盐碱混合胁迫对小麦幼苗阳离子吸收和分配的影响

为探讨盐碱胁迫下小麦阳离子吸收和分配特点,采用两种中性盐（NaCl和Na₂SO₄）和两种碱性盐（NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃）混合模拟不同浓度盐碱胁迫条件,对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦幼苗进行14 d胁迫处理,测定和分析了叶片和根系中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量的变化。结果表明,盐碱混合胁迫增加了小麦幼苗Na⁺含量,且随着盐浓度的增加和碱性盐比例的提高,Na⁺含量逐渐增加;龙麦26幼苗K⁺的吸收规律与Na⁺相同,而克旱16幼苗K⁺含量变化与之相反;盐碱混合胁迫通过降低植株的K/Na限制了Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的吸收量,且阻碍了Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺由根向地上部的运转,致使叶片中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量降低。盐碱混合胁迫下,小麦对Na⁺、K⁺等一价阳离子与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等二价阳离子的吸收上表现为拮抗作用。     

盐逆境下两个水稻品种根系Na+吸收及质膜ATP酶的作用

 以两个不同耐盐力水稻品种80-85 (耐盐) 和83-51(不耐盐)为材料进行研究。根系Na⁺总吸收随盐胁迫的加重而增高，耐盐品种始终具有较低的Na⁺总吸收和较高的整株K⁺／Na⁺比；在10 mmol／L NaCl浓度下显示出根系具有较低的Na⁺吸收速率和较强的对K⁺选择性，低盐浓度(0.2% NaCl) 对根质膜ATP酶活性略有提高；在高盐浓度(0.5% NaCl以上)下，质膜ATP酶活性受到明显抑制，而耐盐品种受抑程度更大．ATP酶活性的下降与根部Na⁺积累以及K⁺吸收的减少相伴随，推测根系K⁺、Na⁺吸收与质膜ATP酶有关     

玉米子粒色素稳定性比较研究

用比色法对两种玉米子粒花色苷色素的色谱及稳定性进行研究。结果表明：西星赤糯1号玉米子粒色素最大吸收峰为506 nm,酸性条件下为酒红色;黑包公鲜玉米子粒色素的最大吸收峰为528 nm,酸性条件下为玫瑰红色。两种玉米子粒花色苷色素对室内散射光、温度(20℃～60℃)、食盐、蔗糖、葡萄糖、维生素C、柠檬酸、乙酸、防腐剂苯甲酸钠(C₇H₅NaO₂)以及Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺均表现稳定,对室外自然光、氧化剂H₂O₂(30%)、还原剂亚硫酸钠(Na₂SO₃)以及Fe3+、Fe2+、Cu2+表现不稳定。     

不同剂量的低能N+离子束照射对玉米种子当代幼苗期性状的影响

以豫玉32和豫玉33干种子为原始材料，用低能N⁺离子注入，观察并记载低能N⁺离子注入玉米干种子后对当代玉米幼苗期几个性状的影响。发现不同品种的玉米种子对相同剂量的N⁺离子注入的敏感程度不同；低能N⁺离子对种子的发芽率、幼苗的根长、株高都有很大的影响；从玉米防倒伏的角度考虑，发现1.0×10¹⁷ ion/cm²可能是对豫玉33和豫玉32进行诱变的最佳剂量，为下一步大规模地开展玉米低能N⁺离子诱变打下了基础。     

不同籼稻品种整株幼苗根系K+吸收和H+释放的关系：一种筛选高效K+吸收水稻品种的方法

 在0.2 mmol/L CaS04溶液中培养的不同籼稻品种低盐幼苗根系在1.0 mmol/L KCl和0.5 mmol/L K₂SO₄介质中的K+吸收和H+释放之间均呈非常显著的直线相关性。线性相关的斜率因测定方法而有所变化，但相关性意义不变。水稻在KCl介质的K^＋吸收速率比在K₂SO₄介质中的大， 但前者对应的H⁺释放速率却比后者的小，且K^＋吸收速率间没有对应的显著性相关意义。实验结果表明，虽然可以用直接测定吸收介质的酸化程度作为一种简捷的筛选高效K+吸收水稻品种的方法，但必须根据实际情况选用吸收介质。     

小麦质膜Na+/H+逆转运蛋白TaSOS1的表达分析

为探讨小麦质膜Na⁺/H⁺逆转运蛋白TaSOS1在逆境条件下的生物学功能,采用荧光定量PCR（RTPCR）方法,对 TaSOS1基因在4种不同胁迫条件下（200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl、4℃低温、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA和15% PEG6000）的表达水平进行了定量分析。结果表明,在正常条件下,小麦根中 TaSOS1的mRNA表达量要高于叶中的表达量。盐胁迫处理下,根中 TaSOS1特异性上调表达,说明 TaSOS1基因在根中的功能更强,其表达与盐胁迫有关且具有组织特异性;在4℃低温处理下, TaSOS1在叶中上调表达;而在ABA和PEG6000两种处理条件下, TaSOS1的表达没有规律性,推测 TaSOS1的表达途径可能为非ABA依赖型且与盐离子的特异性有关。生物信息学分析的结果表明,小麦质膜Na⁺/H⁺逆转运蛋白TaSOS1与拟南芥和水稻的质膜Na⁺/H⁺逆转运蛋白AtSOS1和OsSOS1具有高度的同源性,由此可以推测小麦TaSOS1具有与AtSOS1和OsSOS1类似的功能,可以把植物体内Na⁺排出体外,以减轻Na⁺对植物的毒害。     

7OE+8*亚基对东北强筋小麦品种品质性状影响研究

小麦品质改良是东北春麦区强筋小麦育种的主要目标之一。Glu-B1位点7^OE+8^*亚基为超强筋小麦品种必备基因。为了明确该亚基在东北春麦区强筋小麦遗传背景下的品质遗传效应,本研究利用分子标记和选择回交相结合的手段,将7^OE+8^*亚基定向导入到强筋小麦品种龙麦26和龙麦35（Glu-B1位点均为7+9亚基）的遗传背景之中,对BC₅F₁、BC₆F₁群体和自交BC₆F₂鉴定获得的纯合品系进行7^OE+8^*亚基遗传效应评价。结果表明,在强筋小麦品种龙麦26(7+9)和龙麦35(7+9)遗传背景下转入7^OE+8^*亚基后,其干面筋、面筋指数、形成时间、稳定时间、断裂时间、拉伸面积、延伸性和最大抗延阻力等品质指标3年平均分别提高1.3%(P=0.82)和1.8%(P=0.49)、6.6%(P=0.59)和4.7%(P=0.37)、55.0%(P=0.24)和35.8%(P=0.56)、44.5%(P=0.43)和32.8%(P=0.73)、41.4%(P=0.31)和30.0%(P=0.66)、28.0%(P=0.05)和23.4%(P=0.37)、6.5%(P=0.47)和5.8%(P=0.42)、19.5%(P=0.31)和18.0%(P=0.38);Zeleny沉降值2年平均分别提高6.8%和11.4%。以上结果表明,在2个强筋小麦品种遗传背景下,Glu-B1位点转入7^OE+8^*亚基较7+9亚基对各项品质指标改良均存在正向效应,但提高幅度存在差异,对形成时间、稳定时间、断裂时间、最大抗延阻力、拉伸面积等衡量面筋质量的指标提高幅度更大,表明该亚基对面筋质量改良效应显著。综上所述,7^OE+8^*亚基可作为东北春麦区强筋小麦遗传背景下品质性状进一步改良的优选基因,为超强筋小麦育种的重要基因资源。     

滨麦叶片转录组分析

滨麦（Leymus mollis）是小麦的野生近缘种,具有良好的耐盐抗旱和抗病虫害的能力,是小麦遗传育种的良好资源。为了深入了解和挖掘滨麦的基因信息和优异资源,本研究利用高通量测序技术对生长于滨海沙地的野生滨麦的叶片转录组进行了深度测序并组装,对得到的所有Unigene进行COG、GO和KEGG分类和功能注释,对Na⁺转运相关蛋白基因和氧化胁迫响应基因进行了挖掘,并通过实时荧光定量反转录PCR（qRT-PCR）对随机选取的12个基因的表达模式进行了验证。结果显示,转录组测序共获得112 846条Unigene,其中的59 380条得到功能注释,占总数的52.62%。COG分类结果表明,15 786条Unigene归属于25个类别。GO分类结果表明,20 350条Unigene被注释到三个大类中,其中,属于“生物学过程”的Unigene数量最多,占总数的43.56%。KEGG分析结果表明,18 550条Unigene得到注释,共涉及到128条代谢途径。其中,含Unigene数量最多的类别是“代谢通路”,涉及到的Unigene占总数的27.86%。“植物病原互作”和“植物激素信号转导途径”涉及的Unigene数量也较多,分别为1 367条和861条。对Na⁺转运相关蛋白基因和氧化胁迫响应基因进行挖掘,发现了15条注释为Na⁺/H⁺反向转运蛋白的Unigene和175条响应氧化胁迫的Unigene。随机选取的12个基因的qRT-PCR结果与转录组测序结果基本一致。     

壳寡糖对小麦早期生长生理的影响

为了阐明壳寡糖调节小麦早期生长发育的机理,以室内培养的方法研究了四种浓度的壳寡糖对小麦幼苗早期生长的影响,同时利用组化染色和分光光度计法分别检测了其对根尖和叶片中H₂O₂和O₂^-含量的影响。结果表明,1 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以显著促进小麦根和幼苗的生长,而10 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖则抑制其生长;壳寡糖对小麦幼苗叶片和根尖中的H₂O₂和O₂^-含量影响不同,在根尖中1 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以增加H₂O₂和O₂^-含量,10 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以增加H₂O₂含量而降低了O₂^-含量;在叶片中1 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖对H₂O₂和O₂^-无明显影响,10 μg·mL^-1壳寡糖可以降低H₂O₂含量而不改变O₂^-含量。壳寡糖对小麦幼苗叶片中的丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质含量影响不大。     

吉林省不同类型土壤玉米施肥效应研究

吉林省东、中、西不同类型土壤田间试验结果表明:不同类型土壤的氮、磷、钾肥施用模式符合二次曲线Y=ax²+bx+c。利用该模式,结合肥料和玉米价格进行综合分析,明确了不同类型土壤上的氮、磷、钾施用效益,即东部冲积土玉米最佳施肥量为N192kg/hm²、P2O556kg/hm²、K₂O33kg/hm²;中部黑土玉米最佳施肥量为N133kg/hm²、P₂O₅38kg/hm²、K₂O47kg/hm²;西部淡黑钙土玉米最佳施肥量为N59kg/hm²、P₂O₅65kg/hm²、K₂O51kg/hm²。     

盐胁迫下钾吸收途径的抑制对小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量的影响

为研究盐胁迫下小麦维持钾、钠平衡的生理机制,以耐盐小麦沧麦6005和盐敏感小麦矮抗58为材料,利用TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2三种药物分别抑制钾离子通道、钾载体及非选择性阳离子通道,测定正常及盐胁迫下小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量,比较耐盐性不同的小麦品种在K~+、Na~+吸收中的差异。结果显示,盐胁迫下,沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量下降,Na~+含量增加;沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量低于矮抗58,K~+/Na~+比值高于矮抗58。正常条件下,NEM、TEA处理均可降低沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量,NEM处理较TEA处理效果更为明显;TEA处理显著降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片K~+含量,而NEM处理则明显降低了盐胁迫下沧麦6005的叶片K~+含量;TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2处理降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片Na~+含量,仅NEM处理降低了沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量。综上所述,正常条件下,钾载体是小麦K~+吸收的主要方式;盐胁迫下,耐盐品种和盐敏感品种K~+吸收途径不同,耐盐品种的NSCCs和钾离子通道具有更强的"拒钠"能力。     

不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应

通过水培试验,以典型耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和低钾敏感玉米自交系835为试材,分别于4、6、7、9和10叶期测定玉米根形态、根系还原力、伤流量和干物质积累量,研究不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3表现为根长增幅大,根表面积、根体积降幅小,根平均直径降幅大。与低钾敏感玉米自交系835相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3的根系相对发达、根系活力强、伤流量大及干物质积累量较大。     

A rapid quantification method for tissue Na+ and K+ concentrations in salt-tolerant and susceptible accessions in Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.

A rapid quantification method for leaf sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) concentrations was developed using a compact ion meter. Leaf ion concentrations were evaluated for species of Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. after two weeks of treatment with 0–200 mM of sodium chloride. To compare the ion extraction efficiency, extraction solutions of distilled water and ammonium acetate were tested. The ion concentrations of extracts obtained by both solutions were measured using an ion meter, and the values were validated using ion chromatography. For both extraction solutions, the ion meter values were highly correlated with those of the ion chromatograph. However, correlations between ion meter and chromatograph values were largely different for Na⁺ and K⁺. The rapid quantification of ion concentrations using an ion meter developed in this study was successfully utilized for evaluating differences in leaf Na⁺ concentrations, K⁺ concentrations, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in species of V. vexillata.     

Relationships between nutrients and sucrose concentrations in sugarcane juice and use of juice analysis for nutrient diagnosis in Japan

Sugarcane is an important economic crop in southwest Japan, but its production is decreasing. To increase sugar production, both sugarcane yield and quality should be improved. Fertilizer management is one of the factors that influence sugarcane quality. We accordingly focused on nutrients present in sugarcane juice and attempted to identify the key factors affecting sugarcane quality. We collected sugarcane samples from 2013 to 2015 from all of the sugar mills in Japan and examined the relationships between juice nutrients and sucrose concentration. Juice analysis over 3 year showed that potassium (K⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) were the most abundant cation and anion in the juice and that both negatively correlated with the sucrose concentration. K⁺ and Cl^? concentrations significantly varied depending on production areas and those with higher K⁺ and Cl^? concentrations had a low sucrose concentration. This finding suggests that sugarcane in those areas may have been supplied with these two ions in excess. Electrical conductivity (EC) in the juice always positively correlated with K⁺ and Cl^? concentrations. EC may thus be a reliable indicator of K⁺ and Cl^? concentrations and could be used for nutrient diagnosis because of its ease of measurement. For improving sugarcane quality, we recommend that potassium chloride, which supplies both K⁺ and Cl^? and is a commonly used potassium fertilizer for sugarcane production in Japan, should be used in lower quantities in a year following one in which the EC of sugarcane juice at harvest is found to be high.     

不同小麦品系耐低钾性的综合评价

为了鉴定并筛选耐低钾的小麦品系,以小麦(花培3号×豫麦57)双单倍体(DH)群体(168个株系)为材料,测定低钾处理和对照(正常钾处理)下,不同株系的地上部干重、地下部干重、整株干重、根冠比、根平均直径、根体积、根总表面积、总根长、根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性、钾浓度和钾累积量,分析其在低钾胁迫下的反应,综合评价不同品系的耐低钾性,筛选可用于评价耐低钾性的指标。结果表明,单一指标不能全面、准确地反映小麦的耐低钾性;通过主成分分析和隶属函数分析相结合的方法,获得各供试材料耐低钾性的综合评价值(D值),且D值可以直接反映各DH株系耐低钾能力的大小;通过逐步回归的方法建立了最优回归方程,筛选出6个与小麦耐低钾性显著相关的指标。     

利用隶属函数值法对玉米成熟期抗旱性的综合评价

以10个不同基因型玉米为试验材料,在宁夏中部干旱带,通过测定不同品种成熟期的K~+/Na~+、光合气体交换参数、农艺性状及产量性状等指标进行抗旱性鉴定,并利用主成分分析和隶属函数法对其抗旱性强弱进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫地和对照田中,各参试品种的光合特征参数、K~+/Na~+及形态性状等均有明显差异,且干旱胁迫条件下的净光合速率(P_n)、株高、产量均显著低于对照(P0.05)。同一品种不同器官的K~+/Na~+值表现为茎基茎叶根,表明植株体内的离子吸收和运输具有选择性,茎基具有贮存K~+的作用,根具有贮存Na~+的功能。不同基因型玉米品种的抗旱能力根据综合评价值(D值)大小,综合评价其抗旱性强弱顺序为A111-3/H242HoViY1北21/A58A3/A18高WY2宁3/1522H237/A18桂青贮1号H237/1506A3/A18。     

Differential Responses in Potassium Absorption and Use Efficiencies in the Halophytes Catapodium rigidum and Hordeum maritimum to Various Potassium Concentrations in the Medium

Abstract

The changes in biomass production, root length, mineral nutrition, potassium absorption efficiency (KAE), and potassium use efficiency (KUE) of the halophytes Catapodium rigidum and Hordeum maritimum in response to potassium availability were assessed under natural conditions. Plants were cultivated in the greenhouse of the experimental station of the Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cédria (a Mediterranean coastal area) 30 km south-east of Tunis for four months from the autumn to winter of 2007–2008. H. maritimum biomass production was not significantly affected by the K⁺ concentration, but C. rigidum growth was increased significantly with increasing K⁺ concentration in the medium. Root/shoot dry weight ratio remained constant in C. rigidum, but decreased significantly at 1000 and 3000 µM K⁺ in H. maritimum. KAE increased but KUE decreased significantly with increasing K⁺ concentration in the medium in both species. However, KAE was higher in H. maritimum than in C. rigidum showing a contrasting response to K⁺ concentration between the two species. Overall, the maintenance of a cationic balance may be explained by cation antagonism. The lower K⁺ requirement of H. maritimum to express its optimal growth can be attributed to its higher efficiency to acquire and transfer K⁺ to shoots.     

玉米耐盐基因ZmHKT1的序列变异分析

HKT(High-affinity potassium transporter,高亲和性钾转运蛋白)基因所编码的蛋白能起到维持植物体内的Na+/K+平衡的作用。在作物中HKT蛋白主要通过排出叶片中的Na+,从而提高植物耐盐性。对54份玉米自交系材料的Zm HKT1基因及上游序列进行多态性分析。结果表明,在3 784 bp的序列中,共有194个SNP和32个In Del。大部分变异集中在基因上游序列和内含子区,编码区的变异相对较少,说明编码区在进化和人工选择中承受了更大的选择压力。根据序列变异情况可将54份玉米自交系材料划分为15个单倍型,上游序列主要存在3种单倍型,而基因序列存在9种单倍型。遗传重组和连锁不平衡分析发现,全长序列只有3次重组事件发生,上游序列存在着非常强的连锁不平衡。     

Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Banana Infructescence Stalks in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Water extract of banana (Musa sapientum) infructescence stalks has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This work aims at verifying the claimed effect and elucidating its possible mode of action. The extract was given in replacement of drinking water to diabetic rats, and its mechanism of action was studied by investigating its involvement in glucose transport in Caco-2 monolayers, and in rat jejuna using an in situ perfusion technique. Its effect on the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase was studied by measuring the amount of inorganic phosphate liberated. The extract reduced significantly blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and glucose transport across rat jejuna and Caco-2 monolayers, and induced a 50 % decrease in their Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity. The extract did not induce any further decrease in jejunal glucose uptake in the simultaneous presence of phloridzin and phloretin, respective inhibitors of SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters nor did it induce a change in the protein expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2. It was concluded that the extract acts by reducing the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity of enterocytes and consequently the sodium gradient required for sugar transport by SGLT1, which leads to down-regulation of GLUT2 and contributes to the observed anti-hyperglycemic effect.     

菌肥与腐熟秸秆对盐碱地燕麦渗透生理特性及产量的影响

为明确菌肥和腐熟秸秆对盐碱地燕麦渗透生理及产量的调节作用,以燕麦品种白燕2号和草莜1号为材料,分析了菌肥(F)、腐熟秸秆(S)及二者配施(FS)对燕麦不同生育时期植株K⁺、Na⁺、可溶性糖、有机酸含量及株高和产量的影响。结果表明,苗期和拔节期燕麦各器官K⁺和Na⁺积累量较高,且茎和叶的K⁺、Na⁺积累量均明显高于根部。与空白对照(CK)相比,S和FS处理均显著提高各时期燕麦根、茎、叶K⁺含量,显著降低Na⁺含量。F、S和FS处理对各时期两个燕麦品种植株可溶性糖含量也有显著影响。F处理显著增加了抽穗期和灌浆期两个品种植株总有机酸含量,尤其是草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸比例提高;S和FS处理下抽穗期燕麦植株总有机酸含量在第一年较CK显著提高,而第二年显著降低,主要是由草酸变化引起。F、S及FS处理在第二年均显著提高两个品种的籽粒、鲜草和干草产量,其中FS处理的增产效果最好。这说明腐熟秸秆配施菌肥有助于增强盐碱地燕麦植株的渗透调...