotated and the distribution of the fish recorded again. In this manner it could be determined what cues the fish relied on in order to recall the previous location of the predator model. Fish from all populations but one (Dirran Creek) were capable of avoiding the predator by remembering either the location and/or the microhabitat in which the predator was recently observed. Reliance on different types of visual cues appears to vary between populations but the reason for this variation remains elusive. Of the ecological variables tested (flow variability, predator density and habitat complexity), only the level of predation appeared to be correlated with the orientation technique employed by each population. There was no effect of species identity, which suggests that the habitat that each population occupies plays a strong role in the development of both predator avoidance responses and the cues used to track predators in the wild.     

不同密度气泡幕对花骨和白甲鱼的阻拦效应

以贵州北盘江的花鱼骨（Hemibarbus maculates）和白甲鱼（Onychostoma sima）为研究对象,在矩形水槽中设置由气压为14.７ｋＰａ,孔距为1.0ｃｍ、2.５ｃｍ、4.０ｃｍ,孔径为1.0ｍｍ、1.５ｍｍ、2.０ｍｍ所组成的９组气泡幕密度,采用单因子试验法研究不同密度的气泡幕分别对花鱼骨和白甲鱼的阻拦效果。结果表明,９种密度的气泡幕对花鱼骨和白甲鱼均有一定的阻拦效果,其中花鱼骨在密度Ⅲ（孔距１.0ｃｍ、孔径２.0ｍｍ）时阻拦效果最好,阻拦率为 （９6.0０±2.65）％。白甲鱼在密度Ⅱ（孔距1.0ｃｍ、孔径1.5ｍｍ）时阻拦效果最好,阻拦率为（95.33±3.06）％。本研究可以为物理屏障拦鱼技术提供一定的理论和技术参考。     

Testing in situ avoidance reaction of vendace, Coregonus albula, in relation to continuous artificial light from stationary vertical split-beam echosounding

Abstract  The in situ avoidance reaction of vendace, Coregonus albula L., in relation to continuous artificial light in terms of a scaring device was tested by split-beam echosounding. The tests were carried out in the mesotrophic Bigge Reservoir (Germany) in November 2007 and 2008 using a Simrad EK 60 echosounder (120 kHz). An underwater lamp with light turned on and off was lowered to 30 m water depth at four sampling sites. No reaction of vendace was observed for the sampled references (light off), but strong avoidance behaviour by swimming mainly downwards was observed when the light was turned on. The light avoidance reaction was confirmed by the volume backscattering strength ( S _v) and calculated fish densities (fish ha⁻¹). The mean fish densities for the samples carried out with light turned on were lower (268 fish ha⁻¹, ±409 SD, n  =   32) than for the references with light turned off (5028 fish ha⁻¹, ±2317 SD, n  =   56). The related median values (33 and 3726 fish ha⁻¹, respectively, n  =   88) differed significantly (Mann–Whitney test, P  = <0.001). In conclusion, artificial light has great potential to scare pelagic vendace from areas near the bottom outlets of reservoirs to prevent entrainment losses.     

Intercohort cannibalism and post-partum behaviour of juvenile swordtail Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

Newborn (i.e. neonate) swordtail Xiphophorus helleri Heckel attempted to escape cannibalization attempts in a downward direction more frequently than in any other direction. The downward escape response is likely to be anti‐predator behaviour. In addition, neonates were often able to escape cannibalization at the time of birth, despite no previous exposure to predators, which suggests that this anti‐predator behaviour is innate. However, neonates at the time of birth were more vulnerable to cannibalism than older juveniles, which supports the hypothesis that anti‐predator behaviour is, at least in part, further developed as a result of previous experience (i.e. learning).     

Habitat overlap of juvenile and adult lake trout of Great Bear Lake: Evidence for lack of a predation gradient?

A range of organisms, from plankton to fish, commonly shift their habitat distributions horizontally or vertically due to predation risk. Juvenile lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, are generally viewed as occupying deep areas of lakes to decrease predation pressure from adults. In contrast, we found that juvenile lake trout from Great Bear Lake, NT, Canada, occupied a variety of habitats and from shallow to deep depths (0–150 m), overlapping with adult lake trout. No evidence occurred for a length depth‐based segregation (e.g., ontogenetic shift). Genetic variation was also similar among juveniles in the different depth zones. However, isotopic niches and C:N ratios among juveniles showed some variability in niche widths and positions for individuals caught from the 51–150 m zone compared to juvenile individuals caught from 0–20 m and 21–50 m zones. The uniformly distributed adult lake trout in Great Bear Lake may evenly distribute predation pressure (including cannibalism) across shallow‐ and deep‐water habitats more than in other lakes. As a result, juveniles may respond to differences in foraging opportunities rather than predation risks. Juvenile lake trout did not appear to conform to the general pattern of juveniles seeking a deep‐water refuge to reduce predation risks. In contrast, juvenile lake trout of Great Bear Lake displayed broad resource use across all depths and habitats.