异国他乡的疯狂(四)——爱丁堡皇家植物园的杜鹃花

植物学上的杜鹃花分类十分繁琐复杂,园艺上常以常绿杜鹃(Rhododendron)和落叶杜鹃(Azalea)划分,落叶杜鹃包含了羊踯躅亚属和映山红亚属的部份种类。爱丁堡皇家植物园的温室旁边有一个杜鹃花草坪,为落叶杜鹃区,种植了羊踯躅亚属和映山红亚属的原生物种以及杂交种。     

杜鹃花新品种‘金踯躅’和‘紫艳’

 ‘金踯躅’杜鹃花是由羊踯躅的播种实生苗中选育而成, 叶纸质黄绿色, 顶生伞形花序, 有花7～13 朵, 花冠外面桔红色, 内面纯黄色。‘紫艳’杜鹃花是由映山红杜鹃扦插苗中选育而成, 常绿灌木,叶浅绿色, 花淡紫色, 萼片瓣化为花瓣。     

杜鹃组培苗的练苗技术研究

以映山红杜鹃的叶片通过无菌培养获得的组培苗为材料,研究了不同育苗基质、不同覆盖措施、施用不同肥料对其练苗效果的影响,以期筛选最适宜的练苗条件。结果表明:练苗基质最适配比是腐殖土∶锯末∶珍珠岩=3∶1∶1;最适覆盖方式为透光率25%遮阳网直接覆盖;采用0.1尿素+0.1%KH2PO4效果最佳,苗木成活率最高。     

螺髻山野生杜鹃属植物资源调查研究

以四川省螺髻山杜鹃属(Rhododendron L.)植物为试材,采用实地调查的方法,研究了野生杜鹃属植物的种质资源种类及分布情况,以期为更好的保护和开发利用野生杜鹃属植物资源提供参考依据。结果表明：1)螺髻山杜鹃属植物资源丰富。共有45个种,属于常绿杜鹃亚属、杜鹃亚属、糙叶杜鹃亚属和映山红亚属4亚属,以常绿杜鹃亚属和杜鹃亚属为主,其中丹巴杜鹃等11个种在该区域未曾报道。2)采集杜鹃属植物标本变异较大。螺髻山所采集杜鹃属植物标本有33种在质量性状和/或数量性状与模式标本存在差异,并对39个杜鹃属种进行形态特征补充。3)在螺髻山区域内杜鹃属植物于海拔1 600～3 980 m呈垂直和块状分布。螺髻山是野生杜鹃属植物资源保护及开发利用的宝库。     

杜鹃种子形态特征与萌发特性研究

以野生种"羊踯躅"、"映山红"与园艺品种"夏玫红"、"深球红"、"粉鹤"5个基因型杜鹃为试验材料,研究了几个种(品种)的种子形态与萌发特性,旨在为引种驯化和新品种选育提供参考依据。结果表明:5种供试杜鹃的种子均极细小,其中"羊踯躅"种子明显大于其它4种。除"映山红"与"深球红"以外,种子千粒重存在显著差异,"羊踯躅"的千粒重最重,达到0.258g;而"夏玫红"的千粒重最轻,仅为0.051g。不同杜鹃种(品种)种子形态差异显著,种子呈现椭圆形、卵形、矩圆形等形态。不同种子的翅、条纹及两端形状等均存在明显差异,可见种子形态可以作为杜鹃分类的重要依据。5种杜鹃种子萌发时滞、萌发持续时间及发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均有差异,"羊踯躅"种子的萌发时滞最短(10d),而"映山红"最长(15d)。种子活力排序为"羊踯躅""粉鹤""夏玫红""深球红""映山红"。     

不同基质对甜瓜幼苗生长的影响

通过不同配方基质对甜瓜幼苗生长影响的观察,获得适于甜瓜育苗的高效低成本育苗基质.试验表明:不同基质对甜瓜幼苗的根长、叶面积、茎和根的干重影响较大,对茎粗、株高影响较小,播种后14～21d,基质对甜瓜幼苗的生长影响很大,株干重的日增长量相差1.201 mg.播种30 d以后,甜瓜幼苗的干物重增加明显减缓.     

缩节胺对番茄穴盘幼苗生长的影响

以番茄品种"秦优粉霸101F1"为试材,采用不同浓度缩节胺(30、50、70、90、110mg/kg)对播种前育苗基质进行浇灌处理,研究其对番茄幼苗的影响。结果表明:缩节胺能有效控制番茄的生长速度,浓度越高矮化作用越明显。播种前使用50mg/kg的缩节胺溶液底液浇灌处理的番茄幼苗株高、茎粗、下胚轴长和生理指标均在壮苗指标范围内,幼苗表现良好。其次是浓度70mg/kg处理效果也较好。该试验推荐在播种前使用50~70mg/kg的缩节胺溶液底液浇灌育苗基质的方法,以控制番茄幼苗徒长,达到壮苗目的。     

映山红多态性微卫星标记的跨物种扩增研究

以4个杜鹃花近缘种毛杜鹃(R.pulchrum)、西洋杜鹃(R.hybrida)、锦绣杜鹃(R.alutaceum)、羊踯躅(R.molle(Blume)G.Don)为试材,采用PCR方法,利用前期开发的映山红(Rhododendron simsii)多态性SSR标记进行跨物种扩增。结果表明:7个微卫星标记能够跨物种利用,为探讨杜鹃属植物种间的亲缘关系、杜鹃属种群遗传多样性、分化潜力和方向研究奠定了基础。     

杜鹃花的主要病虫害及其防治

<正>杜鹃花,又称映山红、羊角花、羊踯躅、红踯躅、山石榴、山鹃等,为杜鹃花科杜鹃花属半常绿、常绿或落叶灌木,或常绿小乔木。原产我国中部和南部,广布于长江流域各地,全世界有越800种,我国有650种,长江以南较多,以北较少,云南最多,新疆、宁夏则无天然分布。我国栽培杜鹃花有一千多年历史,在公元492年《本草经注集》中有记载,是我国传统十大名花之一。是江西、安徽、贵州等省的省花,长沙、台北、苏州、无锡、珠海、深圳等市的市花。花型有     

刺槐容器播种育苗基质筛选试验

为筛选经济、资源节约型容器育苗基质,采用草炭土、秸秆粉、有机肥、河沙、珍珠岩、蛭石材料,按不同比例配成4种配方基质,以常用商用配方基质(珍珠岩∶蛭石∶草炭=1∶1∶1)为对照,进行刺槐容器播种育苗试验,测定不同配方基质下种子发芽出苗率、幼苗生长指标(株高、生物量、地径等)。结果表明:不同配方基质下刺槐种子出苗及其前期生长情况不一;其中T2配方(草炭土∶沙子∶有机肥∶蛭石=1∶1∶1∶1)基质刺槐种子发芽种苗出苗率及幼苗生物量、苗高、地径、根长等与对照间没有显著差异,可以作为刺槐容器播种育苗基质。     

不同药剂处理对西瓜细菌性果斑病带菌种子的影响

采用菌悬浮液浸种方式对西瓜种子接菌,利用6种药剂对带菌种子进行浸种处理,并调查各处理对种子发芽、幼苗生长的影响及对西瓜幼苗细菌性果斑病(BFB)的防治效果。试验结果表明,播种前带菌种子采用40%甲醛100倍液浸种1 h,对西瓜幼苗BFB的防效达到100%,对西瓜种子的发芽和幼苗的生长无不良影响。     

土壤有效硅对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长代谢的影响

 利用盆栽试验研究土壤有效硅对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长代谢的影响。结果表明: 土壤有效硅含量在55. 1 ～202. 8 mg·kg^-1范围内, 随含量的增高, 种子萌发过程中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性升高, 呼吸速率加快, 种子活力升高, 萌发速度加快; 幼苗生长过程中光合强度增强, 根系活力、硝酸还原酶活力升高, 蒸腾强度减弱, 蒸腾比率和叶片含水量升高, 说明土壤中的硅被黄瓜有效利用; 土壤有效硅含量超过202. 8 mg·kg^-1时, 其对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的促进作用不再显著增加。     

Soil seed banks are short-lived and triggered by the first effective rainfalls in the vacant lots of Santiago,Chile

We studied the temporal variation of the soil seed banks in the urban lots of Santiago, Chile. As most of the plants that emerge from the seed banks in lots are also found in open habitats and are easily germinable, we hypothesize that the seed banks in lots are highly dynamic and short-lived, with the bank depleted every year during the germination season to be reloaded with new seeds during the next seed dispersal period. In each 20 lots for two year (2017 and 2018), 9 soil samples were collected. These samples were obtained from three sampling points randomly distributed across the plots. The seed bank was estimated by seed germination in soil samples placed in plastic trays. The samples of all the lots were stratified at 2 °C by 3 months before sowing. In order to record the seed persistence, soil of three lots watered in 2017 for six months were dried and maintained under dark and non-watered conditions until re-sowing in autumn 2018. To determine if the seeds present cold-associated germination triggers, soils of five lots were maintained under dark conditions for 3 months (soils without cold stratification) for comparison with soils with cold stratification of the same lots. The above-ground plants were recorded in all lots for both years. Forty plant species were recorded in soil bank. The total emerged seedling densities ranged between 7,944 (2017) to 3,700 seedlings m^-2 (2018). Species per lot varied between 17 and 7 during 2017, and between 14 and 3 during 2018. In five lots, seedling densities were not statistically different between cold stratified soil at 2 ° C and non-stratified. In three lots with re-sown soil, seedling density of the first sowing (4,096 seedlings m^-2) was significantly higher than second sowing (201 seedlings m^-2). Thirty-seven plant species were recorded in the above-ground vegetation during 2017 and 42 species in 2018. Species frequency of the seed bank was positively correlated with species frequency of above-ground vegetation. Concluding, the bank is highly dynamic, short-lived, and is depleted every year during the germination season, which begins with effective rainfalls, would be reloaded with seeds during the seed dispersal period.     

平邑甜茶MhSnRK1在番茄中超表达对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨蔗糖非发酵–1–相关蛋白激酶–1（SnRK1）对种子萌发及幼苗生长的调控作用,以超表达平邑甜茶MhSnRK1的番茄株系O-7、O-9和其野生型（WT）为试材,研究MhSnRK1对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,WT、O-7和O-9在MS培养基中种子发芽率均为100%,在MS + 100 mmol · L-1海藻糖培养基中发芽率显著降低,分别为23.3%、70.3%和67.7%;在MS培养基中O-7和O-9的SnRK1活性分别比WT高12.1%和2.3%,在海藻糖培养基中WT、O-7和O-9比在MS培养基中分别降低41.5%、35.5%和27.5%,O-7和O-9仍高于WT,可见在一定范围内较高的SnRK1活性促进种子的萌发。播种后14 d,与其他培养基中相比,海藻糖培养基中幼苗主根的长度最短,其中WT显著短于O-7和O-9;幼苗下胚轴的伸长较MS培养基中明显受到抑制,且WT受抑制的程度更大;在海藻糖培养基中添加0.3 mg · g-1的IAA,WT下胚轴伸长受到的抑制得到解除。播种后30 d,海藻糖培养基中,与O-7和O-9相比,WT表现为子叶平整肥厚,真叶发育良好,叶面积较大,叶绿素含量显著高于 O-7和O-9。上述结果表明,平邑甜茶MhSnRK1在番茄中超表达调控种子的萌发及幼苗的生长;在一定范围内,较高的SnRK1活性促进种子的萌发、抑制幼苗主根和下胚轴的伸长,较低的SnRK1活性更有利于幼苗的生长发育。     

不同育苗因子对西瓜工厂化嫁接育苗的影响

通过种子处理、生长调节剂、基质配比、育苗方式、嫁接方式等试验,研究了不同育苗因子对西瓜工厂化嫁接育苗质量和成苗率的影响。结果表明,40%甲醛150倍和10%磷酸三钠浸种不影响种子发芽率;55℃温水浸种提高种子发芽率;多效唑、烯效唑处理种子有利嫁接和培育矮壮苗;多效唑效果优于烯效唑,多效唑100 mg·kg-1优于15 mg·kg-1;砧木种子破壳发芽快、整齐、发芽率高;"金色3号"商品基质、(菇渣︰红壤土︰腐熟鸡粪)与"金色3号"1︰1配比基质增强幼苗素质;穴盘苗缓苗快;顶插接工效高、育苗周期短,成苗率高。     

砧木播种密度对西瓜断根嫁接苗生长的影响

为了确定生产中西瓜断根嫁接苗砧木最佳播种密度,采用50孔塑料穴盘,研究了砧木不同播种密度(每穴1粒、每穴2粒、每穴3粒)对砧木苗和西瓜断根嫁接苗生长的影响.结果表明,砧木每穴播种1粒.砧木苗和西瓜断根嫁接苗质量最高;随着播种密度的增加,砧木苗徒长,西瓜断根嫁接苗质量下降.综合考虑嫁接苗质量和育苗成本,认为对50孔穴盘而...     

In vitro germination of Paphiopedilum seed on a completely defined medium

Seed germination and seedling survival of Paphiopedilum cultured aseptically for 8 months in darkness or in the light varied with seed source, culture medium and incubation environment. In the light, germination was best and nearly equal on Burgeff EG-1, Thomale GD, and Norstog media, but more seedlings survived on Burgeff EG-1. Comparing incubation environments, the best germination and seedling survival occurred in the dark on either Norstog or Thomale GD, suggesting that increased production of Paphiopedilum from seed may require germination and early seedling growth in darkness. Since the Norstog medium is completely defined, it can be used to determine which organic constituents are vital for asymbiotic germination and growth of Paphiopedilum.     

紫皮石斛组培技术的优化研究

以紫皮石斛种子和茎段作为外植体,研究芽苗增殖培养、生根培养及组培苗优化条件。结果表明:种子最适宜作为快繁的外植体,种子通过无菌小芽苗、芽苗增殖、壮苗生根的途径再生成完整植株;并探索出适宜的培养基配方:初代诱导培养基为1/2MS+1mg/L BA+0.5mg/L NAA,种子直接萌发长成大量绿色、长势整齐的无菌小芽苗;增殖培养基为MS+2mg/L BA+0.5mg/L NAA+5%马铃薯汁+5%香蕉泥,芽苗增殖倍数高,达到4.6倍,且长势好、芽苗粗壮;生根壮苗培养基为1/2MS+0.5mg/L NAA+10%香蕉泥+0.1%活性炭,生根苗平均根数和根长达到了最佳状态,根系发达,苗高、健壮,叶色浓绿。培养基中适宜的琼脂浓度为6g/L,增殖倍数较高,植株直立,叶片也不弯曲。     

云南多依繁殖方法的研究

通过田间观察和室内试验,研究云南多依在不同处理方式下的发芽率和移栽成活率。结果表明:播种繁殖中随采随制备随播种的发茅率和移栽成活率是最高的,基质为砂土的要此园土的发芽率和移栽成活率高;扦插繁殖的最佳方式是使用一年生枝条并使用生根粉。