糙皮侧耳产洛伐他汀发酵培养基的优化

为提高糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)液体发酵产洛伐他汀的产量,以高产洛伐他汀的糙皮侧耳菌株P380为研究对象,在单因素试验的基础上采用正交试验优化发酵培养基组成。优化后的培养基为:乳糖24.0 g·L^-1,玉米粉2.5 g·L^-1,氯化铵2.5 g·L^-1,磷酸二氢钾5.0 g·L^-1,硫酸镁2.5 g·L^-1,初始pH值6.0。通过优化培养基,可显著提高糙皮侧耳发酵培养基中洛伐他汀产量,与原始发酵培养基相比,洛伐他汀产量提高3.15倍,生物量提高1.78倍。本研究结果为糙皮侧耳发酵菌质的合理开发利用奠定了基础。     

Assessing Fermentation Quality of Grain Sorghum for Fuel Ethanol Production Using Rapid Visco‐Analyzer

The Rapid Visco‐Analyzer (RVA) was used to characterize the pasting properties of 68 sorghum grains with a standard 23‐min temperature profile. The results showed a strong linear relationship between ethanol yield and final viscosity as well as setback. Ethanol yield increased as final viscosity decreased. A modified RVA procedure (10 min) with an application of α‐amylase was developed to simulate the liquefaction step in dry‐grind ethanol production. There was a remarkable difference in mashing properties among the sorghum samples with the normal dosage of α‐amylase. The sorghum samples which were difficult to liquefy in the mashing step had much higher peak viscosities than the samples that were easily liquefied. The results also showed that the relationship between conversion efficiency and mashing property was significant. Tannins cause high mash viscosities. There was a strong linear relationship between tannin content and final viscosity as well as peak viscosity. The modified RVA procedure is applicable not only for characterization of mashing properties but also for optimization of α‐amylase doses for starch liquefaction.     

粗毛纤孔菌产胞外黑色素发酵条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

为提高天然黑色素的产量,本研究通过探索碳氮源、转速、pH、温度等单因素对粗毛纤孔菌产黑色素的影响,并利用正交试验筛选产胞外黑色素的最适发酵培养基配方和发酵条件。结果表明,优化后的最佳发酵培养基配方为甘露醇20 g·L^-1、牛肉浸膏5 g·L^-1、碳氮比4∶1、维生素B₁ 10 mg·L^-1,最适发酵条件为发酵温度25℃、发酵初始pH值6、转速180 r·min^-1、发酵时间10 d。在此培养条件下,粗毛纤孔菌胞外黑色素(IHEM)含量高达3.29 g·L^-1,较优化前提高了17.32倍。IHEM体外化学抗氧化活性检测结果显示,IHEM具有良好的抗氧化活性,其对ABTS自由基的清除效果较佳,半最大效应浓度(EC₅₀)为0.019 mg·mL^-1。本研究结果为深层发酵高产黑色素的开发提供了技术支持。     

一株产常温葡甘聚糖酶的芽孢杆菌的分离、鉴定及产酶发酵条件的研究

以魔芋生粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从魔芋废渣中分离筛选出一株可以降解魔芋生粉的细菌菌株,编号为LS-6。根据16SrDNA序列和生理生化特性,将该菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。胞内外葡甘露聚糖酶酶活分析结果表明,LS-6产生的葡甘聚糖酶为胞外酶。LS-6产生葡甘聚糖酶的最佳培养基组分和条件是：1%魔芋生粉,0.5%酵母粉,0.5%NaCl,培养基初始pH为6.0,最佳发酵条件是25℃,摇床转速200r/min,培养48h。酶解产物的高效液相色谱分析结果表明,LS-6粗酶液的酶解产物主要为葡萄糖和甘露糖。LS-6的分离为进一步克隆常温葡甘聚糖酶基因和产酶工程菌的构建奠定了基础。     

Rye and Triticale as Feedstock for Fuel Ethanol Production

Normal gravity rye and triticale mashes, containing 20–21 g of dissolved solids per 100 mL of mash liquid, were fermented with active dry yeast at 27°C. Fermentations were completed within 48 hr for rye, and within 72 hr for triticale. Supplementation of mashes with urea at a concentration of 8 mM accelerated rates of sugar consumption and fermentation, and reduced fermentation time from 48 to 36 hr for rye, and from 72 to 48 hr for triticale. Rye fermented faster than triticale, due to its higher level of free amino nitrogen. Ethanol yields were 356–363 L/tonne of 14% moisture rye grain, and 362–367 L/tonne of 14% moisture triticale. Fermentation efficiencies, which were 90–91% for triticale, and 91–93% for rye, and ethanol yields were comparable to those obtained from wheat and were not affected significantly by urea supplementation. The replacement of wheats by less expensive crops such as rye and triticale would provide good economic opportunities and alternatives for the fuel alcohol industry.     

腌制叶用芥菜发酵菌分离鉴定及应用研究

为获得发酵性能优良的菌株,生产优质的发酵叶用芥菜,本研究从自然发酵的芥菜中分离发酵用菌株,通过测定乳酸菌的生长、产酸和亚硝酸盐降解能力以及酵母菌的产气、产酯能力和蛋白酶活性等发酵特性进行筛选,并对筛选获得的优良发酵菌加以应用。结果表明,筛选获得的2株乳酸菌L8短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、L9植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和1株酵母菌Y9酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)在腌制叶用芥菜中的发酵性能优良。与自然发酵的叶用芥菜相比,接菌发酵叶用芥菜的pH值和亚硝酸盐含量分别减少了2.22%和88.13%;总酸含量、氨基酸态氮含量分别增加了9.02%和28.09%。接菌发酵提高了腌制芥菜的营养品质和安全性。本研究丰富了叶用芥菜的发酵菌种,为蔬菜发酵加工产业奠定了技术基础。     

黑曲霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶的响应面优化设计及其酶学性质的研究

本研究采用响应面法的中心组合对影响黑曲霉(aspergillus niger JL 15)固体发酵产木聚糖酶的条件进行了优化.以橘皮粉为基质,补充碳源、氮源,以及含水量和发酵时间对木聚糖酶产量具有显著影响(P<0.05).模拟二次多项式回归预测模型,并建立自变量与响应值的回归方程,获得各因素的最佳水平,即:甘油、硫酸铵的添加量分别为4.2%和3.1%,含水量为61%,发酵时间为73.4 h,木聚糖酶活性最大预测值达922.9 U/g干发酵产物,验证值为917.7 U/g干发酵产物,高出基础培养基酶活3.2倍.酶学性质分析研究表明,黑曲霉木聚糖酶(XylA)的最适温度和最适pH分别为55oC和pH 5.0.XylA的K_m和V_(max)值分别为9.24 mg/mL和54.05 μmol/min/mL.Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和斗和Mg~(2+)对XylA活性具有促进作用,而Fe~(3+)和cu~(2+)对XylA活性具有明显抑制作用.HPLC分析结果表明,XylA的水解桦木木聚糖和麸皮不溶性木聚糖的产物均为木糖至木六糖,主要产物为木三糖.     

基因工程菌EGs2产β-葡聚糖酶条件优化及产酶特性

摘要：用乳清粉作为主要培养基组成，采用正交试验对重组菌EGs2的发酵条件进行了优化，并对粗酶液的酶学性质进行了研究。重组菌EGs2的最佳发酵条件为：摇床转速170 r•min-1，接种量1 ％，发酵培养基初始pH值6.0，种龄12 h。重组菌EGs2β－葡聚糖酶的表达与菌体生长呈正相关，发酵14h后，菌体生物量最高可达1.71 g•L -1，β－葡聚糖酶活力最高可达321.56 U•ml-1。所得粗酶液的最适反应温度和pH值分别为60 ℃和6.0，在70 ℃以下保温20 min后，残余酶活力均在80 %以上。在pH 5.0-9.0 放置48 h后仍能保持均90 %以上的残余酶活力。     

柴油机燃用乳化油燃烧特性分析

在进行内燃机台架性能试验时，应用ＡＶＬ６５７多通道发动机分析仪，同步测量柴油机的示功图和高压油管压力的变化，并通过示功图的分析和放热率的计算，对柴油机燃用乳化油和纯柴油时的燃烧特性进行定量的对比和分析，进一步探索柴油机燃用乳化油时的燃烧特点和调整方向     

Prediction of Test Weight from a Small Volume Specific Gravity Measurement

The specific gravity (cm³/g) of small (20 and 40 g) samples of soft wheats from three states were rapidly measured and compared with bulk density (g/cm³) measurements (microtest weights). Specific gravities were correlated with test weights for both cleaned and uncleaned samples. The relationship between specific gravity and test weight was linear unless the samples were severely shriveled. Operator effect was not statistically significant. Simple linear regression analysis produced equations that predicted with high R² value microtest weights from specific gravity measurements. Both 20 and 40 g sample sizes were satisfactory. However, 40 g samples produced better statistical relationships.     

火山喷出物发育土壤的比重及颗粒组成测定

利用比重瓶法对火山喷出物发育土壤的比重进行测定,结果表明:玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重大于粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重;基于粒径小于1 mm土粒测定的比重,玄武岩质火山喷出物和粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重均小于一般土壤的平均比重2.65 g cm~(-3);基于粒径小于0.1 mm土粒测定的比重,除个别玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤外也小于2.65 g cm~(-3)。分别取比重值为2.65 g cm~(-3)、粒径小于1 mm土粒的实测比重和粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的实测比重,计算不同粒级土粒的沉降时间,并进行颗粒组成的实验研究表明:取不同比重值测定的土壤颗粒组成含量相差较大而且影响土壤质地定名。由于成土母质的矿物组成决定土壤的比重,且土壤颗粒组成的静水沉降实验是在粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的悬液中进行的,所以,准确测定土壤颗粒组成含量,需要区分成土母质的矿物组成,并测定其小于0.1 mm粒径的土粒比重,重新计算沉降时间。     

具有产表面活性剂功能石油降解茵的筛选及其发酵条件优化

从广州某炼油厂附近石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株可高效产表面活性剂的原油降解菌株MZ01,结合菌株形态观察、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性进行分析鉴定其属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonassp．MZ01）,该菌9d对原油的降解率达54．7％。通过正交实验优化其产表面活性剂的环境因子并进行发酵培养,结果表明,MZ01最佳发酵条件为：酵母膏（3g·L^-1）作为氮源,玉米油（2g·L^-1）作为碳源,温度为25℃,pH值为9．0和含盐量为5％。该条件下3d的发酵产物经提纯后得到表面活性剂产量为2．27g·L^-1,测得该产物CMC值为0．1g·L^-1,可将水的表面张力从初始的72mN·m^-1降至30mN·m^-1。     

Comparison of Waxy vs. Nonwaxy Wheats in Fuel Ethanol Fermentation

Fermentation performance of eight waxy, seven nonwaxy soft, and 15 nonwaxy hard wheat cultivars was compared in a laboratory dry‐grind procedure. With nitrogen supplements in the mash, the range of ethanol yields was 368–447 L/ton. Nonwaxy soft wheat had an average ethanol yield of 433 L/ton, higher than nonwaxy hard and waxy wheat. Conversion efficiencies were 91.3–96.2%. Despite having higher levels of free sugars in grain, waxy wheat had higher conversion efficiency than nonwaxy wheat. Although there was huge variation in the protein content between nonwaxy hard and soft wheat, no difference in conversion efficiency was observed. Waxy cultivars had extremely low peak viscosity during liquefaction. Novel mashing properties of waxy cultivars were related to unique pasting properties of starch granules. With nitrogen supplementation, waxy wheat had a faster fermentation rate than nonwaxy wheat. Fermentation rates for waxy cultivars without nitrogen supplementation and nonwaxy cultivars with nitrogen supplementation were comparable. Ethanol yield was highly related to both total starch and protein content, but total starch was a better predictor of ethanol yield. There were strong negative relationships between total starch content of grain and both yield and protein content of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS).     

高油脂产率微藻的筛选及发酵条件的优化

本研究旨在从自然水域分离、筛选出高油脂产率的微藻藻株,对其生产油脂的发酵条件进行优化,以期为用微藻制备生物柴油的工业化生产打下基础.从不同淡水环境中分离纯化了17株微藻,根据形态特征对这些微藻进行了初步鉴定.比较了其中11株微藻的生物量、油脂含量及油脂产率.从中选取生物量和油脂含量都较高的椭圆栅藻(Scenedesmus ovalternus)、雷氏衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardii)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)3株微藻,研究了光照、温度、pH、碳源、氮源及不同水平碳氮源组合对其比生长速率和油脂产率的影响,结果表明,添加葡萄糖作为碳源时3株微藻生长较快,油脂产率较高;其最适发酵温度为28(2;椭圆栅藻和蛋白核小球藻最适pH为7,而雷氏衣藻最适pH为9;葡萄糖和尿素分别为这3种微藻的最适碳源和氮源.从油脂产率方面考虑,椭圆栅藻的最佳碳、氮源组合为:30g/L葡萄糖和2.1 g/L尿素;蛋白核小球藻的最佳碳、氮源组合为:40 g/L葡萄糖和2.1g/L尿素;雷氏衣藻则为:30/L葡萄糖和1.2g/L尿素.雷氏衣藻和蛋白核小球藻的5 L发酵试验表明,与摇瓶培养相比,发酵培养时间由7 d缩短为5 d,OD540nm分别可达61.2和59.9,而且2株微藻生物量干重分别由11.2 g/L和8.8 g/L提高到26.58 g/L和20.19 g/L,油脂含量分别由20.3%和17.2%提高到23.2%和20.1%,油脂产率分别由0.3248 g/L/d和0.2162 g/L/a提高到1.2333 g/L/d和0.8112 g/L/a.本研究结果表明,从天然水域分离、筛选得到的两株微藻雷氏衣藻(Y7)、蛋白核小球藻(Y9)经过发酵条件优化控制油脂产率分别可达1.2333 g/L/a和0.8112 g/L/a,有望应用于利用微藻制备生物柴油的工业化生产.     

Quick Fiber Process: Effect of Mash Temperature,Dry Solids,and Residual Germ on Fiber Yield and Purity

Preliminary calculations showed that recovery of fiber before fermentation in the dry grind ethanol facilities known as the Quick Fiber process increases fermenter capacity and reduces ethanol production cost by as much as 4 ¢/gal. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effect of mash temperature, dry solids, and residual germ on fiber yield and purity when using the quick fiber process. Fiber was recovered by flotation and skimming, while maintaining a specified temperature, dry solids, and residual germ in the mash. Varying temperature and dry solids in the mash resulted in a statistically significant effect on the fiber yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. Varying residual germ in the mash resulted in statistically significant differences for NDF through dilution and the weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. The highest fiber yield was 10.9% at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 15% residual germ; the highest NDF was 50.9% at 30°C, 21% dry solids, and 0% residual germ. The highest weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn was observed at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 0% residual germ.     

重组球孢白僵菌表达目标产物类枯草杆菌蛋白酶的发酵特性研究

采用单因子筛选和正交试验,研究了碳源、氮源、微量元素及无机盐等营养成分对重组球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株Bb0062-15-4-CDEP-1产生目标产物类枯草杆菌蛋白酶CDEP-1的影响,并通过摇瓶发酵和30 L发酵罐发酵对其发酵特性进行了研究.结果表明,其优化发酵培养基为2.0%玉米粉,1.0%麦麸,0.25%豆粕粉,0.4%NaNO3,0.1%MgSO4·7H2O.摇瓶发酵结果表明,在对数生长期,随着菌体生物量的增加,CDEP-1产量上升,二者呈一定的平行关系;当菌体生长到稳定期,CDEP-1产量继续上升,并达到产酶高峰;此后,随着菌体生长的衰退,CDEP-1产量出现快速下降趋势.扩大培养时,30 L发酵罐中60 h产酶量最高,比摇瓶培养(168 h)缩短了108 h,单位体积的产酶量比摇瓶培养提高80%.结果对研究和利用该球孢白僵菌重组菌株的代谢产物,提高真菌杀虫剂的杀虫效果奠定了基础.     

虾籽酱发酵工艺条件的优化及其挥发性风味成分研究

为改善虾籽酱传统加工周期长、高盐和品质不均一的不足,通过正交试验优化虾籽酱的发酵工艺条件,制备出一种发酵时间短、盐分低的虾籽酱,并采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱—质谱联用技术对挥发性风味成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,虾籽酱的二次发酵工艺条件为:温度20℃,加盐量11%,先发酵7 d,之后添加5%黄酒和7%糖,再发酵21d;此条件下制得的虾籽酱感官得分为83.5分,氨基酸态氮含量为0.56 g·100 m L~(-1)。虾籽酱中检出25种挥发性成分,主要为烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、脂类;与原料虾籽相比,丁香醛和酯类化合物相对含量明显增加,(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮和1-戊烯-3-醇相对含量明显减少,它们相互作用,可共同构成虾籽酱的特征风味。本研究为低盐虾籽酱的工业生产和风味研究提供了理论依据。     

啤酒用β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株的选育及发酵条件优化

对产β-葡聚糖酶的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)A302菌株进行紫外线和硫酸二乙酯(DES)复合诱变和选育，获得产β-葡聚糖酶达27．3U／mL的突变株H302。采用均匀实验设计对H302菌株产β-葡聚糖酶的液体培养基组成及发酵条件进行优化实验，所获优化配方(W／V)为麦麸1．41％，鱼粉0．80％，硝酸钾0．34％，硫酸镁0．11％，起始pH6．0；用含孢量10^8个／mL的种子菌液按体积比3．3％接种上述液体培养基，在36℃下发酵52h，菌株H302的产酶活力达到115．1U／mL，是原出发菌株及培养条件下产酶活力的9．4倍。对突变株H302所产β-葡聚糖酶性质的研究表明，该酶最适作用温度为60℃，最适作用pH为5．5，适用于啤酒生产中的麦芽糖化。     

普鲁兰酶产生菌的诱变选育及其发酵工艺的优化

为了提高普鲁兰酶产酶酶活,以GX-6为出发菌株,采用低能离子束修饰技术对其进行诱变,并通过响应面法优化其发酵培养基。结果表明,最佳离子束诱变参数为:注入能量10 keV、诱变剂量1×10¹⁵ ions·cm^-2、诱变时间38 s,此条件下菌株正突变率比负突变率高,利用离子束诱变技术反复诱变,最终获得一株普鲁兰酶酶活较高且遗传性稳定的突变菌株GX-6-2,其酶活为2.13 U·mL^-1,较出发菌株酶活(0.65 U·mL^-1)提高了2.28倍。由Plackett-Burmen试验分析得到影响普鲁兰酶酶活的3个显著因素分别是玉米淀粉、麦芽糖和吐温-80。通过响应面试验得到最佳发酵培养参数为:玉米淀粉56.5 g·L^-1、麦芽糖11.5 g·L^-1、吐温-80 1.0 mL·L^-1、黄豆饼粉 25 g·L^-1、pH值7.0、发酵温度37℃、接种量3%、发酵时间24 h、装液量50 mL、转速180 r·min^-1,此条件下诱变菌株的酶活为2.57 U·mL^-1,较出发菌株酶活提高了2.95倍。对突变菌株的发酵特性进行初步研究发现,发酵培养24 h时,突变菌株酶活达到2.67 U·mL^-1,较出发菌株提高了3.11倍。本研究结果为利用低能离子束修饰技术诱变选育普鲁兰酶产生菌提供了一定的理论参考。