CSFV的RT-PCR检测在控制与净化猪瘟中的应用

应用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测健康猪扁桃体猪瘟病毒以监控与净化猪瘟.2006年用RT-PCR对广西某存栏250头种猪场的母猪扁桃体连续进行3次猪瘟病毒检测,检出并清除带毒猪,猪群中猪瘟病毒的带毒猪明显下降.结果表明,RT-PCR检测猪扁桃体可应用于猪场猪瘟的控制与净化.     

猪瘟病毒垂直感染的检测

猪瘟是一种急性、高度接触性传染的一种重要传染病。近年来猪瘟流行的方式发生了改变，典型猪瘟逐渐减少，非典型猪瘟逐渐增多，表现怀孕母猪流产，产死胎、木乃伊和病弱的仔猪等，尤其是新生仔猪猪瘟，临床症状不十分明显，但发病率、病死率较高，严重危害养猪业的发展。关于新生仔猪猪瘟的发生，多认为是母猪怀孕期间感染猪瘟病毒而通过垂直传播的方式引起仔猪感染，但到目前为止未见有关新生仔猪垂直感染猪瘟病毒的直接证据。     

Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a first inter-laboratory comparison trial to evaluate virus isolation and RT-PCR detection methods

Five European reference laboratories participated in an exercise to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their routinely employed RT-PCR tests and cell cultures for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Five identical sets of 20 coded samples were prepared from 10 vesicular epithelia, which were derived from submissions from suspect cases of FMD or swine vesicular disease (SVD). Sixteen samples were derived from six FMD virus positive epithelia representing four different serotypes (two each of types O and A and one each of types Asia 1 and SAT 2), two from samples which had been found to be negative by antigen ELISA and virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and two from SVD virus positive epithelia. Some of the FMD virus positive samples were prepared from 10-fold serial dilutions of three of the initial suspensions. Each laboratory tested the samples by one or more of its available RT-PCR procedures and inoculated cell cultures that it routinely uses for FMD diagnosis in attempts to isolate virus, the specificity of which was confirmed by antigen ELISA. The best of the RT-PCR assays used in each laboratory gave comparable results while the sensitivity of cell cultures was variable from high in one laboratory, moderate in two and low in two others. This prototype panel of samples would appear suitable for external quality assurance of these tests but would benefit from the inclusion of more negative samples and an extension in the serial dilution range of one or more of the FMD positive sample titration series.     

Bluetongue virus: European Community inter-laboratory comparison tests to evaluate ELISA and RT-PCR detection methods

European Community national reference laboratories participated in two inter-laboratory comparison tests in 2006 to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their 'in-house' ELISA and RT-PCR assays for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies and RNA. The first ring trial determined the ability of laboratories to detect antibodies to all 24 serotypes of BTV. The second ring trial, which included both antisera and EDTA blood samples from animals experimentally infected with the northern European strain of BTV-8, determined the ability of laboratories to detect BTV-8 antibodies and RNA, as well as the diagnostic sensitivity of the assays. A total of six C-ELISAs, six real-time RT-PCR and three conventional RT-PCR assays were used. All C-ELISAs were capable of detecting the BTV serotypes currently circulating in Europe (BTV-1, 2, 4, 8, 9 and 16), however some assays displayed inconsistencies in the detection of other serotypes, particularly BTV-19. All C-ELISAs detected BTV-8 antibodies in cattle and sheep by 21 dpi, while the majority of assays detected antibodies by 9 dpi in cattle and 8 dpi in sheep. All the RT-PCR assays were able to detect BTV-8, although the real-time assays were more sensitive compared to the conventional assays. The majority of real-time RT-PCR assays detected BTV RNA as early as 2 dpi in cattle and 3 dpi in sheep. These two ring trails provide evidence that national reference laboratories within the EC are capable of detecting BTV antibodies and RNA and provide specificity and sensitivity information on the detection methods currently available.     

Evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR for quantitative and differential detection of wild-type viruses and C-strain vaccine of Classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), one of OIE listed diseases. Most of the currently available detection methods do not allow discrimination between wild-type CSF viruses and the vaccine strains. This study was designed to develop a multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the quantitative and differential detection of wild-type viruses and C-strain vaccine widely used in China. CSFV specific primers and two differently labeled TaqMan probes for the differentiation of wild-type viruses from C-strain vaccine were designed in the 5'-untranslated region of the viral genome of CSFV. The two TaqMan probes specifically hybridize wild-type viruses of different subgroups and C-strain vaccine, respectively, in the multiplex real-time RT-PCR, with no cross-reaction to a number of non-CSFV porcine viruses. The sensitivity of the assay for detecting wild-type and C-strain-type vaccine viruses was determined to be 41.8 and 81.5copies/microL viral RNA, respectively. Completely correct differentiation of wild-type viruses from C-strain vaccine was achieved when testing reference strains and characterized field isolates of CSFV in China. The multiplex real-time RT-PCR was able to detect the viral RNA in the whole blood samples of experimentally infected pigs as early as 2 days post-infection, 3 to 4 days prior to the onset of clinical signs in co-housed pigs. The agreements between the multiplex real-time RT-PCR and a multiplex RT-nested PCR for detection of wild-type and C-strain-type viruses were 96.9% and 100%, respectively, when detecting 106 different field samples. There is a positive correlation between the titers of C-strain vaccines titrated in rabbits and RNA copies quantitated by the multiplex real-time RT-PCR. The novel assay described here is rapid and sensitive, and is useful for differentiating field strains and C-strain of CSFV in China.     

猪瘟病毒荧光RT-PCR快速检测方法的建立

以猪瘟病毒5＇端非编码区为靶核酸序列设计引物和探针，建立了一步法荧光RT-PCR检测猪瘟病毒。荧光RT-PCR仅检测出猪瘟C株、T株，未能检测出牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）、猪呼吸系统冠状病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪细小病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒、PK-15细胞和牛睾丸原代细胞；对猪瘟病毒T株的扩增反应产物进行了测序分析，与预期序列相符。荧光RT-PCR的检测极限可达到1 TCID50／mL，整个试验流程只需2h。采用荧光RT-PCR和抗原捕获ELISA同时检测临床病料、猪副产品共207份样本，两种方法的检出率分别为17．4％和13．5％，两者符合率为95．7％（198／207）；荧光RT-PCR的检出率高于ELISA，两者差异显著。结果表明，建立的荧光RT-PCR可用于猪产品、临床病料中猪瘟病毒的快速检测。     

“猪瘟和非洲猪瘟的综合防治措施”专栏(二) 猪瘟病毒诊断方法的现状和发展

猪瘟是一种高度传染性疾病,能在世界范围内引起猪群的大幅度减少.这种疾病在亚洲和中南美的大部分地区、欧洲和非洲的部分地区都有发生.澳大利亚、美国、加拿大以及欧盟等国家已经根除了这种疾病,但南非、德国、荷兰、英国等国还有零星复发.引发猪瘟的病毒属于黄病毒科瘟病毒属的一个成员.对于猪瘟的首次诊断是根据兽医对临床症状和尸体剖解后作出判定的,但许多症状也不完全与猪瘟有关,它们可能会随着病毒株的不同、猪的年龄与健康状况的差异而改变.由于临床症状可能会与其他猪传染病混淆,因此猪瘟的实验室诊断是必不可少的.国际兽疫局和欧盟已经批准了猪瘟诊断手册,为本病的确诊建立取样方法和诊断程序.本文对目前诊断方法的现状进行分析并补充一些新的发展,重点在于介绍反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术.     

猪瘟病毒诊断方法的现状和发展

猪瘟是一种高度传染性疾病,能在世界范围内引起猪群的大幅度减少。这种疾病在亚洲和中南美的大部分地区、欧洲和非洲的部分地区都有发生。澳大利亚、美国、加拿大以及欧盟等国家已经根除了这种疾病,但南非、德国、荷兰、英国等国还有零星复发。引发猪瘟的病毒属于黄病毒科瘟病毒属的一个成员。对于猪瘟的首次诊断是根据兽医对临床症状和尸体剖解后作出判定的,但许多症状也不完全与猪瘟有关,它们可能会随着病毒株的不同、猪的年龄与健康状况的差异而改变。由于临床症状可能会与其他猪传染病混淆,因此猪瘟的实验室诊断是必不可少的。国际兽疫局和欧盟已经批准了猪瘟诊断手册,为本病的确诊建立取样方法和诊断程序。本文对目前诊断方法的现状进行分析并补充一些新的发展,重点在于介绍反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）技术。     

9株猪瘟分离毒株的致病特性

采用9株临床表现强、中、低致病特点的猪瘟野毒分离株第3代细胞毒作为种毒,按3mL/头剂量分别注射猪瘟抗原及抗体阴性猪,再用上一代传代猪发病后的血毒作为下一代接毒用种毒接种试验猪1头或2头,或上一代传代猪发病后,同圈放入1头或2头试验猪进行同居感染.如此进行,GDGZ1/95、BJCY1/96和JL1/94传至8代;FJFQ1/99传至7代;HeBHH1/95、HeNBY1/96、BJTX3/96、GXBH1/98和HeNXH2/98传至3代.结果显示:上述分离株传至3～5代过程中均表现出毒力增强的趋势,从3～5代传代到8(7)代的过程中毒力进一步增强并保持稳定,且均超过了标准石门强毒株的发病特点.所有试验猪均出现较典型的猪瘟临床症状,解剖后均表现出不同程度的病理变化,死后或解剖后的各种脏器经HCFA检查均为强阳性,这种现象进一步证实了猪是猪瘟病毒的敏感动物,各毒株之间毒力没有明显差异.对其中7株分离株传代血毒部分代次E2基因主要区域进行序列分析,结果仅GDGZ1/95株从F1～F8代中的F6代有2个核苷酸的差异,引起1个相应氨基酸的变异,其余毒株的不同代次没有碱基发生变异,初步说明猪瘟病毒基因型表现相对的稳定性.     

用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测猪瘟病毒

为了建立能特异检测不同基因型猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV),同时又能区分其他瘟病毒的基因检测方法,本实验针对CSFV基因组5′端非编码区设计并合成了简并引物和TaqMan探针,在优化反应条件的基础上,成功地建立了特异检测CSFV的荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。再以已知滴度的CSFV石门株血毒总RNA反转录产物建立标准品,该标准品可以用于定量临床样品中的CSFV滴度,所建立的荧光定量PCR方法可以灵敏地检测出10~(-0.82)个TCID_(50)病毒含量。最后用建立的方法对108份临床样品进行检测并同时进行病毒分离,荧光定量PCR方法检测出73份阳性样品且与病毒分离的符合率为100%,而常规RT-PCR只检测出54份阳性样品,表明本荧光定量RT-PCR法在检测猪瘟病料上具有潜在的应用价值。     

猪瘟病毒和猪流行性腹泻病毒双重RT-PCR方法的建立

本研究根据GenBank中发表的猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的基因组序列,设计筛选出两对用于双重RT-PCR反应的特异性引物,通过对特异性、灵敏性和稳定性等试验,建立了检测猪流行性腹泻病毒和猪瘟病毒的双重RT-PCR核酸检测技术。利用建立的CSFV-PEDV双重RT-PCR核酸检测技术,对某规模化猪场病料进行检测,结果表明,扩增出大小约311 bp和501 bp大小的特异性条带,为猪瘟与猪流行性腹泻病毒混合感染。建立的CSFVPEDV双重RT-PCR核酸检测技术具有良好的特异性、灵敏性和稳定性,该方法的建立为CSFV和PEDV的快速诊断、疫情监测及流行病学研究奠定了基础。     

用RT-PCR技术检测盐渍猪肠衣中猪瘟病毒的研究

参考GenBank中发表的猪瘟病毒（CSFV）序列，设计一对CSFV特异性PCR引物；从CSFV感染猪盐渍小肠中提取总RNA，经逆转录后进行PCR扩增，在盐渍小肠中成功扩增出与预期大小（168bp）一致的特异性条带，而正常猪和感染猪伪狂犬病病毒的猪小肠扩增结果均为阴性。用本方法对20例不同稀释浓度的盐渍猪肠衣样本进行检测，结果显示比经典抗原检测方法（抗原捕获ELISA法）具有更高的敏感性。实验表明，本RT—PCR技术能应用于盐渍猪肠衣的CSFV检测，为快速、准确检测盐渍猪肠衣中CSFV提供了一条新途径。     

猪瘟病毒单克隆抗体及其应用

自1985年wenvoort G C等首次应用细胞培养猪瘟病毒接种小鼠的方法建立并制备13株单克隆抗体以来,猪瘟单克隆抗体不仅越来越多的应用于猪瘟的鉴别诊断,而且还用于猪瘟病毒的分子生物学研究.论文对猪瘟病毒的单克隆抗体在猪瘟的鉴别诊断和猪瘟病毒抗原结构蛋白、保护性抗原蛋白、抗原变异以及Ez囊膜糖蛋白抗原表位分析等方面进行综述.     

Classical swine fever virus isolates from Cuba form a new subgenotype 1.4

Identification and classification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) on the basis of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have become an important tool to study the epidemiology and to control CSF disease. According to phylogenetic analyses of short sequences from the 5′nontranslated region (150 nt) and the E2 (190 nt), most CSFV isolates from South and Central America have been assorted to the subgenotypes 1.1 and 1.3, while CSFV isolates from Cuba have been allocated to subgenotype 1.2. Here we demonstrate that determination and comparison of full-length E2 sequences as well as of the sequences encoding for N^pro, C, E^rns, E1 and E2 (3361 nt) do not support segregation of Cuban CSFV isolates to subgenotype 1.2. In fact, our analysis revealed that the Cuban isolates are more divergent from other so far known CSFV subgenotype 1 isolates and form a novel separate subgenotype that is proposed to be designated subgenotype 1.4.     

捷申病毒、猪瘟病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立同时检测猪捷申病毒(PTV)、猪瘟病毒(csFv)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRSV)的多重RT-PCR (mRT-PCR)检测方法,本研究以PRRSV ORF6基因、CSFV Ems基因和PTV 5＇-UTR基因为对象,建立检测3种病毒的mRT-PCR方法.特异性试验表明,该方法可以特异扩增3种病毒的基因,对大肠杆菌、猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型、猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病毒和猪流感病毒呈阴性反应;敏感性试验表明,PRRSV、CSFV和PTV的最低核酸检出量分别为7.11×102拷贝、7.81×103拷贝和8.43×102拷贝,略低于单一RT-PCR敏感性;应用该方法对69份送检样品进行检测,其中PRRSV、CSFV和PTV单纯感染检出率分别为28.99％、27.54％和56.52％,PRRSV和CSFV混合感染检出率为4.35％,PRRSV和PTV的混合感染检出率为11.59％,CSFV和PTV的混合感染检出率为13.04％,3种病毒的混合感染检出率为8.70％,与单一RT-PCR检测结果符合率为98.6％.本研究建立的检测方法快速简便,可以用于疾病的初步筛选,对临床早期诊断和流行病学调查具有重要意义.     

猪瘟病毒及其致病机制研究进展

猪瘟(CSF)是猪的一种高度接触性传染病,该传染病可分为急性、亚急性、慢性、非典型性和不明显型.急性CSF由强毒株引发,一般导致高发病率和死亡率,而弱毒病毒感染则表现不明显.由于疫苗的广泛应用,有效地控制了猪瘟的大流行,减少了急性死亡.但从20世纪80年代以后,临床症状不典型且病程变长的非典型性猪瘟(或慢性猪瘟)成为该病的主要发生形式,持续感染普遍存在,疫苗的预防效果明显下降,使猪瘟防制遇到了新的困难.以目前人类对猪瘟的认识水平,尚难以从分子水平解释这一新变化的成因,这是因为对猪瘟病毒致病机理及其分子基础的认识深度不够.就此,文章综述了猪瘟及猪瘟病毒研究进展,主要涉及CSFV生物学特性、致病机制及其防控,希望能为猪瘟防控提供新的思路和对策.     

猪瘟病毒持续性感染的分子机制

猪瘟病毒的持续性感染是典型急性猪瘟感染以外的一种感染形式,在这类感染中,感染猪并不表现明显的临床症状,但是却长期携带病毒成为重要的传染源。研究表明,猪瘟病毒是通过对细胞溶解性感染的调节,引起树突状细胞无应答,诱导淋巴细胞凋亡,抑制I型干扰素产生和囊膜糖蛋白E2变异等多个方面来逃脱机体的免疫应答,从而建立持续性感染。