Orthophosphate, phytate, and total phosphorus determination in cereals by flow injection analysis

A flow injection spectrophotometric procedure with enzymatic hydrolysis was developed for determination of orthophosphate, phytate and total phosphorus in cereal samples. Phosphorus species were extracted from cereals with 0.05 mol L(-1) potassium hydrogen phthalate buffer solution at pH 5.7. Orthophosphate was directly determined in the extracts by molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method. The phytate was hydrolyzed by the enzyme phytase coupled to a solid phase packed into an enzymatic reactor, and the resulting hydrolyzed orthophosphate was also determined by spectrophotometry at 650 nm. After optimization for phosphorus species extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis, a linear calibration graph was obtained up to 196 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) orthophosphate (P conc = -2.67 + 0.52x, r = 0.9998). Measurements are characterized by relative standard deviation of 1.6% for a standard of 72 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) orthophosphate and no baseline drift was observed during 4 h operation periods. It provides 72 measurements per hour, with 2.4 x 10(-)6) mol L(-1) and 7.9 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) as detection and quantification limits, respectively.     

Mechanism of deactivation of triplet-excited riboflavin by ascorbate, carotenoids, and tocopherols in homogeneous and heterogeneous aqueous food model systems

Tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) and Trolox were found to deactivate triplet-excited riboflavin in homogeneous aqueous solution (7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water) with second-order reaction rates close to diffusion control [k2 between 4.8 x 10(8) (delta-tocopherol) and 6.2 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) (Trolox) at 24.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C] as determined by laser flash photolysis transient absorption spectroscopy. In aqueous buffer (pH 6.4) the rate constant for Trolox was 2.6 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s1 and comparable to the rate constant found for ascorbate (2.0 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)). The deactivation rate constant was found to be inferior in heterogeneous systems as shown for alpha-tocopherol and Trolox in aqueous Tween-20 emulsion (approximately by a factor of 4 compared to 7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water). Neither beta-carotene (7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water and Tween-20 emulsion), lycopene (7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water), nor crocin (aqueous buffer at pH 6.4, 7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water, and Tween-20 emulsion) showed any quenching on the triplet excited state of riboflavin. Therefore, all carotenoids seem to reduce the formation of triplet-excited riboflavin through an inner-filter effect. Activation parameters were based on the temperature dependence of the triplet-excited deactivation between 15 and 35 degrees C, and the isokinetic behavior, which was found to include purine derivatives previously studied, confirms a common deactivation mechanism with a bimolecular diffusion-controlled encounter with electron (or hydrogen atom) transfer as rate-determining step. DeltaH for deactivation by ascorbic acid, Trolox, and homologue tocopherols (ranging from 18 kJ mol(-1) for Trolox in Tween-20 emulsion to 184 kJ mol(-1) for ascorbic acid in aqueous buffer at pH 6.4) showed a linear dependence on DeltaS (ranging from -19 J mol(-1) K(-1) for Trolox in aqueous buffer at pH 6.4 to +550 J mol(-1) K(-1) for ascorbic acid in aqueous buffer pH 6.4). Among photooxidation products from the chemical quenching, lumicrome, alpha-tocopherol quinones and epoxyquinones, and alpha-tocopherol dimers were identified by ESI-QqTOF-MS.     

Bowman-Cole石灰性土壤有机磷分组法的改进

本文研究了Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法应用于石灰性土壤存在的若干问题,并提出了改进法。改进法的四组土壤有机磷(P0)的分组为:在氯仿预处理土样后用0.5molL-1NaHCO3浸提活性P0;然后,先用0.05molL-1NaOH、后用1molL-1H2SO4处理残余土样浸提中度活性P0,0.05molL-1NaOH提取的无机磷和1molL-1H2SO4提取的有机磷属于中度活性P0;在氯仿和0.5molL-1NaHCO3处理后,用0.05molL-1NaOH浸提稳定性P0,把浸提液的酸度调至pH3.00时,上清液中的有机磷为中度稳定性P0,而沉淀中的有机磷为高稳性P0。结果表明,改进法能更好地区分具有不同矿化率的有机磷化合物,例如,核酸、甘油磷酸、植酸钙、肌醇三磷酸铁、植酸铁等。改进法增加了超声波处理,使震荡时间也明显缩短。因此,石灰性土壤有机磷分组的改进法比Bowman-Cole法更理想。     

磷水平对不同磷效率小麦叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了磷水平(0、10、100、500和1000μmol/L)对不同磷效率小麦(西农979和小偃6号)幼苗基部第1叶叶绿素荧光参数与叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,随着磷水平的增加,两小麦幼苗基部第1叶的叶绿素a荧光参数均表现出先升高后降低的趋势,不同的是小偃6号在磷水平为100μmol/L时就达到了峰值,而西农979的最大值则出现在500μmol/L磷水平下。说明小偃6号(磷高效)的光能转换效率和电子传递效率高于西农979,且受低磷胁迫的影响较小。     

Study on the supramolecular interaction of thiabendazole and beta-cyclodextrin by spectrophotometry and its analytical application

The beta-cyclodextrin-thiabendazole (beta-CD-TBZ) inclusion complex was synthesized and its structure characterized by (1)H NMR and IR. The mechanism of the supramolecular interaction of TBZ and beta-CD has been studied and discussed by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the phenyl ring of TBZ was included in the beta-CD cavity to form a 1:1 host-guest complex with an apparent formation constant of 1.60 x 10(3) mol(-1).L. On the basis of the enhancement of the absorbance of TBZ produced through complex formation, a spectrophotometric method for the determination of TBZ in bulk aqueous solution in the presence of beta-CD was developed. The linear relationship between the absorbance and TBZ concentration was obtained in the range of 8.86 x 10(-7)-1.45 x 10(-5) mol/L. The detection limit was 2.71 x 10(-7)mol/L, and the relative standard deviation was 0.86%. The interference of 48 coexisting substances was slight. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of TBZ in fruits with recoveries of 96-103%.     

Determination and differentiation of Flos Chrysanthemum based on characteristic electrochemical profiles by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

A high-performance capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-ED) method has been developed for the analysis of bioactive ingredients in Flos Chrysanthemum in this work. The effects of several factors such as the acidity and concentration of running buffer, the separation voltage, the applied potential, and the injection time were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the eight analytes could be well separated within 20 min at the separation voltage of 14 kV in a 50 mmol/L Borax running buffer (pH 9.2). A 300 microm diameter carbon disk electrode has a good response at a potential of +950 mV (vs SCE) for all analytes. Good linear relationship was established over 3 orders of magnitude with detection limits (S/N = 3) that ranged from 1.9 x 10(-7) to 3.0 x 10(-8) g/mL. This proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination and differentiation of six kinds of popular Flos Chrysanthemum samples based on their characteristic electrochemical profiles, and the results are satisfactory.     

Reactivity of bovine whey proteins, peptides, and amino acids toward triplet riboflavin as studied by laser flash photolysis

The reaction between the triplet excited state of riboflavin and amino acids, peptides, and bovine whey proteins was investigated in aqueous solution in the pH range from 4 to 9 at 24 degrees C using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Only tyrosine and tryptophan (and their peptides) were found to compete with oxygen in quenching the triplet state of riboflavin in aqueous solution, with second-order rate constants close to the diffusion limit, 1.75 x 10(9) and 1.40 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1) for tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively, with beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin having comparable rate constants of 3.62 x 10(8) and 2.25 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. Tyrosine, tryptophan, and their peptides react with the photoexcited triplet state of riboflavin by electron transfer from the tyrosine and tryptophan moieties followed by a fast protonation of the resulting riboflavin anion rather than by direct H-atom abstraction, which could be monitored by time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy as a decay of triplet riboflavin followed by a rise in riboflavin anion radical absorption. For cysteine- and thiol-containing peptides, second-order rate constants depend strongly on pH, for cysteine corresponding to pKaRSH = 8.35. H-atom abstraction seems to operate at low pH, which with rising pH gradually is replaced by electron transfer from the thiol anion. From the pH dependence of the second-order rate constant, the respective values for the H-atom abstraction (k = 1.64 x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1)) and for the electron transfer (k = 1.20 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) were determined.     

磷水平对不同基因型玉米苗期磷吸收利用的影响

以齐319(对照)和来源于齐319的耐低磷突变体99037和99106为材料,在1mol/L和1000mol/L.KH2PO4两个磷水平下,通过水培实验研究了磷水平对不同基因型玉米磷吸收、利用和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,低磷条件下三个自交系的根冠比均显著增加,植株磷含量明显降低,生物量显著减小,磷利用效率和酸性磷酸酶活性大大提高。但不同基因型间存在显著差异,自交系99037与齐319相比具有植株磷浓度低、磷素再利用能力强、磷利用效率和净吸收量高等特征,是自交系99037磷高效的可能机理。     

A kinetic model for the glucose-fructose-glycine browning reaction

The browning of glucose-fructose-glycine mixtures involves parallel glucose-glycine and fructose-glycine reactions, which share a common intermediate, the immediate precursor of melanoidins in the kinetic model. At pH 5.5, 55 degrees C glucose is converted into this intermediate in a two step process where k(1) = (7.8 +/- 1.1) x 10(-)(4) mol L(-)(1) h(-)(1) and k(2) = (1.84 +/- 0.31) x 10(-)(3) h(-)(1) according to established kinetics, whereas fructose is converted into this intermediate in a single step where k(4) = 5.32 x 10(-)(5)()()mol L(-)(1) h(-)(1). The intermediate is converted to melanoidins in a single rate limiting process where k(mix) = 0.0177 h(-)(1) and the molar extinction coefficient (based on the concentration of sugar converted) of the melanoidins so formed is 1073 +/- 4 mol(-)(1) L cm(-)(1). Whereas the value of k(mix) is the same when the individual sugars undergo browning, the value of the molar extinction coefficient is similar to that for melanoidins from the glucose-glycine reaction (955 +/- 45 mol(-)(1) L cm(-)(1)) but it is approximately double the value for melanoidins from the fructose-glycine reaction (478 +/- 18 mol(-)(1) L cm(-)(1)). This is the reason that the effects of glucose and fructose on the rate of browning are synergistic.     

非损伤微测Zn2+选择性微电极的研发及应用

非损伤微测技术(Non-invasive Micro-test Technology, NMT)是一种通过微电极实时测定进出活体材料离子和小分子流速的技术,已广泛应用于植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫等研究领域中。目前该技术专用的重金属微电极种类非常少,因此其在重金属胁迫研究中的应用也受到了限制。本文在前期工作的基础上开发了一种基于非损伤微测技术的Zn~(2+)选择性微电极,首次实现了活体条件下植物根际Zn~(2+)离子流的实时、动态检测。研发的微电极在去离子水中对Zn~(2+)的线性响应范围为10–6～10~(–1) mol/L,能斯特斜率为30.2mV/decade(浓度每增加或减少10倍电位值的变化),响应时间t_(95%)≤1s,正常工作pH范围为3.5～7.0;在简易模拟土壤溶液(0.1mmol/L Ca(NO_3)_2、0.1 mmol/L KNO_3、0.1 mmol/L Mg(NO_3)_2和1 mmol/L NaNO_3)中,其线性响应范围变为5×10~(-5)～10~(-1) mol/L,能斯特斜率为28.1mV/decade,对土壤溶液中的共存阳离子具有较好的抗干扰性。利用构建的非损伤微测Zn~(2+)选择性微电极对Zn/Cd超积累植物伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)根际不同微区的Zn~(2+)离子流进行了实时检测。该技术的成功研发为活体条件下深入认识Zn~(2+)在植物根际的微界面过程与机制提供了一种强有力的研究手段。     

Electrochemical estimation of the polyphenol index in wines using a laccase biosensor

The use of a laccase biosensor, under both batch and flow injection (FI) conditions, for a rapid and reliable amperometric estimation of the total content of polyphenolic compounds in wines is reported. The enzyme was immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde onto a glassy carbon electrode. Caffeic acid and gallic acid were selected as standard compounds to carry out such estimation. Experimental variables such as the enzyme loading, the applied potential, and the pH value were optimized, and different aspects regarding the operational stability of the laccase biosensor were evaluated. Using batch amperometry at -200 mV, the detection limits obtained were 2.6 x 10(-3) and 7.2 x 10(-4) mg L(-1) gallic acid and caffeic acid, respectively, which compares advantageously with previous biosensor designs. An extremely simple sample treatment consisting only of an appropriate dilution of wine sample with the supporting electrolyte solution (0.1 mol L(-1) citrate buffer of pH 5.0) was needed for the amperometric analysis of red, rosé, and white wines. Good correlations were found when the polyphenol indices obtained with the biosensor (in both the batch and FI modes) for different wine samples were plotted versus the results achieved with the classic Folin-Ciocalteu method. Application of the calibration transfer chemometric model (multiplicative fitting) allowed that the confidence intervals (for a significance level of 0.05) for the slope and intercept values of the amperometric index versus Folin-Ciocalteu index plots (r = 0.997) included the unit and zero values, respectively. This indicates that the laccase biosensor can be successfully used for the estimation of the polyphenol index in wines when compared with the Folin-Ciocalteu reference method.     

Effect of several germination conditions on total P, phytate P, phytase, and acid phosphatase activities and inositol phosphate esters in rye and barley.

Two assays were conducted to study the evolution of rye and barley phosphatases (phytase and acid phosphatase) and the degradation of its substrates (inositol phosphate esters) during seed germination. In this manner we could obtain a low-phytate, endogenous phosphatase rich ingredient to be used in animal nutrition. In the first assay, the seeds were soaked for 1 and 14 h and germinated for 3 and 5 days with and without the addition of gibberellic acid (GA3). In the second assay, the seeds were soaked for 1 h and germinated for 1, 3, and 5 days with GA3. Phytase (up to 5739 and 3151 U x kg(-1)) and acid phosphatase (up to 18288 and 3151 U x g(-1)) activities, and IP6 (6.09 and 6.01 mg x g(-1)), IP5 (0.48 and 0.48 mg x g(-1)), and IP4 (0.13 and 0.06 mg x g(-1)) were detected in ungerminated rye and barley, respectively. The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in rye (up to 112 and 213%) and barley (up to 212 and 634%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 84 and 58%, respectively). Phytate phosphorus content was affected only by soaking time in the case of rye. Finally, during the course of germination, IP6 and IP5 were rapidly degraded in rye (88 and 79%) and barley (67 and 52%), and IP4 was only a short-living intermediate, which was increased during hydrolysis and degraded to IP3. In conclusion, a marked increase of Phy and AcPh activities in rye and barley with a concomitant decrease in phytate phosphorus content and an increase in the content of lower inositol phosphates were observed during the rye and barley germination.     

Sensitive determination of DNA based on the interaction between norfloxacin-Tb3+ complex and DNA

The fluorescence intensity of the norfloxacin (NFX)-Tb3+ complex enhanced by DNA was studied. Therefore, a sensitive fluorescence method for the determination of DNA was developed. The optimal conditions of the method were as follows: the hexamethylenamine (HMA)-HCl buffer was adopted for adjusting the pH to 6.5 +/- 0.1, the concentrations of NFX and Tb3+ were both fixed in 1.0 x 10(-6) mol L(-1), and the excitation and emission wavelengths were selected at 290 and 545 nm, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the enhanced fluorescence intensity was in proportion to the concentration of DNA in the same range of 5.0 x 10(-9) - 1.0 x 10(-6) g mL(-1) for hsDNA and thermally denatured ctDNA. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 0.9 and 0.6 ng mL(-1), respectively. In addition, the interaction between NFX-Tb3+ and DNA was discussed in detail. The experimental results from UV absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and the salt effect study indicated that the interaction between norfloxacin-Tb3+ complex and DNA had at least two different binding modes: the electrostatic binding and the intercalation binding. The mechanism of the fluorescence enhancement effect was also discussed.     

The effect of reducing conditions on the solubility of phosphorus in a diverse range of European agricultural soils

The effects of reducing conditions on solubility of phosphorus (P) can directly influence water quality. The release of P is enhanced although the P is not directly involved in reduction processes. We here compare the responses to flooding of 12 overfertilized agricultural soils in widely varying pedological and management regimes, belonging to seven World Reference Base groups. The redox potential initially ranged from 305 to 515 mV and decreased to ?157 to ?195 mV within 32 days. The onset of reducing conditions led to an increase in the concentration of soluble P. The maximum rate of solubilization occurred within 1–3 weeks under reducing conditions, and the steady‐state concentrations of P never exceeded 200 μmol dm^?3. Four stages in the development of the reduction process are identified, and a simple empirical model describes the change in concentrations of soluble P. The potential of P release under reduction is positively correlated with the soil saturation with P. Flooding over a few weeks triggered the release of large amounts of P. Constant pe + pH is related to constant concentration of molybdate‐reactive P, suggesting that soluble P is effectively buffered so that P will be immobilized. In general the solubilization of P under reducing conditions is likely to be aggravated by the increased soil P status that has resulted from overfertilization of agricultural land with P. These findings bear on the establishment and long‐term effectiveness of riparian buffer zones where phosphorus is likely to accumulate by the interception of drainage.     

Phytase and acid phosphatase activities in plant feedstuffs

A total of 183 samples representing 24 feedstuffs were analyzed for total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus content, phytase (Phy), and acid phosphatase (AcPh) activities with the objective to predict the capacity to hydrolyze phytic acid and to contribute to formulating environmentally adequate diets for monogastric animals. Of the cereals and cereal byproducts analyzed, only rye (5147 U kg(-)(1); 21 955 U g(-)(1)), wheat (1637 U kg(-)(1); 10 252 U g(-)(1)), rye bran (7339 U kg(-)(1); 56 722 U g(-)(1)), and wheat bran (4624 U kg(-)(1); 14 106 U g(-)(1)) were rich in Phy and AcPh activities. Legume seeds and oilseeds contained negligible Phy activity and a moderate amount of AcPh activity, except for kidney bean (33 433 U g(-)(1)) and full-fat linseed meal (13 263 U g(-)(1)). On the other hand, a significant linear regression between phytate phosphorus (y) and total phosphorus (x) was observed in cereal byproducts (R(2) = 0. 95; y = 0.8458x - 0.0367; P < 0.001) and oil seeds (R(2) = 0.95; y = 0.945x - 0.20; P < 0.001). Phy and AcPh were positively correlated with respect to phytate phosphorus in cereals, cereal byproducts, and other byproducts and negatively correlated in legume seeds and oilseeds. Except for cereals, the highest correlation between enzyme activities and phytate phosphorus was found for phytase. It is not possible to predict Phy and AcPh activities from phytate phosphorus content by linear and quadratic regressions. Finally, only highly significant and positive correlation was found between Phy and AcPh activities for cereals, cereal byproducts, and oilseeds.     

磷供应水平对大豆不同生育期磷铁比及光合效率的调节

[目的]明确磷(P)不同供应水平对大豆生理性状的影响及其基因型差异,以及这些性状对单株粒重的影响,为磷肥的合理施用提供理论依据.[方法]水培试验以Hoagland营养液为基础,设置4个磷供应水平处理,分别为0(CK)、100、500和1000μmol/L.供试大豆为6个磷高效基因型和6个磷低效基因型.在大豆生长的始花期...     

潮土累积磷的供磷能力及其有效磷消耗特征

[目的]长期过量施肥极大地提升了土壤中磷的累积量.研究土壤累积磷的有效性及其消耗特征,可为发掘土壤中的磷资源,保持土壤磷肥力的可持续性提供理论基础.[方法]依托"国家潮土肥力与肥料效益长期监测站"26年的长期定位试验,从中选取5个磷地力水平地块,其土壤基础Olsen-P含量分别为1.2、14.3、27.6、55.4、7...     

Determination of phenolic compounds in Perilla frutescens L. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

A method based on capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection has been developed to analyze flavonoids and phenolic acids in Perilla frutescens L. for the first time. Catechin, ferulic acid, apigenin, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid are major important active ingredients in the plant. Operated in a wall-jet configuration, a 300 microm diameter carbon-disk electrode was used as the working electrode, which exhibits a good response at 0.90 V (versus saturated calomel electrode) for the analytes. Under the optimum conditions, the analytes were baseline separated within 20 min in a 100 mmol/L borax buffer (pH 8.7). Notably, excellent linearity was obtained over 3 orders of magnitude with detection limits (S/N = 3) ranging from 2 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-6) g/mL for all analytes. This proposed method has been successfully applied to monitor the flavonoids and phenolic acids contents in the leaves and seeds of P. frutescens L. at different growth stages with relatively simple extraction procedures, and the assay results were satisfactory.     

Studies on water transport through the sweet cherry fruit surface. 10. Evidence for polar pathways across the exocarp

Water uptake through the fruit surface is considered as an important factor in cracking of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Uptake may occur by diffusion and/or viscous flow along a polar pathway. To establish the mechanism of water uptake, the effects of viscosity and molecular weight of selected osmotica on water uptake into detached sweet cherry fruit were investigated. In addition we investigated the effect of temperature on penetration of 2-(1-naphthyl)[1-(14)C]acetic acid ([(14)C]NAA; pK(a) = 4.2) as a molecular probe in the non-dissociated (pH 2.2) and dissociated (pH 6.2) forms. Rates of water uptake were linearly related to the inverse viscosity of gum arabic solutions (range of concentrations and dynamic viscosities 10-300 g L(-1) and 1.3 x 10(-3) to 115.9 x 10(-3) Pa s, respectively). When fruit was incubated in solutions of osmotica of differing molecular weight that were isotonic to the fruit's water potential, water uptake depended on the molecular weight of the osmoticum [range 58-6000 for NaCl to poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG 6000)]. There was no uptake from PEG 6000 solutions, but rates of water uptake increased as the molecular weight of the osmotica decreased. Apparent water potentials of sweet cherry fruit, determined by incubating fruit in concentration series of selected osmotica, increased as the molecular weight of the osmotica increased up to 1500 and remained constant between 1500 and 6000. Reflection coefficients (sigma) estimated from this relationship were closely related to hydrodynamic radii (r) of the osmotica [sigma = 1.0(+/-0.0) - [10.9(+/-0.9) x 10(-11)][r(-1) (m(-1))], R(2) = 0.97, P < 0.0001]. The permeability of the sweet cherry fruit exocarp to NAA (pK(a) = 4.2) and temperature dependence of NAA permeability (P(d)) as indexed by the energy of activation (E(a), temperature range 5-35 degrees C) were significantly higher for the non-dissociated NAA (pH 2.2, P(d) = 10.2(+/-0.8) x 10(-8) m s(-1), E(a) = 67.0 +/- 1.7 kJ mol(-)(1)) than for the dissociated NAA (pH 6.2, P(d) = 1.1(+/-0.2) x 10(-8) m s(-1), E(a) = 51.8 +/- 1.9 kJ mol(-)(1)). The activation energy for penetration of the dissociated NAA was closely related to the stomatal density (R( 2) = 0.84, P < 0.0001) but less so for the non-dissociated NAA (R(2) = 0.30, P < 0.03). These data provide evidence for the presence of polar pathways through the sweet cherry fruit exocarp that allow water uptake by viscous flow. These pathways offer a potentially useful target for strategies to reduce water uptake and fruit cracking, provided that a technique is identified that selectively "plugs" these pathways.     

Soil phosphorous buffer coefficient as influenced by time and rate of P addition

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time and rate of phosphorus (P) addition on phosphorus availability and phosphorus buffer coefficient in some calcareous soils. Phosphorus was added to the samples at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg P kg^?1 soil. The samples were incubated for 0.041, 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days at constant temperature and moisture. Extractable phosphorus was determined after the incubation. The results showed a sharp decrease in available P within 1 h after P addition. There was a linear relation between added P and extractable P in all soils. The buffer coefficients of soils were estimated by Olsen P for above incubation periods. Generally the buffer coefficient decreased with increasing time of incubation. The results indicated that inputs of between 23 – 59 mg kg^?1 are required to raise Olsen P by 10 mg kg^?1 in these calcareous soils, which assuming 2500 t soil ha^?1, gives a required input of 58 – 148 kg P ha^?1.