Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.     

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.     

Ustilaginoidea virens: A Fungus Infects Rice Flower and Threats World Rice Production

Rice false smut disease, which is caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, is currently one of the most devastating rice fungal diseases in the world. Rice false smut disease not only causes severe yield loss and grain quality reduction, but also threatens food safety due to its production of mycotoxins. In this review, the most recent progresses regarding the life cycle, infection processes, genome and genetic diversity, pathogenic gene and disease resistance in rice were summarized in order to provide theoretical basis for the control of U. virens. We also proposed some future directions and key questions that need to be addressed for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism that leads to rice false smut disease and the prospects for sustainable control of rice false smut.     

广东:第十届广州国际茶文化节暨2009中国(广州)国际茶业博览会隆重开幕

本刊讯11月26日,第十届广州国际茶文化节、2009中国(广州)国际茶业博览会在广州琶洲中洲商务展示中心隆重举行开幕式。原中共中央政治局委员、全国政协副主席杨汝岱,中华全国供销合作总     

今年铁观音春茶特点和市场走势的几点启发

五月的安溪大地,蛰伏着一股巨大力量,来自全国各地的茶商云集,表面被春雨挡住步伐,但一坐下来就是满腹的茶经;我有幸成为其中一员,八年从事茶行业,让我越来越淡定,我想这是茶力量的觉醒,因而我若有所思……     

征订启事

1)本刊2011年杂志仍可订阅,年价48元,如需挂号邮寄,每订户全年另加挂号费18元。2)本刊1996—2010年合订本有售,单价(含邮费)分别为:1996,1997,1998和1999年各25元,2000,2001和2002年各30元,2003,2004和2005年各40元,2006,2007,2008,2009和2010年各60元。     

世界主要产茶国及全球茶园总面积(续)

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茶中有孝道,一品人间情

白茶总是弥漫着神秘的气息,卓剑舟在《太姥山全志》中解释:今呼为白毫,香色俱绝,而尤以鸿雪洞产者为最。性寒凉,功同犀角,为麻疹圣药。这棵长     

2010年西湖龙井新茶价格预计总体平稳

最近,有媒体报道2010年西湖龙井新茶价格将出现上涨,每斤将有200到1000元不等的涨幅,不少人看到新闻后惊呼这西湖龙井喝不起了。为此,本刊电话联系采访了浙江省茶叶产业协会秘书长胡迪钧,他对这样的报道表示吃惊,他说近几年西湖龙井新茶上市之初,除了个别企业     

智慧成就机遇 远见拓展未来——解读肖文华和闽茶奇葩华祥苑

2008年11月,是华祥苑茗茶丰收的一个月。在第四届中国茶业经济年会上,华祥苑不但继续蝉联百强,董事长肖文华行业"投名状"被评选为2008中国茶叶行业年度经济人物:在产品上,华祥苑     

Current Progress in Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates

Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid. This paper reviews various features of the lipid molecular species of these animals. The results of the application of the lipidomic approach in ecology, embryology, physiology, lipid biosynthesis, and in studies on the nutritional value of marine invertebrates are also discussed. The possible applications of lipidomics in the study of marine invertebrates are considered.     

Emergent Sources of Prebiotics: Seaweeds and Microalgae

In recent years, scientists have become aware that human microbiota, in general, and gut microbiota, in particular, play a major role in human health and diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, among others. A large number of evidence has come to light regarding the beneficial effects, either for the host or the gut microbiota, of some foods and food ingredients or biochemical compounds. Among these, the most promising seem to be polysaccharides (PS) or their derivatives, and they include the dietary fibers. Some of these PS can be found in seaweeds and microalgae, some being soluble fibers, such as alginates, fucoidans, carrageenans and exopolysaccharides, that are not fermented, at least not completely, by colonic microbiota. This review gives an overview of the importance of the dietary fibers, as well as the benefits of prebiotics, to human health. The potential of the PS from marine macro- and microalgae to act as prebiotics is discussed, and the different techniques to obtain oligosaccharides from PS are presented. The mechanisms of the benefits of fiber, in general, and the types and benefits of algal fibers in human health are highlighted. The findings of some recent studies that present the potential effects of prebiotics on animal models of algal biomass and their extracts, as well as oligo- and polysaccharides, are presented. In the future, the possibility of using prebiotics to modulate the microbiome, and, consequently, prevent certain human diseases is foreseen.     

日本水稻生产发展变化及对我国的启示

社会经济的发展对稻米生产流通具有重要的影响。利用日本农林水产省的统计数据,分析了60年来日本水稻生产方式、劳动时间、消费流通渠道的变化,并结合目前我国稻米产业所处现状,探讨日本稻米产业发展对我国的启示。60年来,随着GDP的增长,日本水稻种植面积和水稻总产不断下降,得益于稻作技术的发展,水稻生产劳动时间显著缩短,且单产不断提高;随着人民生活水平的提高,稻米消费量不断下降,而民众对稻米品质的要求提高,日本优异的水稻品种资源奠定了其优良品质的基础;20世纪70年代以来,日本政府减少稻米统购统销数量,逐渐形成了以农协为主、直销为辅的稻米流通方式,极大提高了流通效率,新兴销售方式-电商等的出现又进一步提高了农户的种稻效益。近年来,我国水稻生产机械化程度逐步提高,稻米市场进一步开放,稻米产业发展正处于转型时期,少数已经达到比较好的水平,但大多数跟日本20世纪70-90年代时的稻米产业状况较相似。借鉴日本的稻米生产及流通方式的变化,我国应积极调整水稻生产方式,扩大水稻生产个体规模,加快水稻生产机械化进程,增加水稻生产公共基础设施建设,进一步引导优质稻发展,加强稻米品牌建设,实现产销对接。     

中国农家玉米品种性状变异研究

研究了我国主要农家玉米品种的生育期、主茎叶数、株高、茎粗、穗位、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒重、千粒重及出籽率12个数量性状的变异情况,并对其株型、穗型、穗轴颜色、子粒类型及子粒颜色5个质量性状变异进行了简要分析.我国农家玉米品种数量性状的变幅较大,特别是株高、穗粒重和穗位等性状.同时,农家品种也具有它们独特的优异性状,对于育种材料改良有着重要意义。     

油菜理想株型研究进展

本文定义了油菜理想株型的内涵，强调油菜的多功能性和理想株型的功能特定性。油菜理想株型是实现油菜某种特定功能，有利于相关经济效益最大化所具备的植株形态。阐明了油菜单株株型和群体株型两个维度之间的关系。梳理了油菜株型研究的基本脉络，提出油菜理想株型研究的四个阶段：初级阶段、成熟阶段、数字化阶段和分子生物技术阶段。系统构建了油菜株型的指标体系，株型指标包括了根、茎、叶、分枝、花、角果以及冠层结构形态等。归纳并提出了形态测量法、经验总结法、试验统计法、数字模拟法、栽培调控法和遗传改良法的油菜株型研究方法划分，提出了光合效能原理，形态结构原理，源、库、流原理，作物生理原理的油菜株型研究基本原理分类。介绍了基于籽粒丰产、基于机械直播、基于菜用或饲用、基于观赏性的四种典型油菜理想株型特征和内涵。分析了油菜株型研究存在的不足，并对油菜理想株型的基本特征、建构策略和研究趋势进行了讨论和展望。     

主栽品种龙眼生物学性状及营养累积特点

在华南龙眼主产区挖取16~17 a成熟期中高产石硖、储良、福眼和松风本龙眼（Dimocarpus longan Lour.）各1株,调查树体生物学性状,探讨养分元素在树体的累积和分配。结果显示,4株龙眼地上部树体生物量平均为264.3 kg（鲜重）,果实、叶片和树干分别占地上部生物量的28.4%、12.3%和59.3%。在果实成熟期,叶片、树干、根系和果皮均以Ca含量最高,果肉以K含量最高,果核N含量最高。为生产50 kg果实,龙眼地上部需吸收N 668.6 g、P 102.0 g、K 461.6 g、Ca 1310.4 g、Mg 80.7 g、S 43.3 g、Si 63.8 g、Fe 20.1 g、Mn 5.8 g、Cu 349.9 mg、Zn 1245.9 mg、B 849.5 mg和Mo 8.7 mg。Ca是龙眼最重要的营养元素。收获50 kg龙眼果实,带走养分量为N 167.8 g、P 23.1 g、K 156.4 g、Ca 57.0 g、Mg 12.6 g、S 8.4 g、Si 0.7 g、Fe 0.7 g、Mn 0.4 g、Cu 110.5 mg、Zn 155.6 mg、B 125.3 mg和Mo 1.6 mg。为维持立地土壤养分肥力及龙眼植株正常生长,果实带走养分量应为翌年施肥量的下限。对生产中因营养问题引起的龙眼叶片缺素和果实生长异常现象进行讨论后,建议今后加强龙眼Ca、Mg、Si和B营养的研究。     

儿茶素生物医用纳米材料研究进展

儿茶素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗炎和免疫调节等功能,是茶叶中含量丰富的一类生物活性物质。由于酚羟基的高活泼性导致儿茶素在生物体外及体内极易失去活性,致使其在生物体内利用度不高。近年来,纳米生物技术的发展有望通过配体设计、精准合成和智能调控等策略解决儿茶素低生物利用度的难题,并拓展其在生命健康领域中的应用。综述了近几年儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的研究进展,重点阐述了儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、药物递送和抗病毒等活性,对儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的构建和生物作用机制进行了探讨,并对儿茶素新材料设计及其应用前景进行了展望。     

Characterization of the FODMAP-profile in cereal-product ingredients

Cereal-based products, such as bread, are staple foods in the western diet. Due to the nature of their basic ingredients and the diversity of recipes, the amount of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in those products may be high. This study characterized the FODMAP-profiles of a broad range of cereal-product ingredients, serving as a basis for low FODMAP product development. Different cereals, pseudo-cereals, gluten-free flours, pulses, pulse protein ingredients, commercial sprouts, and other cereal-product ingredients were analyzed, using anion-exchange chromatography with electrochemical detection. Wheat and related cereals were high in fructans. Pulses, such as peas contained high galactooligosaccharides (GOS) amounts. Whereas GOS levels in pulse protein ingredients varied, depending on their production. Gluten-free flours, for instance, rice-flour, showed low FODMAP-profiles. Amongst those, buckwheat, which does not contain any of the FODMAPs investigated, contained high amounts of other soluble non-digestible carbohydrates, namely fagopyritols; these may have a similar effect on a sensitive gut as GOS. Finally, ingredients contained mainly high levels of fructans and GOS. Yet, the analysis of commonly consumed commercial cereal products, including bread, pasta, crackers and biscuits, highlighted the relevance of lactose, fructose in excess of glucose and polyols. These products serve as benchmarks for further product development.     

恩施自治州马铃薯产业现状、问题及对策

本文分析了恩施自治州马铃薯产业发展的优势:地理环境优势、气候条件优势、科学技术优势、交通优势、政策扶持优势等;指出了存在的主要问题:品种结构不合理、种薯质量不合格、农民的换种意识不强、种植规模小、劳动力缺乏、加工企业少,加工链不长等;提出了进一步发展的建议:建立科技支撑平台、加大政府宣传、加大资金投入、完善种薯推广机构、引进扶持加工企业等。     

不同产量水平粳稻品种间比较

对高、中、低产粳稻品种的株高、穗长、有效穗、颖花数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、生物产量进行比较,认为高产、中产、低产品种在颖花数、结实率、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、生物产量和有效穗数上存在差异,表现为高产品种较高,中产品种次之,低产品种最低,有效穗数表现相反趋势。另外,不论是高产品种还是低产品种,结实率均随颖花数的增加而变小,在相同颖花数量条件下,高产品种的结实率普遍高于低产品种。