冷藏和冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌氧化稳定性及加工品质的影响

为探明4℃冷藏和-18℃冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌脂肪和蛋白质氧化及其加工特性的影响,以PE薄膜和PE真空包装的牦牛瘤胃为研究对象,分别测定其在贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化(硫代巴比妥酸)、蛋白质氧化(羰基值、总巯基、表面疏水性)和加工品质(失水率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、质构特性)的变化。结果表明,不同贮藏温度和包装方式下的瘤胃均发生了不同程度的脂肪和蛋白质氧化,与薄膜包装相比,真空包装可延缓牦牛瘤胃脂肪和蛋白质氧化的发生,且-18℃冻藏下更为显著。此外,冷(冻)藏条件下不同包装牦牛瘤胃的失水率和蒸煮损失率均显著增大(P<0.05),剪切力值显著降低(P<0.05),硬度先减小后增大,且薄膜包装在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,其加工特性均优于真空包装。综上表明,2种包装下的牦牛瘤胃在冷(冻)藏过程中均发生了脂肪和蛋白质氧化,但真空包装可以有效地延缓氧化反应的发生。此外,在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,薄膜包装更有利于改善瘤胃的加工特性,增加其嫩度和弹性,但长时间贮藏会导致瘤胃加工特性下降,冷藏条件下薄膜包装瘤胃的变化表现最为显著。本研究可为瘤胃贮藏过程中食用品质的控制提供参考。     

Effects of Yeast Freezing in Frozen Dough

The effects of freezing and frozen storage of bread dough and compressed yeast on bread quality were studied. Besides, the effects of compressed yeast freezing on cell viability, gas production and release of substances by the yeast cells were examined. Freezing and frozen storage of dough made with fresh yeast had more negative effects on baking quality than the addition of frozen yeast to dough. When the compressed yeast is frozen and stored at ‐18°C, the CO₂ production decreased, while the amount of dead cells, the total protein, and the total reducing substances leached from the yeast increased as the length of yeast frozen storage increased. SDS‐PAGE showed that the substances leached from frozen yeast caused an increase in the solubility of some gluten proteins. On the other hand, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) pointed out that the relative amount of two protein fractions of low molecular weight leached from frozen yeast increased for longer yeast frozen storage periods. The yeast leachates had an adverse effect on loaf volume.     

Effects of Transglutaminase on Rheology,Microstructure, and Baking Properties of Frozen Dough

The improving effects of transglutaminase (TGase) were investigated on the frozen dough system and its breadmaking quality. Rheological properties and microstructure of fresh and frozen doughs were measured using a Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA), dynamic rheometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The frozen doughs with three storage periods (1, 3, and 5 weeks at –18°C) were studied at three levels (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of TGase. As the amount of TGase increased, hot pasting peak viscosity and final viscosity from the RVA decreased, but breakdown value increased. The TGase content showed a positive correlation with both storage modulus G′ (elastic modulus) and the loss modulus G″ (viscous modulus): G′ was higher than G″ at any given frequency. The SEM micrographs showed that TGase strengthened the gluten network of fresh, unfrozen dough. After five weeks of frozen storage at –18°C, the gluten structure in the control dough appeared less continuous, more disrupted, and separated from the starch granules, while the dough containing 0.5% TGase showed less fractured gluten network. Addition of TGase increased specific volume of bread significantly (P < 0.05) with softer bread texture. Even after the five weeks of frozen storage, bread volume from dough with 1.5% TGase was similar to that of the fresh control bread (P < 0.05). The improving effects of TGase on frozen dough were likely the result of the ability of TGase to polymerize proteins to stabilize the gluten structure embedded by starch granules in frozen doughs.     

小麦蛋白淀粉品质指标与面包品质关系的研究

选用近年来黄淮麦区大面积推广种植的小麦品种和新育成高代品系为材料,采用近红外(NIR)、面筋仪、粉质仪、快速粘度分析仪(RVA)和凝胶色谱(SE-HPLC)方法等对蛋白品质指标及淀粉糊化参数进行分析,分析各品质参数间的关系及其与面包烘焙品质的关系。结果表明,谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)-沉降值、湿面筋指数、弱化度与多数蛋白品质指标间存在正向0.01或0.05水平相关,GMP、SDS-沉降值、湿面筋指数、干面筋含量、面粉蛋白含量、麦谷蛋白含量、形成时间、稳定时间均与面包烘焙品质间达0.01水平正相关,湿面筋含量与面包体积和评分间分别达0.01和0.05水平正相关;醇溶蛋白含量及弱化度与面包体积和评分间分别达0.05和0.01水平负相关。吸水率与糊化温度、最终粘度、回生值间达0.01水平负相关,形成时间与峰值粘度和稀澥值间达0.05水平正相关,GMP与糊化温度间达0.05水平负相关。各品质参数对面包体积的作用大小依次为湿面筋指数>弱化度>形成时间>湿面筋含量>糊化温度等,对面包评分的作用大小依次为麦谷蛋白>稳定时间>醇溶蛋白>面粉蛋白含量>吸水率等。小麦品质测试指标间有着广泛的相关性,湿面筋指数、弱化度和麦谷蛋白、稳定时间是反映面包烘焙品质的重要指标;早代可进行GMP或SDS-沉降值测定,中高代可进行面筋仪、粉质仪测定;在品质测试过程中应重视湿面筋指数、弱化度的重要性,小麦粉淀粉品质对面包品质的影响也应引起关注。     

Fermentation Stability and Pore Size Distribution of Frozen Prefermented Lean Wheat Doughs

Fermentation stability of frozen prefermented doughs was studied with a maturograph, an instrument that allows monitoring of dough rise, gas production, and gas retention during fermentation. Maturograph curves excellently predicted the baking quality, measured as form ratio, after frozen storage. The greatest decrease in dough level occurred after seven days of storage, after which the level remained constant. With some flours, decreased amount of water improved both the fermentation stability and form ratio of breads baked after seven days of frozen storage of dough. However, no improvement was observed in loaf volume. Preliminary experiments with longer final fermentation time (after thawing) showed that the reduced water content also resulted in higher loaf volumes than did optimal water content. Microscopic studies showed that with most doughs, porosity decreased with reduced water content. However, these changes depended on flour type. In one dough, reduction of water by 2 percentage units decreased the area of pores per total area of section from 56.6 to 46.4%, whereas in another dough the same water reduction had no effect on the pore area.     

Extensional Rheology and Stability of Gas Cell Walls in Bread Doughs at Elevated Temperatures in Relation to Breadmaking Performance

The rheological properties of gas cell walls in bread doughs are considered to be important in relation to their stability and gas retention during proof and baking. Large deformation rheological properties of gas cell walls were measured using biaxial extension for a number of doughs of varying breadmaking quality at constant strain rate and elevated temperatures of 25–60°C. Strain hardening and failure strain of cell walls both decreased with temperature, with cell walls in good breadmaking doughs remaining stable and retaining their strain hardening properties at higher temperatures (60°C), while the cell walls of poor breadmaking doughs became unstable at lower temperatures (45–50°C) and had lower strain hardening. Strain hardening measured at 50°C gave good correlations with baking volume, with the best correlations achieved between rheological measurements and baking tests that used similar mixing conditions. As predicted by the Considere failure criterion, a strain hardening value of 1 defines a region below which gas cell walls become unstable, and discriminates well between the baking quality of a range of commercial flour blends of varying quality. This indicates that the stability of gas cell walls during baking is strongly related to strain hardening properties, and that extensional rheological measurements can be used as indicators of baking quality.     

Effects of Extraction Rates of Wheat Flour on Phyllo (Yufka) Properties at Different Storage Temperatures

Phyllo sheets were produced with flour obtained at different extraction rates (53, 58, or 67%), and stored at 4 and 25°C. Physical, chemical, and sensory properties of fresh and stored phyllo were researched. Fresh phyllo samples from wheat flour at 53% extraction rate were thinner (0.4 mm) and had whiter color (L* = 87.6). Textural properties and overall sensory acceptability of phyllo samples significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with increased extraction rates and storage times. At the end of four days, toughness and extensibility decreased from 0.88 N and 10.9 mm to 0.65 N and 6.7 mm at 4°C and to 0.45 N and 5.6 mm at 25°C. The 53% extraction rate was more suitable for producing phyllo. The shelf life of phyllo samples for preparing borek was determined four days at 4°C and two days at 25°C according to acid contents and sensory properties.     

Effects of Selected Harvest Moistures and Frozen Storage Times on Selected Yellow Dent Corn: Wet‐Milling Yields and Starch Pasting Properties

The effects of harvest moistures and frozen storage times on corn wet‐milling yields and the pasting properties of the resulting starch were studied. Pioneer hybrid P‐0916‐XR harvested at three moisture contents (49, 35, and 21% wb) were stored frozen for three days or for five months, followed by wet‐milling. The pasting properties of the resulting starch were evaluated with a Rapid Visco Analyzer. The yields of starch and germ increased by 1.2 and 1.9 percentage points, respectively, when harvest moisture decreased from 49 to 21% wb, whereas the yields of steep water solids, total fiber, and gluten decreased by 2.1, 0.7, and 0.6 percentage points, respectively. The frozen corn had lower coarse fiber yields but higher cellular fiber yields. The starch pasting properties showed that peak and breakdown viscosities decreased by 8% (3,824 ± 36 versus 3,520 ± 38 cP) and 13% (2,336 ± 47 versus 2,029 ± 60 cP), respectively, when harvest moisture decreased from 49 to 21% wb, whereas peak time increased by 5% (6.32 ± 0.06 versus 6.62 ± 0.07 min). The setback and final viscosities of starch from long‐term frozen storage (five months) were 14% (1,574 ± 65 versus 1,828 ± 79 cP) and 8% (3,063 ± 27 versus 3,317 ± 101 cP) lower, respectively, than that from control (unfrozen) corn.     

Differential Scanning Calorimetric Study on the Effects of Frozen Storage on Gluten and Dough

Water transport from the gluten to the starch paste during frozen storage of a dough was studied by analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) peak shape for gluten and dough. The results indicate that in gluten stored at ‐15°C, the water content in the gluten phase decreased by ≈1% over the first three weeks. An apparent steady state was attained over this period and the amount of ice did not increase further. Such changes were not observed for samples stored at ‐25°C. Qualitatively similar observations were made for dough stored at either ‐15 or ‐25°C. The greater sensitivity of dough to frozen storage is tentatively attributed to a slightly lower glass transition temperature in dough.     

解冻方式对羊肉品质及微观结构的影响

为探究不同解冻方式对羊肉理化品质和微观结构的影响,本研究将冻结的羊半膜肌及背最长肌分别采用室温空气解冻、静水解冻、冷藏解冻、超声波解冻及微波解冻5种方式进行解冻,通过测定相关品质指标,分析各解冻方式对肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,冷藏解冻后羊半膜肌及背最长肌的解冻损失(1.08%、3.10%)、蒸煮损失(21.18%、21.97%)、高铁肌红蛋白含量(36.1%、43.6%)及挥发性盐基氮值(7.02、7.45 mg·100g^-1)均显著低于其他解冻方式(P<0.05),微观结构破坏程度较小;超声波解冻、微波解冻后半膜肌与背最长肌的解冻损失(3.34%、7.01%及7.63%、9.59%)、蒸煮损失(25.54%、26.17%及26.45%、28.46%)高于其他解冻方式(P<0.05);室温空气解冻、静水解冻后两种肌肉的挥发性盐基氮(27.5、21.4及21、23.51 mg·100g^-1)、菌落总数[3.52、3.89及3.46、3.9 lg(CFU·mL^-1)]显著高于其他解冻方式(P<0.05);微波解冻后肌肉纤维发生严重卷曲和断裂。综上,冷藏解冻的羊肉品质较好,这为实际生产中冻结羊肉的解冻方式选择提供了理论依据。     

液氮冻结软壳青蟹在冻藏期间的营养物质变化

为探讨液氮(LN)冻结拟穴青蟹软壳蟹在冻藏期间的营养物质变化,本研究采用基于核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学技术分析了LN冻结软壳蟹可食组织代谢谱在短期(7 d)和长期(8个月)冻藏期间的变化.结果表明,-20℃冻藏和LN冻结均对短期冻藏的软壳蟹代谢谱无显著影响(P＞0.05),但-20℃冻藏导致软壳蟹肌肉的二甲胺和肝胰腺...     

Effects of Laccase and Ferulic Acid on Wheat Flour Doughs

The effects of a laccase from the fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus on the mixing of a wheat flour dough with or without added ferulic acid (FA) were studied. Laccase reduced dough time‐to‐peak and accelerated dough breakdown in comparison with the control. Its effect was enhanced with FA. The water extractability of arabinoxylans (AX) increased during mixing of a dough free of added laccase, especially with exogenous FA. At the same time, the extractability of FA decreased during mixing. Added FA may have competed with endogenous AX feruloyl esters, inhibiting partly oxidative gelation. Laccase decreased AX extractability by chain cross‐linking through oxidative dimerization of feruloyl esters. FA and, moreover, FA plus laccase, increased the oxidation of sulfhydryl (SH) groups. FA and, even more, FA in combination with laccase, increased the rate of protein depolymerization during mixing. FA and the products of FA laccase oxidation participated in a redox reaction involving SH groups. A coupling reaction involving enzymatically generated feruloyl radicals and thiol radicals generated through the mechanical breakdown of inter‐chain disulfide bonds might explain these results.     

Influence of Bran Particle Size on Bread‐Baking Quality of Whole Grain Wheat Flour and Starch Retrogradation

The influence of bran particle size on bread‐baking quality of whole grain wheat flour (WWF) and starch retrogradation was studied. Higher water absorption of dough prepared from WWF with added gluten to attain 18% protein was observed for WWFs of fine bran than those of coarse bran, whereas no significant difference in dough mixing time was detected for WWFs of varying bran particle size. The effects of bran particle size on loaf volume of WWF bread and crumb firmness during storage were more evident in hard white wheat than in hard red wheat. A greater degree of starch retrogradation in bread crumb stored for seven days at 4°C was observed in WWFs of fine bran than those of coarse bran. The gels prepared from starch–fine bran blends were harder than those prepared from starch–unground bran blends when stored for one and seven days at 4°C. Furthermore, a greater degree of starch retrogradation was observed in gelatinized starch containing fine bran than that containing unground bran after storage for seven days at 4°C. It is probable that finely ground bran takes away more water from gelatinized starch than coarsely ground bran, increasing the extent of starch retrogradation in bread and gels during storage.     

鲐鱼肉酶解物添加量对带鱼鱼糜蛋白抗冻效果的影响

为了提高冷冻带鱼鱼糜的抗冻能力,本试验以肌原纤维蛋白溶解度、Ca2+-ATPase活性、活性巯基含量以及鱼糜保水性为指标,研究鲐鱼肉酶解物添加量对冻藏带鱼鱼糜抗冷冻变性效果的影响,以确定鲐鱼肉酶解物合适的添加剂量.结果表明,随着酶解物添加量的增加,带鱼鱼糜蛋白的抗冻能力随之增加,但添加量达到5％后,随着酶解物剂量的增加,抗冻能力增强幅度变小,鲐鱼肉酶解物合适的添加量为5％ ～7％.综上所述,添加5％ ～7％鲐鱼肉酶解物,能有效抑制带鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白的冷冻变性,提高鱼糜保水性,鲐鱼肉酶解物有望成为良好的鱼糜抗冻剂.     

不同温度条件下沙棘雄株花粉储存时间研究

为研究不同温度条件、不同储存时间对沙棘雄株花粉生活力的影响,采用蓝墨水染色法对分别保存在20～22℃室温和4℃低温条件下的沙棘雄株花粉离体后的生活力进行了测定。结果表明:室温下无刺雄花粉存活时间最短,活性下降速度最快,离体5～11 d下降速度达到峰值,中雄花粉存活时间最长,活性下降速度最慢,11～15 d下降速度到达峰值,以花粉生活力50%为下限,阿列伊与201306可以存活9 d,中雄可以存活11 d,无刺雄存活7 d;4℃低温条件下,阿列伊花粉存活时间最长,为17 d,活性下降速度最慢,在离体15～21 d时下降速度达到峰值,无刺雄花粉存活时间最短,为9 d,活性下降速度快,在5～11 d时下降速度达到峰值,中雄与201306花粉存活时间分别为13、11 d。     

超高压前处理对虾仁冻藏期品质的影响

为研究超高压辅助脱壳所得到的中华管鞭虾虾仁在冻藏期的品质变化,以虾仁色泽、质构、肌原纤维蛋白相对含量、表面疏水性、总巯基相对含量和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性为指标,探讨超高压前处理对虾仁品质的影响。结果表明,冻藏6个月后虾仁L^*值、a^*值和b^*值均有所变化,与对照组相比,超高压前处理对虾仁L^*值的影响不显著,但能延缓冻藏后期a^*值的增加,对保持虾肉色泽的稳定有一定作用;超高压前处理对虾仁的咀嚼性和弹性影响不显著,但能增加虾仁的硬度。超高压前处理使冻藏初期虾仁肌原纤维蛋白的表面疏水性增加,而对其溶解性、巯基含量及Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的影响不显著;冻藏后期由于虾仁蛋白冷冻变性,致使肌原纤维蛋白溶解性、巯基含量及Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降。综上所述,超高压辅助脱壳在一定程度上有利于保持冻虾仁的色泽和硬度。本研究结果为利用超高压技术辅助脱除中华管鞭虾虾壳,生产冷冻虾仁提供了新思路。     

Influence of Sodium Caseinate and Whey Protein on Baking Properties and Rheology of Frozen Dough

Dairy ingredients are added to bakery products to increase nutritional and functional properties. Sodium caseinate (SC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were incorporated into frozen dough. WPC was subjected to heat treatment (WPCHT) to eliminate undesirable weakening of the gluten network. 2% SC or 4% SC decreased proof time, increased loaf volume, and improved texture. Effects of adding 4% SC on baking quality were similar to adding ascorbic acid (AA) and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM). WPC increased proof time, decreased volume, and negatively affected texture. Heat treatment of WPC improved baking performance. Bread with WPCHT had volume similar to that of the control without dairy ingredients. Adding 4% SC decreased resistance to extension (R_5cm measured with the extensigraph), while adding 4% WPC increased extensibility. Dynamic oscillation testing determined the effects of the ingredients on fundamental rheological properties. WPC decreased storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), while heat treatment of WPC increased G′ and G″. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that milk proteins affect frozen dough ultrastructure. Frozen doughs with SC had an enhanced gluten network compared with the control, while untreated WPC appeared to interfere with the gluten network.     

Storage of Wheat Grains at Elevated Temperatures Increases Solubilization of Glutenin Subunits

Grains of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Sunco and Sunsoft, were stored at 4°C and 30°C for 270 days to examine changes in proteins during storage. When whole meal flour extracted from the grains was analyzed using an unfractionated protein extraction procedure, no significant changes were found in protein content or SDS‐PAGE profile for either cultivar in samples stored at 30°C compared with those stored at 4°C. Fractionation of the flour samples from stored grain into soluble and insoluble proteins revealed increases in soluble protein content for both cultivars stored at 30°C compared with 4°C. The soluble protein content, expressed as a percentage of the total protein, increased by 1.5% (P = 0.032) for Sunco and by 8.0 % (P = 0.158) for Sunsoft during storage at 30°C compared with those samples stored at 4°C. Analysis by SDS‐PAGE and subsequent protein identification revealed that the most evident change that occurred during storage at 30°C was an increase in the content of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) in the soluble fraction. The potential effect of changes in solubility of HMW‐GS on functional properties is discussed.     

乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯对再加热鱼糜凝胶冻藏特性的影响

为探究乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADSP）添加量对再加热鱼糜凝胶冻藏品质的影响,本研究以冷冻阿拉斯加狭鳕鱼糜为原料,改变二段加热的凝胶化过程,对鱼糜进行低温预凝胶-冷冻贮藏-高温再加热处理,分析冻藏期间鱼糜凝胶的微观结构、失水率、水分分布状态、质构特性和动态粘弹性。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼糜凝胶的孔隙变大,失水率增加,不易流动水减少,自由水增加,硬度和胶粘性先下降后上升,粘附性增大,内聚性无变化,动态粘弹性下降。在同一冻藏周期下,随着ADSP添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的孔隙变小,失水率降低,水分分布状态较稳定,其中5%和7%添加量的效果较好;质构特性结果显示,ADSP添加量的增加有利于提高再加热鱼糜凝胶品质,虽然添加量为5%和7%的鱼糜凝胶硬度、内聚性和胶粘性基本一致,但5%添加量的鱼糜凝胶的粘附性在冻藏期间开始增加的时间较晚且变化幅度较小;动态粘弹性结果显示,高温加热后期5%添加量的鱼糜凝胶的储能模量最高,其次是7%添加量;在损耗模量中,7%添加量的鱼糜凝胶粘性最高,其次是5%添加量。综合分析认为,添加5%ADSP能有效降低再加热鱼糜凝胶在冻藏期间的品质变化。本研究结果为冷冻鱼糜制品的...     

Rice Milling Quality,Grain Dimensions,and Starch Branching as Affected by High Night Temperatures

Important rice grain quality characteristics such as percentage of chalky rice kernels are affected by both high and low night temperatures and by different day and day/night temperature combinations. High nighttime temperatures have also been suspected of reducing rice milling quality including head rice yields. Experiments to confirm or refute this have not been reported. A controlled climate experiment was conducted. Conditions in the chambers were identical except between 2400 and 0500 hours (midnight and 5 am). For those times, two temperature treatments were imposed: 1) 18°C (low temperature treatment) and 2) 24°C (high temperature treatment). Two cultivars were tested: LaGrue and Cypress. The high temperature treatment reduced head rice yields compared with the low temperature treatment. Grain widths were reduced for the high temperature treatment compared with the low temperature treatment. There was no effect of temperature on grain length or thickness. Amylopectin chain lengths 13–24 were increased by the high temperature treatment by ≈1%. Future research will focus on determining whether genetic variability exists among cultivars in their head rice yield response to high temperatures. After identifying a source of resistance to high temperature effects, this characteristic can be incorporated into rice cultivars. In addition, ways to reduce this effect, including biotechnological remedies, have the potential for increasing rice yield and quality.