适配体药物的研究现状及其在传染病防制领域的应用前景

指数富集的配体进化技术(Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)是通过设计并合成一个含大量随机寡核苷酸文库,从中筛选出与靶分子特异结合的寡核苷酸,并结合体外PCR扩增技术,使其得到指数级富集,经多个循环分离得到亲和力和特异性最高的寡核苷酸结合序列.筛选出的寡核苷酸片段被称为适配体(Aptamer).适配体的概念最早是由Tuerk提出来的,适配子与其靶本子结合过程类似抗原抗体反应,凡是涉及抗体的领域几乎都可用适配体代替[1].近年来,随着SELEX相关技术的不断发展,适配体作为治疗药物已被广泛应用于生物医学的很多领域[2],如心血管疾病治疗、肿瘤的显像和治疗、靶向药物的输送和释放、艾滋病治疗等,本文就适配体治疗药物的特点、研究现状及其在传染病的防治领域的应用前景作一综述.     

奶牛结合珠蛋白核酸适配体的筛选及鉴定

核酸适配体作为一种优于单克隆抗体的新型识别分子,具有更高的分辨率,能识别配体间一个基团的细微差别,且所需的结合活性位点更小。本研究利用指数级富集配体进化技术(SELEX)筛选特异性结合于奶牛结合珠蛋白(HP)的DNA适配体,并对筛取的适配体进行特性分析。体外构建全长80bp中间含40bp随机序列的单链DNA(ssDNA)文库,通过对循环次数、退火温度及引物比例的优化,建立了适合的筛选体系;以超滤离心管为介质,HP蛋白为靶标,对随机ssDNA文库进行反复的SELEX筛选,从单链DNA文库中筛选能特异性结合HP蛋白的核酸适配体;利用DNAMAN和RNAstructure软件对获得核酸适配体进行一级结构和二级结构分析。结果表明,经过体外8轮筛选,随机ssDNA文库与HP蛋白的结合率由1.86%上升到31.35%,特异性核酸达到最大富集;经克隆和测序,获得了能与HP蛋白特异性结合的5个家族的DNA适配体,同源性均达70%以上,RNAstructure分析其二级结构主要以茎环结构为主,表明ssDNA形成不同的茎环结构可能是适配体与HP蛋白特异性作用的结构基础。初步建立HP蛋白核酸适配体库,筛选到与HP蛋白特异性结合的核酸适配体,为制备以HP为检测靶标的奶牛隐性乳腺炎检测试剂盒奠定基础。     

鲤春病毒血症病毒核酸适配体的筛选及分析

核酸适配体(Aptamer)是一类单链短DNA或RNA片段,具有一定的空间结构,对特定靶分子具有亲和力。本研究采用指数富集配体系统进化技术(SELEX),首次筛选出针对鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)的核酸适配体A2和A15,经过荧光PCR、凝胶阻滞和病毒中和实验,证明了其对SVCV具有结合力和抑制作用,在该病的检测和防治方面具有良好的前景。     

新城疫病毒血凝素蛋白RNA适配体的筛选及活性研究

核酸适配体与单克隆抗体相比具有更高的分辨率,能识别配体间一个基团的细微差别,且所需的结合活性位点更小。本试验通过SELEX技术,体外经过12轮筛选获得了能够与F48E9株新城疫病毒特异性结合的3个RNA适配体,命名为FHN12-45-3、FHN12-36-6和FHN12-19-9。RNA适配体的二级机构预测结果显示,所筛选获得的RNA适配体空间结构以外环、内环、发夹环及突起结构为主。特异性试验结果显示,适配体FHN12-45-3经ELISA和Dot-blot试验证实能够区分不同株的新城疫病毒。生物学活性试验结果显示,适配体FHN12-45-3能够减少4个单位的F48E9株病毒血凝效价,初步表明适配体与F48E9株病毒可能的活性作用位点在血凝素蛋白上,在鸡胚成纤维细胞培养体系中适配体FHN12-45-3能够减少84.62%的F48E9株病毒蚀斑,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测适配体FHN12-45-3能够减少培养体系中77.73%病毒载量,表明筛选的RNA适配体在细胞水平能够有效的抑制F48E9株新城疫病毒的复制。     

SELEX技术在致病菌检测中应用进展

配体指数级富集系统进化技术(SELEX)是一种体外筛选技术,其筛选的核酸配基具有靶分子范围广、亲和力和特异性高、稳定性好、制备方便等优点。适配子的功能类似于抗体但明显优于抗体,它在微生物检测方面有着广泛的应用前景。     

结核分支杆菌MTB41 DNA疫苗的构建及原核表达

为了构建结核分支杆菌MTB41 DNA疫苗,同时将其克隆到原核表达载体中进行表达。用结核分支杆菌H37Rv株基因组DNA为模板,用PCR法对基因MTB41进行扩增,克隆到真核表达载体pJW4303中,构建MTB41重组真核质粒(DNA疫苗),进行了酶切鉴定和序列分析;克隆到原核表达载体pET22b中,酶切和测序鉴定正确后转入E．coli BL21(DE3)PLysS宿主菌株内中,诱导表达,进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析。电泳发现转化了重组质粒的菌株有蛋白表达,所表达的蛋白质相对分子质量为41ku,MTB41 DNA疫苗酶切鉴定和序列分析完全正确,确定含有正确的读码框,疫苗制备成功。DNA疫苗的成功构建,重组蛋白MTB41的成功表达,为结核病诊断、重组疫苗应用和免疫效应检测以及抗原、抗体的大规模制备打下了基础。     

兔出血症病毒特异性核酸适配体的筛选

为筛选出兔出血症病毒(Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)衣壳蛋白VP60特异性核酸适配体,建立新型的兔出血症(rabbit hemorrhagic disease,RHD)检测方法,本研究构建了一个长80 nt的随机寡核苷酸文库。以固定在PVDF膜上的VP60为靶分子,使用消减SELEX技术(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment)进行20轮的筛选,以生物素标记的次级文库作为"一抗",以辣根过氧化物酶标记的链酶亲和素作为"二抗",对文库进行Western blot鉴定,结果表明第20轮文库存在可特异性的识别VP60的核酸序列。随机选取第20轮文库的46条序列克隆、测序,得到20个高度同源序列,同时对46个适配体再次鉴定,最终得到3个特异性识别VP60的适配体。     

液相适配体芯片在食源性致病菌检测中的应用

食源性致病菌是引起食物中毒的重要因素,对食源性致病菌的快速和高通量检测是防止和诊断细菌性食物中毒的有效手段。液相芯片检测技术具有需样本量少、高通量等特点。经典液相芯片技术是以有机荧光染料编码的聚苯乙烯微球为载体,新型液相芯片技术是以物理学、光学等编码的基质为载体,通过制备不同配体功能化的载体,实现对同一液相环境中多种靶细菌的同时检测。适配体是一类相比蛋白类抗体特异性高、筛选获得快、化学稳定性强的核酸配体。论文针对核酸适配体分析鉴及以适配体为基础的新型液相芯片技术在食源性致病菌检测中的应用进行了综述。     

牛结核病诊断研究进展

近年来,牛结核病的诊断方法逐渐得到完善,并且找到了很多结核分支杆菌的特异性抗原及其基因。将传统细菌检验方法、免疫学方法和分子生物学的方法相结合,加速了对牛结核病的诊断的研究。特别是分子生物学技术的发展,对于阐明牛分支杆菌和结核分支杆菌的遗传变异规律及分子进化等方面都有重要的流行病学意义。     

牛乳中结核分支杆菌复合群的实时荧光PCR检测技术

本研究建立了一种实时荧光PCR检测奶牛乳液中结核分支杆菌复合群的技术，克服了以往牛结核PCR检测样品取样难的缺陷，具有检测灵敏度高、特异性强等优点，可用于奶牛乳房结核的早期诊断以及乳品安全生产检测。以乳液中加卡介苗作为模拟临床检测样本，对DNA提取方法进行改进，利用基于TaqMan技术的实时荧光（real—time）PCR检测。选择分支杆菌编码16sRNA基因和23sRNA基因之间ITS（internal transcribed spacer）序列作为扩增靶序列，研究结果表明卡介苗DNA提取效率提高，实时荧光PCR检测灵敏度达到每毫升乳液检测10个结核分支杆菌。奶牛乳液中结核分支杆菌复合群的检测对兽医系统疫病监测及诊断部门、奶牛养殖业、乳品生产行业有重要应用价值。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -