白桦雌花发育前期和中期差异基因表达分析

白桦为雌雄同株的单性花树种,在木本植物花发育研究中有着重要作用。本文旨在初步确定白桦雌花发育过程中的关键时期大孢子发生(前期)和配子体发育(中期)过程中基因表达及调控的差异,同时挖掘与雌花发育相关的基因。首先,运用细胞学方法确定试材雌花的发育时期。其次,采用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术,分别以白桦前期和中期雌花序的cDNA作为tester和driver,建立正、反向抑制消减杂交cDNA文库:BHHQ和BHHZ。共获得1406个高质量的EST序列,其中787个与数据库中的已知核酸或蛋白序列有较高同源性, 47个可能与花发育相关。GO分析结果表明,这些基因34.96%参与生物合成,16.45%参与细胞组件,48.59%参与分子功能。另外,选择6个与花发育相关EST进行qRT-PCR分析,结果显示这些基因在不同组织中都有一定表达。其中bhhq.408,bhhq.435,bhhz.359,bhhz.215在生殖器官中的表达明显高于营养器官;bhhq.254,bhhq.190在绝大多数组织中均有一定表达,说明这些基因不仅参与生殖器官的发育,也在营养器官中发挥一定的作用。      

Physiology and interaction of insects with environmental factors

正Annual loss of crop yields due to agricultural insect pests are approximately 10%. Effective and safe management of insect pests would reduce the loss of crop production. Insects live in an environment where they need to deal with biological and non-biological factors that impact their physiological and developmental activities to survive and expand their population. These environmental factors     

蔗糖转运蛋白OsSUT5在水稻花粉发育及结实中的作用

【目的】蔗糖是植物体内光合产物运输的主要形式。蔗糖-质子同向运输蛋白（sucrose transporter/sucrose carrier,SUT/SUC）在植物细胞之间的蔗糖跨膜运输以及植物组织和器官之间的蔗糖分配中具有重要作用。水稻SUT家族共有5个成员。已有研究表明,敲除OsSUT1、OsSUT2、OsSUT3、OsSUT4对水稻的生长发育产生显著影响,说明这些基因不可替代。然而,OsSUT5的功能还未见报道。阐明OsSUT5在水稻生长发育中的作用,将为全面了解SUT蛋白在模式植物水稻中的生理功能提供新的依据。【方法】通过对水稻OsSUT5的时空表达特性进行实时荧光定量PCR分析,同时利用OsSUT5的推测启动子驱动GUS在水稻体内表达,获得其基因编码蛋白的组织定位信息,以及在烟草叶片表皮细胞内进行OsSUT5-GFP融合蛋白瞬时表达,对蛋白进行亚细胞定位,比较基因编辑技术（CRISPR-Cas9）创制的OsSUT5不同纯合突变株系与野生型对照水稻的形态和生理特征,获得OsSUT5的功能信息。【结果】转录水平上,OsSUT5在水稻茎、叶、花序和颖果中均有表达,并且该基因编码蛋白在营养器官中的表达集中于维管组织。在生殖器官中,OsSUT5的表达主要位于花药及发育的颖果内。该基因编码蛋白在水稻发育的颖果特别是盾片和胚根鞘中高表达。烟草叶片表皮细胞内的瞬时表达显示OsSUT5-GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞质膜。与野生型水稻相比,3个OsSUT5纯合突变株系均表现为花粉活性以及离体萌发率明显降低。与此相吻合的是,OsSUT5突变株系未授粉的小穗比例相对于野生型显著增加,同时突变株系结实率显著下降。通过对OsSUT5突变株系颖果的观察和比较显示,OsSUT5突变体水稻颖果的垩白相对于野生型明显增多,其颖果长度相对于野生型对照也有一定程度的增加,但统计结果表明OsSUT5突变体水稻的千粒重与野生型无显著区别。【结论】OsSUT5在水稻花粉发育甚至受精过程中可能发挥重要作用;敲除OsSUT5对水稻的结实率、籽粒的形态和品质有明显影响。推断OsSUT5在水稻开花结实中的作用（包括对花粉活性和颖果内胚乳发育的影响）与其蔗糖运输功能密切相关。     

Hypertrophy versus hyperplasia

Although all tissues and organs of the body are normally subject to the growth-regulating influences of functional demands, some are potentially capable of unlimited growth while others are not. This depends on whether hyperplasia of their functional units ceases prior to maturity or can continue throughout life. In the former case, further growth is limited by the extent to which hypertrophy can enhance physiological efficiency. Some of the body's most vitally essential organs (heart, brain, kidney, lung) lack the ability to make additional structural units in the adult and are therefore handicapped in compensating for the depreciations of advancing age. Theoretically, at least, other organs (glands, renewing tissues) possess unlimited powers of regeneration because they never lose the capacity (latent or expressed) for hyperplasia. There is a strategy in the way growth mechanisms have evolved. It may be significant that the so-called "hypertrophic" organs lose the capability for hyperplasia, because not to do so might jeopardize their growth regulation. If size is determined by functional demands, then the latter must not operate continuously lest growth go on without interruption and lead to overproduction of functional units. Only renewing tissues can tolerate perpetual growth because they get rid of excess structures as fast as they are formed. Endocrine and exocrine glands are in most cases known to function discontinuously and are thus not in danger of being overstimulated. The heart, lungs, and kidneys (and brain?), however, must work incessantly. Were their functional units capable of hyperplasia and at the same time subject to control by functional demand, then overgrowth would seem to be inevitable. By giving up the potential for hyperplasia in favor of the necessity for constant function, these organs have adopted a strategy that enables them to become hypertrophic to a limited extent while doing their jobs efficiently. It is a curious fact that the unrestricted proliferation of biological structures cannot occur at all levels of organization. The counterpart of cancer, which is a cellular phenomenon, does not exist among molecules or cytoplasmic organelles, nor is it known to occur at the histological level of organization. Even in organs made up of histological units of function and having the potential for unlimited hyperplasia (for example, liver, exocrine glands, thyroid, ovary), the population of functional units never exceeds the number needed to fulfil the physiological requirements of the body. Above and below the level of the cell, therefore, structures are not permitted to escape the constraints of functional demands which control their production. The fact that cells can occasionally do so when they become neoplastic may reveal as much as it conceals about the problem of growth regulation.     

MADS-box基因家族调控植物花器官发育研究进展

花器官的发生发育与形态构造是一个高度复杂的项目,涉及众多因素及其相互作用,MADS-box基因作为其中的关键转录因子可以改变整个发育过程,因而成为花器官研究最广泛的基因家族。通过梳理目前MADS-box基因对花器官发生、分化和形态建成方面的调控作用,为了解花发育程序和该基因家族的一般转录调控机制提供新见解,也为进一步深入挖掘该家族基因和完善花发育调控理论提供参考。     

葡萄赤霉素合成相关基因克隆、亚细胞定位和表达分析

【目的】分离和克隆‘藤稔’葡萄内根-贝壳杉烯氧化酶基因（VvKO）、GA2-氧化酶基因（VvGA2ox2和VvGA2ox4）、GA3β-羟化酶基因（VvGA3ox4）和GA20-氧化酶基因（VvGA20ox1）等5个重要赤霉素合成相关基因的ORF序列,并对其进行亚细胞定位与表达分析。【方法】采用电子克隆方法克隆相关基因,构建亚细胞定位表达载体,基因枪转化洋葱表皮细胞后激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。并用半定量和荧光定量RT-PCR方法研究各基因的时空表达。【结果】成功克隆了5个基因的完整ORF序列,对上述基因在葡萄不同组织器官中的表达水平进行分析发现,它们在组织器官间的表达有强弱差异。其中,VvGA2ox2主要在果实中表达,VvGA2ox4主要在叶片和果实中表达,而VvKO、VvGA3ox4和VvGA20ox1则在花、叶片和果实中均有一定的表达。VvKO、VvGA2ox2、VvGA2ox4和VvGA3ox4与GFP融合蛋白仅在核内产生绿色荧光;而VvGA20ox1与GFP融合蛋白在细胞核和细胞质膜上均产生绿色荧光信号。【结论】克隆的5个基因与葡萄的花、果实以及营养器官的发育存在不同程度的联系,其中4个基因仅呈现出细胞核内作用的特点,而VvGA20ox1则表现出细胞核和细胞质膜定位的现象。     

鸡ANP32家族蛋白亚细胞定位及其在免疫器官中的表达特征分析

【目的】明确鸡ANP32家族蛋白的亚细胞定位及在不同月龄鸡免疫器官中的表达特征,为后续研究鸡ANP32家族蛋白与新城疫病毒（NDV）复制及其致病性的关系打下基础。【方法】分别构建鸡ANP32家族基因重组真核表达载体,转染HEK-293T细胞后进行诱导表达,利用Western blotting检测融合蛋白表达情况,并通过荧光观察分析融合蛋白亚细胞定位;同时采用实时荧光定量PCR检测ANP32家族基因在1～6月龄鸡免疫器官（脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊）中的表达水平。【结果】成功构建了鸡ANP32家族基因重组真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-ANP32A、pEGFP-C1-ANP32B和pEGFP-C1-ANP32E,转染HEK-293T细胞后得到正确表达,获得携带EGFP标签的融合蛋白EGFP-ANP32A、EGFPANP32B和EGFP-ANP32E,其分子量分别为60.0、57.9和56.9 k D。亚细胞定位分析结果表明,融合蛋白EGFP-ANP32A、EGFP-ANP32B和EGFP-ANP32E的荧光与细胞核荧光完全重合,即主要定位在细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,ANP32家族基因...     

低表达甘蓝花药发育相关基因小体积荧光定量反应体系的建立和可靠性分析

植物发育过程中很多重要基因拷贝数较低。为建立稳定可靠、适于低拷贝微量模板表达分析的实时qRT-PCR小体积反应体系,采用在甘蓝花药中表达量较少的AT-HOOK基因进行小反应体积荧光定量表达分析,研究小反应体积的扩增效率和可行性,并通过对其在甘蓝不同植物器官、不同花药组织和花药发育不同时期的表达特征的重复性和可靠性分析,最终建立了稳定可靠而且成本较低的10μL荧光定量分析体系,为进一步大规模深入研究甘蓝花药发育相关基因表达特征及发育调控基因功能分析奠定基础,同时也为其他低拷贝表达基因的研究提供参考。     

Machine-to-machine communication for agricultural systems: An XML-based auxiliary language to enhance semantic interoperability

This paper puts forth an Internet-based architecture for machine-to-machine communication and computation that enhances bio-productivity in agriculture. The approach utilizes an auxiliary language to enable data interoperability in a synthetic computing environment and to make connections between data and mathematical models. The approach also includes some aspects of cloud and context aware computing. At the prototype level, a practical application from the Florida citrus industry demonstrates the concept. In general, future agricultural systems will be Internet-based thus reducing cost and increasing capability. Standards organizations are certain to play an important role in this development, which might continue for the next decade or longer.     

Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate

Normal tissue cells are generally not viable when suspended in a fluid and are therefore said to be anchorage dependent. Such cells must adhere to a solid, but a solid can be as rigid as glass or softer than a baby's skin. The behavior of some cells on soft materials is characteristic of important phenotypes; for example, cell growth on soft agar gels is used to identify cancer cells. However, an understanding of how tissue cells-including fibroblasts, myocytes, neurons, and other cell types-sense matrix stiffness is just emerging with quantitative studies of cells adhering to gels (or to other cells) with which elasticity can be tuned to approximate that of tissues. Key roles in molecular pathways are played by adhesion complexes and the actinmyosin cytoskeleton, whose contractile forces are transmitted through transcellular structures. The feedback of local matrix stiffness on cell state likely has important implications for development, differentiation, disease, and regeneration.     

miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖及PI3k-Akt信号通路相关基因表达的影响

【目的】明确miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖及PI3K-Akt信号通路相关基因表达的影响,为揭示miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌发育的调控机制打下基础。【方法】以巴什拜羊1日龄羔羊后肢骨骼肌卫星细胞为研究对象,通过转染miR-486 mimics和miR-486 inhibitor致使绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞中miR-486水平上调或下调,探究miR-486对骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖速度及PI3K-Akt信号通路中PTEN、GSK3b、PRKCα、Raf-1、MAPK1、PKN1、Casp9和SGK1等8个相关基因表达变化的影响。【结果】空白对照及转染miR-486 mimics、miR-486 mimics negative control和miR-486 inhibitor negative control的绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞均表现出典型的S形增殖曲线,但各处理间的细胞增殖速度存在明显差异。当绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞中miR-486水平上调可促使细胞进入快速增殖状态,而miR-486水平下调可使细胞保持静止状态。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,当绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞中miR-486水平上调时,可引起PTEN、Raf-1和MAPK1基因相对表达量极显著下调（P<0.01,下同）,PRKCα和PKN1基因相对表达量极显著上调,SGK1基因相对表达量显著上调（P<0.05）;而GSK3β和Casp9基因相对表达量在不同处理组绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞间的差异均不显著（P>0.05）,可能在维持绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞基本生命活动中发挥作用。【结论】miR-486通过调控PI3K-Akt信号通路相关基因的表达而参与绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞生长发育及增殖,为深入研究miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌发育的调控机理及优质肉羊品种培育打下了理论基础。     

水牛Novel-miR-57对Bcap-37和BMECs细胞DOK4基因的调控作用

【目的】筛选Novel-miR-57调控靶基因,并明确其对靶基因的调控作用及生物功能,为揭示水牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）的分化机理提供科学依据。【方法】利用MiRscan预测Novel-miR-57二级结构;以自编软件Ensembl（v80）注释的水牛mRNA截取3'-非翻译区（3'-UTR）作为预测数据库,采用Miranda（v3.3a）对Novel-miR-57进行靶基因预测;运用实时荧光定量PCR筛选重点靶基因。以化学合成的Novel-miR-57模拟物Mimics和抑制剂Inhibitor,分别转染人类乳腺癌细胞（Bcap-37）及BMECs细胞,以验证Novel-miR-57与靶基因的表达相关性。【结果】Novel-miR-57前体序列形成7个茎环结构,成熟序列位于第1、2和3个茎环结构间,其结合自由能为-53.70 kcal/mol。以结合自由能低于-20.00 kcal/mol为标准,最终筛选出34个可能的靶基因,共与42条KEGG信号通路存在关联,其富集的信号通路主要有代谢通路（ID:bta01100）、PI3K-Akt（信号通路（ID:bta04151）、MAPK信号通路（ID:bta04010）和细胞因子—细胞因子受体相互作用（ID:bta04060）等;经实时荧光定量PCR检测分析发现DLX3、CANCNG3、DOK4、NFKBID、C17orf53、RTN1和FBXO10等7个靶基因在非泌乳期的相对表达量极显著高于泌乳期（P< 0.01）,二者间相差100.0倍以上,且与NovelmiR-57的相对表达量呈负相关。7个靶基因中仅DOK4基因与Novel-miR-57的表达具相关性,以200 nmol/L Inhibitor转染B-cap37细胞能显著提高DOK4基因表达（P< 0.05,下同）,添加100 nmol/L Mimics则显著抑制DOK4基因表达。以100 nmol/L Mimics转染BMECs细胞,Novel-miR-57和DOK4基因的相对表达量显著提高;而以200 nmol/L Inhibitor转染BMECs细胞,Novel-miR-57和DOK4基因的表达均受到显著抑制。【结论】Novel-miR-57含有7个茎环结构,且其成熟序列位于第1～3个茎环上。Novel-miR-57过表达可下调Bcap-37细胞DOK4基因表达或上调BMECs细胞DOK4基因表达,即Novel-miR-57对靶基因的调控作用因乳腺细胞生理状态不同而存在差异。     

Cell recognition during neuronal development

Insect embryos, with their relatively simple nervous systems, provide a model system with which to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cell recognition during neuronal development. Such an approach can take advantage of the accessible cells of the grasshopper embryo and the accessible genes of Drosophila. The growth cones of identified neurons express selective affinities for specific axonal surfaces; such specificities give rise to the stereotyped patterns of selective fasciculation common to both species. These and other results suggest that early in development cell lineage and cell interactions lead to the differential expression of cell recognition molecules on the surfaces of small subsets of embryonic neurons whose axons selectively fasciculate with one another. Monoclonal antibodies reveal surface molecules in the Drosophila embryo whose expression correlates with this prediction. It should now be possible to isolate the genes encoding these potential cell recognition molecules and to test their function through the use of molecular genetic approaches in Drosophila.     

水稻内稃发育相关基因PAL1时空表达研究

 PAL1是项目前期研究克隆的水稻内稃发育相关基因,为了进一步解释其调控水稻内稃发育的分子遗传机制,采实时用荧光定量PCR方法检测了PAL1基因在日本晴和(或)突变体水稻中的表达情况。在水稻的根、叶和幼穗中都检测到PAL1 mRNA,幼穗中表达水平高于根和叶,在突变体中的表达水平低于日本晴水稻;在孕穗期叶中的表达水平高于苗期叶;在成熟花器官中外稃、内稃、雄蕊和雌蕊均有表达,内稃器官中的表达水平最高。这些结果显示：PAL1在生殖生长阶段可能具有更重要的作用;在花器官发育中, PAL1基因的功很能可能是水稻内稃正常发育所必需;PAL1基因在所有器官中都表达,暗示该基因可能参与水稻多方面的发育调控,是水稻中一个重要的发育调控基因。