山西文峪河国家湿地公园华北落叶松人工林多功能经营技术

笔者以山西文峪河国家湿地公园关帝林区华北落叶松人工林为例,从华北落叶松人工纯林密度优化调控技术、目标树大径材培育技术、低效林质量提升技术3方面介绍了华北落叶松人工林多功能经营技术体系。从建立固定观测样地、确定实施对象、林木分类和林分抚育、近自然抚育强度4方面总结了华北落叶松人工林多功能经营技术系统的建设措施,以期为今后山西省华北落叶松林的经营管理提供技术参考。     

抚顺地区落叶松人工林经营现状的调查

通过文献研究、比较研究等方法,对落叶松人工林地力衰退研究现状及转变落叶松人林经营方式实践进行相关调查,分析认为抚顺地区落叶松人工林在国民经济及整个生态环境中的地位、作用等不容忽视,建议转变落叶松人工林经营方向,提高森林经营水平。     

华北落叶松人工林经营密度的研究

华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii人工林的经营密度,多用冠幅与胸径的相关关系确定。我们从1973年开始就试图用固定标准地复查实测的方法研究人工林的经营密度,并与用冠幅与胸径的相关关系编制的落叶松人工林经营密度表(承德地区林业     

落叶松、油松人工林蓄积的样圆估测

落叶松、油松人工林是我县人工林的主要组成部分。随着荒山造林、低产林改造以及环城林带的建设,落叶松(油松)人工林很有大面积扩展、蓄积增长之势。为了提高落叶松、油松人工林的营林水平,逐步走向集约化经营,充分发挥人工林的经济效益和生态效益,因此提出试用5株样圆估测的方法,此法宜用     

河北省落叶松人工林可持续发展对策探讨

在分析河北省落叶松人工林现状、发展趋势和存在问题的基础上 ,探讨了今后落叶松人工林可持续发展的途径 ,提出了加快良种生产 ,开展地力衰退防治研究 ,大力营造混交林 ,科学经营现有林 ,对定向培育中短轮伐期工业用材林科学施肥等对策。     

近自然经营对华北落叶松人工林森林健康影响的评价

森林生态系统健康是森林生态服务功能的主要评价标准之一,文章以燕山北麓旺业甸人工落叶松林为研究对象,调查落叶松人工林生态系统生产力、群落结构、抵抗力和土壤状况等指标,并运用组合赋权法分析了近自然经营条件下森林健康的状况。研究结果表明:从生产力、群落结构、抵抗力和土壤状况来看,近自然经营﹥常规经营﹥未经营。从不同林龄来看,华北落叶松林表现为近自然经营﹥常规经营﹥未经营,近自然经营能促进森林生态系统健康程度。整体来看,华北落叶松人工林的森林健康指数为近自然经营(7.48)﹥常规经营(7.30)﹥未经营(7.11)。     

河北省落叶松人工林可持续发展对策探讨

在分析河北省落叶松人工林现状、发展趋势和存在问题的基础上,探讨了今后落叶松人工林要持续发展的途径,提出了加快良种生产,开展地力衰退防治研究,大力营造混交林,科学经营现有林,对定向培育中短轮伐期工业用材林科学施肥等对策。     

近自然经营理念在落叶松人工林经营中的应用

落叶松人工林是我国东北地区森林资源的重要组成部分,解决落叶松人工林生态环境问题、实现落叶松人工林的可持续发展,是东北林区森林经营的重要任务之一。文章通过阐述近自然经营理念、特征及优点,论述其在落叶松人工林经营中的应用,建立适合东北地区落叶松人工林近自然经营的两种模式,即落叶松-阔叶树混交林培育模式和落叶松-红松混交林培育模式,为落叶松人工林的可持续经营理论和实践提供参考。     

燕山西部山区不同年龄落叶松人工林草本植物多样性

为了解华北落叶松人工林物种多样性随林分年龄的变化规律,对燕山北部地区不同年龄华北落叶松人工林的生物多样性进行调查和分析。研究结果表明：3种林龄的落叶松人工林在物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数以及均匀度Pielou指数都以9 a生华北落叶松人工林为最高,其次为33 a生华北落叶松人工林,而18 a生华北落叶松人工林最低;林隙林隙地段物种多样性明显高于非林隙。随林分年龄的变化,华北落叶松人工林物种多样性没有表现出明显的规律性,与林分年龄相比,林分郁闭度以及林隙的数量对物种多样性的影响更大。     

议择伐林与人工林的生长及经营成本

为对天然择伐林和人工林(包括常规造林、速生丰产林、人工纤维林)的生长和经营成本有个比较,笔者利用穆棱林业局13块皆伐标准地进行了分析研究。为进行比较,以常规落叶松人工林培育周期,即41年为比较期限,与择伐林的生长指标及经营成本进行比较(见表)     

阿尔山林区人工林经营中存在的问题及对策

本文根据阿尔山林区实际情况，分析了阿尔山林区人工林生长规律及经营中存在的问题，并针对存在的问题，提出对策。     

热带人工用材林研究综述*

在对速生丰产林、速生丰产用材林、工业人工林和人工用材林的概念进行辨析的基础上 ,总结了世界热带人工用材林发展的特点 ,综述了热带人工用材林在政策法规、种苗繁育、造林和经营技术、生产力和轮伐期、立地质量监测和评价、森林病虫害和生物多样性、木材材性和木材工业 7个方面的最新进展 ,最后提出了调整人工用材林发展政策 ;加强生产技术研究和产业带建设 ,提高公众参与程度 ;充分利用市场手段 ,鼓励多元投资主体 ,发展非公有制林业 3条建议以发展我国热带人工用材林产业。     

对四川省退耕还林区发展果品经济林的思考

本文针对当前四川省在退耕还林工程建设试点中偏重于发展果品经济林的现状及可能造成的后果进行了分析研究，提出了必须采取有力限制退耕还林还林区果品经济林的发展，调整经济林的树种结构，以保证退耕还林工程的顺利实施。     

Improving long-term management plans for a forest plantation in Tanzania,using linear programming

Long-term planning for the management of multiple-species plantation forests can be a difficult undertaking, particularly when the forests have been created by afforestation over several decades so that the age-class structure of the compartments is seriously unbalanced. A time-staged linear-programming model is developed to assist forest managers in such situations. The model is expressly designed to be small enough to permit solutions with microcomputers of the type available to forest managers even in many developing countries. Investigations with the model for a forest project in Tanzania indicate that such models must be formulated to explicitly consider the structure of the forest at the planning horizon. Otherwise, harvesting schedules that seem to satisfy all of the forest manager's requirements during the planning horizon may lead to disastrously unbalanced harvesting patterns beyond the planning horizon.     

The potential of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community in Japan

We estimated the potential of plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community. We compared the understory vegetation in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantations at the understory re-initiation stage and in adjacent natural forests. To estimate the effect of the original natural forests on the understory species composition of plantation forests, we established study sites in five types of natural forests (mature evergreen broadleaf, mature deciduous broadleaf, mature evergreen coniferous, immature deciduous broadleaf warm-temperate, and immature deciduous broadleaf cool-temperate) and nearby plantation forests. The understory vegetation of the plantation forests had a higher species richness, a higher proportion of early-seral species, and a higher proportion of herb or fern species than the natural forests. The differences between natural and plantation forests varied according to the species composition of the natural forests. The composition of the understory vegetation of the plantations at the understory re-initiation stage was similar to that of the immature deciduous forests. The characteristics of immature, disturbed forests remained in the understory vegetation of the hinoki forests. No great loss of species was observed. Our findings suggest that most of the original forest species still survive in the understory of the plantation forests. These forests have the potential to follow the successional pathway to broadleaf or mixed forests via thinning or clear-cutting without planting.     

Strategy for implementing silvicultural practices in Japanese plantation forests to meet a carbon sequestration goal

The strategy for implementing silvicultural practices in Japanese plantation forests was examined to achieve a carbon uptake of 13.0 Mt-C year^–1, which was capped by the Marrakesh Accords, during the first commitment period, 2008–2012. The plantation forests that implemented silvicultural practices in the period 1990–2012 (FM plantation forests) were identified in compliance with the hypothesized identification rules, and carbon uptake in the forests was estimated using a simple model composed of simulation and optimization components on the assumption that whole plantation forest is classified into only two groups. Furthermore, parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships among three factors: (1) the average annual harvesting volume (including thinning) in plantation forests during the first commitment period, (2) the total area of FM plantation forests in 2012, and (3) the average annual amount of carbon to be sequestered in FM plantation forests during the first commitment period. The results imply that young stands have to be prioritized in implementing silvicultural practices under any harvesting plan and carbon sequestration goal, and that FM plantation forests sequestered 8.0–10.5 (Mt-C year^–1) carbon in inverse proportion to the harvesting volume of 21.0–14.0 million m³ year^–1 (log volume), assuming that most of the plantation forests were incorporated into them.     

人工林在生物多样性保护中的作用

综述了近年来世界人工林的发展动态以及人工林在生物多样性保护方面的最新研究进展; 从人工林与乡土森林的比较中, 表明了多数情况下人工林支持的物种多样性并不少于乡土森林植被, 同时表明了人工林已经成为一些稀有、濒危物种的重要庇护所和替代生境, 在很大程度上支持了人工林并不是生物多样性〝沙漠〞的观点; 分析了影响人工林生物多样性的因素及保护人工林生物多样性的途径。     

人工林生物多样性研究的现状及展望

叙述了人工林生物多样性的研究现状,分析了影响人工林生物多样性的因素,并提出了人工林生物多样性的评价标准、提高途径及未来的研究方向.     

On the sustainable productivity of planted forests

Planted forests have more than a millennium of history and represent the world's best hope for meeting global wood requirements in the twenty-first century. Advances in genetic improvement, nursery practices, stand establishment, and tending, harvesting, and manufacturing have boosted plantation yields to a higher level than at any point in history. Despite this, forest managers face a mounting challenge to demonstrate that plantation productivity is sustainable. Tackling this challenge requires a sound understanding of the principles of forest productivity, how they apply to a developing plantation, and how they are influenced by management. In this paper criticisms of plantation forestry are discussed from the basis of world experience, and examples of productivity decline are described. Obvious declines are rare, and can be attributed to poor soil management. However, ambiguities exist and controversy will continue until sustainable productivity can be demonstrated conclusively. Proposed programs aim to provide the technical base needed for sound soil management and sustainable plantation productivity.