提高热媒炉(火用)效率的途径

通过计算分析说明仅凭能量平衡并不能完全真实地反映能量利用的合理程度,必须既要考虑“量”的守恒性,又要考虑“质”的不守恒性,才能找到提高热媒炉(火用)效率的途径。提高热媒炉(火用)效率的关键是降低燃烧过程和传热过程的炯损失。从实际出发采用提高绝热燃烧温度的措施,如减小过剩空气系数或预热空气等;在热媒炉工艺允许的情况下提高热媒温度也是一种有效的方法。     

不同砧木锦橙叶片过氧化物酶活性与植株生长结果的关系

 不同砧木锦橙叶片过氧化物酶(POX)活性存在着差异,半矮化砧上锦橙叶片POX活性显着高于乔化砧,叶片POX活性与树高、干粗、节长、树冠体积等生长势指标呈负相关,与叶片质量、光合强度及果实产量呈正相关.因此,可把叶片POX活性作为砧木对嫁接丰产品种性及矮化性早期预测的辅助生化指标.     

Endogenous ionic currents traverse intact and damaged bone

Living bone drives an electric current through itself and into sites of damage. Such "fracture currents" consist of two components: an intense, decaying current dependent on bone deformation and a stable, persistent current driven by a cellular battery. The latter is carried by chloride ions and, to a lesser extent, by sodium, magnesium, and calcium ions. Endogenous fracture currents are of the same polarity and similar magnitude as clinically applied currents that are successful in treating chronic nonunions in fractured bones. This suggests that the defect in biological nonunions may reside in the electrophysiology of repair.     

Bedout: a possible end-Permian impact crater offshore of northwestern Australia

The Bedout High, located on the northwestern continental margin of Australia, has emerged as a prime candidate for an end-Permian impact structure. Seismic imaging, gravity data, and the identification of melt rocks and impact breccias from drill cores located on top of Bedout are consistent with the presence of a buried impact crater. The impact breccias contain nearly pure silica glass (SiO2), fractured and shock-melted plagioclases, and spherulitic glass. The distribution of glass and shocked minerals over hundreds of meters of core material implies that a melt sheet is present. Available gravity and seismic data suggest that the Bedout High represents the central uplift of a crater similar in size to Chicxulub. A plagioclase separate from the Lagrange-1 exploration well has an Ar/Ar age of 250.1 +/- 4.5 million years. The location, size, and age of the Bedout crater can account for reported occurrences of impact debris in Permian-Triassic boundary sediments worldwide.     

几个马铃薯栽培种的茎段愈伤组织诱导

试验采用继代培养中的多余茎段进行愈伤组织的诱导,尽可能充分和有效地运用有限的试管苗生长量获取用于诱变的愈伤组织.研究表明：大多数马铃薯品种茎段在浓度为0.5-1.0mg/L的2,4-D和1.0mg/L的KT配合作用下都能获得胚性愈伤组织.添加浓度为0.5mg/L的NAA能够增进2,4-D和KT对夏坡蒂的诱导效应,获得最好的愈伤组织.而高于2.0mg/L的激素浓度会产生体积过大、膨松、褐变的非胚性愈伤组织,不能得到胚性愈伤组织和再生植株.     

Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach

Materials with nanoscopic dimensions not only have potential technological applications in areas such as device technology and drug delivery but also are of fundamental interest in that the properties of a material can change in this regime of transition between the bulk and molecular scales. In this article, a relatively new method for preparing nanomaterials, membrane-based synthesis, is reviewed. This method entails synthesis of the desired material within the pores of a nanoporous membrane. Because the membranes used contain cylindrical pores of uniform diameter, monodisperse nanocylinders of the desired material, whose dimensions can be carefully controlled, are obtained. This "template" method has been used to prepare polymers, metals, semiconductors, and other materials on a nanoscopic scale.     

地下油库岩体裂隙处理及水位动态预测

水封石洞式地下油库是利用地下水的天然埋藏 条件，人工开挖的储油石洞，是洞周围岩体和储存于其中的裂隙水共同组成的储油容器。使储油石在运营期间处于地下水位以下，洞库排水时能保持最小的排水量及最小的水位降落值，且洞库的油品下向外渗漏的关键是如何对姨辶严督写恚⒍粤严洞砗蟮亩纯馇叵滤欢鞒鼋献既返脑げ狻Ｒ曰频旱叵滤馐纯饪馕樯芰嗽诙匝姨辶严都傲阉咎卦诘难芯炕∩希贫ǖ挠庞诠馔     

烟草薄片原料萃取后的分析与分离研究

[目的]对萃取后的烟草薄片原料进行分析与分离研究.[方法]采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜（XEM）和X射线光电子能谱（xPS）等分析造纸法再造烟叶的烟草原料（烟梗、烟末和烟碎片）经过萃取后混合半料的细胞形态和表面元素,并研究后续分离过程.[结果]混合半料的结构疏松,制浆性能差;预处理可缩短打浆时间,明显改善半料成浆性能;配抄外加纤维后可满足工业生产要求.[结论]预处理可缩短打浆时间,明显改善半料成浆性能,提高成片质量,但不足以满足工业化连续生产,仍需添加外加纤维提高造纸法再造烟叶基片的物理性能才能满足生产要求.     

Virus particles and murine leukemia virus complement-fixing antigen in neoplastic and nonneoplastic cell lines

Twenty-seven lines of murine tissue cultures derived from 12 different cell pools and grown on various media were examined with the electron microscope for morphologically detectable virus particles. They were also tested for complement-fixing mouse leukemia virus antigens and for recoverable virus. A 100-percent correlation between results obtained by these two methods is reported.An additional 19 lines from 8 different cell pools were examined for either virus particles or complement-fixing antigens. All lines were assayed for neoplastic transformation. Seven cell pools gave rise to lines showing evidence of contamination with leukemia virus. Since most of these lines had also undergone "spontaneous" neoplastic transformation in vitro, this virus cannot be excluded as a possible cause of the neoplastic change, or of influencing it. The remaining cell pools gave rise to lines with no evidence of contamination with leukemia virus;but most of these lines also underwent similar transformation. These results suggest that "spontaneous" neoplastic transformation can occur in the absence of detectable mouse leukemia virus.     

不同基质栽培对蕹菜品质的影响

以＂泰国柳叶蕹菜＂为供试材料,设置不同基质栽培处理,比较研究不同基质栽培对成熟期蕹菜可溶性糖、硝酸盐和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明：与CK相比,其它处理蕹菜的品质相对较好,其叶片可溶性糖含量和叶绿素含量均相对较高,而硝态氮含量相对较低,菜土添加一定比例食用菌渣或发酵稻草均可显著提高其可溶性糖含量,显著降低硝态氮含量;本研究设置条件下,菜土添加食用菌渣对叶绿素含量无显著影响,但是添加不同比例发酵稻草均可显著提高叶绿素A、叶绿素B及总叶绿素含量,不同栽培基质对蕹菜叶片叶绿素A与叶绿素B比例无显著影响。     

猪颈静脉保留性插管技术的研究

本研究目的在于建立一种试验猪模型,以解决从猪体多次采血进行生理生化动态研究而造成额外应激的问题。对57头成年猪和3种静脉插管材料进行比较试验,结果表明使用医用硅橡胶静脉插管效果最可靠。该管不宜用高压蒸气消毒,而只能用消毒液浸泡消毒或气体消毒。作者对插管技术做了些改进,如设计制作了沟形静脉穿刺针、皮下贯穿金属套管、导管塞子或帽盖以及用真空并采血代替注射器抽血等。对插管手术过程其它注意事项亦作了讨论。     

The economics of resource recovery from municipal solid waste

A prototypical operating statement similar to that used by business firms has been shown to be a useful decision-making tool for a community choosing a solid waste management system. When applied to resource recovery, it highlights the economics of recovery and the values of the input parameters necessary to achieve economic viability, whether in the case of public or private ownership (23). In most communities, refuse processing to recover material resources must be based on more than one source of revenue. In addition to the revenues from the sale of by-products, there must be revenues from processing the incoming refuse and from a user, or dump, fee. In the first case discussed, that of materials recovery by a front end system, resource recovery is shown to be economically feasible for those communities in which the present cost of disposal is relatively high. The indifferent community was one having a current cost of $7.72 per ton; more accurately, this would be the cost for the near-term future. It is not necessary that current costs be used, since many communities are merely "dumping" their refuse. The indifference decision should be based on the cost of an environmentally sound alternative. Energy recovery from municipal solid waste can increase the number of communities in which resource recovery will be an economic adjunct to a solid waste management system. The analysis presented here was based on the assumption that the value of the fuel recovered exactly offset the additional capital and operating costs of the utility which burns it. There could be costs above and beyond this; similarly, there could be a saving by taking into account the economic value of the organic fraction as fuel. However, it is believed that the assumption under which the materials-plus-energy case was analyzed seems to be realistic at this time.     

Terraces in phylogenetic tree space

A key step in assembling the tree of life is the construction of species-rich phylogenies from multilocus--but often incomplete--sequence data sets. We describe previously unknown structure in the landscape of solutions to the tree reconstruction problem, comprising sometimes vast "terraces" of trees with identical quality, arranged on islands of phylogenetically similar trees. Phylogenetic ambiguity within a terrace can be characterized efficiently and then ameliorated by new algorithms for obtaining a terrace's maximum-agreement subtree or by identifying the smallest set of new targets for additional sequencing. Algorithms to find optimal trees or estimate Bayesian posterior tree distributions may need to navigate strategically in the neighborhood of large terraces in tree space.     

Humic substances: fulvic acid-dialkyl phthalate complexes and their role in pollution

Fulvic acid is a water-soluble humic material with relatively low molecular weight that occurs widely in soils and waters. It can combine with lyophobic organic compounds such as alkanes, fatty acids, and dialkyl phthalates to form stable "complexes" that are soluble in water. Fulvic acid in an aquatic environment may act as a vehicle for the mobilization, transport, and immobilization of organic compounds, some of which may be toxic pollutants.     

脱毒草莓高架自营养高效育苗技术研究

[目的]设计建造脱毒草莓高架自营养育苗系统并开展相关育苗技术研究。[方法]以草莓品种"红颜"为试验材料,以传统露地育苗(CK1)和避雨遮阳育苗(CK2)为对照,研究高架育苗繁苗方式、繁苗率、病害情况、育苗成本以及种苗生产表现。[结果]草莓高架自营养育苗方式,每年可以春秋2季育苗,定植育苗母株5.100 0万株/hm2,年繁育穴盘苗622.518 0万株/hm2,成苗率98.2%,平均叶片数4.8片1心,根茎粗度达到1.2 cm;白粉病和土传病害无发生,炭疽病发病率为21.6%,病情指数1.5;种苗用于保护地生产结果期较对照提早7 d,产量达到3.702万kg/hm2;穴盘苗育苗成本0.096元/株,繁育脱毒草莓原种苗利润438.000 0万元/hm2,繁育生产种苗利润217.800 0万元/hm2。[结论]该研究可为在降低生产管理强度的同时大大提高草莓的繁殖系数和草莓种苗质量,实现草莓种苗每年春秋两季繁育提供科学依据。     

Policies designed for self-interested citizens may undermine "the moral sentiments": evidence from economic experiments

High-performance organizations and economies work on the basis not only of material interests but also of Adam Smith's "moral sentiments." Well-designed laws and public policies can harness self-interest for the common good. However, incentives that appeal to self-interest may fail when they undermine the moral values that lead people to act altruistically or in other public-spirited ways. Behavioral experiments reviewed here suggest that economic incentives may be counterproductive when they signal that selfishness is an appropriate response; constitute a learning environment through which over time people come to adopt more self-interested motivations; compromise the individual's sense of self-determination and thereby degrade intrinsic motivations; or convey a message of distrust, disrespect, and unfair intent. Many of these unintended effects of incentives occur because people act not only to acquire economic goods and services but also to constitute themselves as dignified, autonomous, and moral individuals. Good organizational and institutional design can channel the material interests for the achievement of social goals while also enhancing the contribution of the moral sentiments to the same ends.     

Evidence that glucose "marks" beta cells resulting in preferential release of newly synthesized insulin

Studies of isolated islets labeled with radioactive leucine show that glucose at a critical time "marks" islets in such a way as to cause preferential release of newly synthesized insulin. The preferential release of insulin from marked islets is relatively independent of subsequent secretagogues or rates of insulin secretion. Previous kinetic studies have indicated that the critical time at which marking occurs is after proinsulin biosynthesis but before the secretory event. Thus, secretory cells may regulate the diversion of newly synthesized material for immediate release as it is approaching or transiting the Golgi apparatus.     

中亚天然气管道工艺细节设计

针对中亚天然气管道项目工艺设计中钢管低温脆性、管道水压试验、阀门压力等级和材质选择、放空立管防雨水功能4个代表性问题进行了分析。在低温时,通过采取保温措施、控制材料低温韧性或制定相应站场操作原则,避免管道出现低温脆性断裂;关于管道水压设计,设计方在提交给钢管厂家的技术条款中应增加现场强度试压的压力值和试压所维持时间的信息项,钢管厂家投标时应将工厂内的水试验压力指标列入标书中;在选择阀门压力等级和材质方面,采用标准磅级、特殊磅级、提高磅级或者中间额定4种方案,以解决阀门不满足设计压力和设计温度要求的问题;针对目前中亚项目放空立管防雨水存在的缺陷,提出了新的放空立管设计方案。     

On gardening and human welfare,or, the role of attitudes and natural capital in sustainable welfare

This paper examines the ancient Judeo-Christian worldview to provide a link between individual and societal attitudes and sustainable human welfare. This moral ecology links the welfare of the entire created order to human justice, or right living. Environmental degradation, poverty, and oppression all stem from humans grasping for control. To examine how these attitudes may affect material human welfare the paper develops the concept of natural systems as natural multiproduct factories, showing how they interact with other productive resources to improve human material well-being. Maintaining or increasing such well-being depends upon creating a balance between these natural factories and human-derived inputs within a spatial context. Achieving balance, as well as overall human welfare, is shown ultimately to depend upon the attitudes of people toward one another and toward the rest of creation, indicating that the basic Hebrew perspective under girding western civilization has much to offer as a frame of analysis.Robert R. Gottfried is Associate Professor of Economics at The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He has worked in Central America, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, and Appalachia. His special interests include the economics of sustainability, environment and development, and environmental theology.     

人性化管理与企业竞争力

企业竞争力的关键因素已由"物"变成"人",相应的以"物"为中心的科学管理要向以"人"为中心的人性化管理转变。人性化管理可以优化人际关系,避免内耗;凝聚人才,保障优势;克服人性弱点,提高企业竞争力。