梅花鹿鹿茸粉对酒精性肝损伤小鼠血液及肝脏指标的影响

[目的]在现代医疗实践中,以鹿茸为主要原材料制作的药剂已经应用于多种疾病的治疗,饮用含其保护性成分的饮品可以减少肝脏患病的几率,尤其对嗜酒者效果更加明显。该实验以梅花鹿鹿茸粉对酒精性肝损伤模型小鼠进行灌胃,以观察其对小鼠肝脏及血液生化指标的影响,可为梅花鹿鹿茸的开发提供理论依据。[方法]建立小鼠的酒精性肝损伤模型,以不同浓度的梅花鹿鹿茸粉灌胃,检测小鼠的肝脏及血液生化指标的变化。[结果]与酒精模型组相比,10%和15%鹿茸组血清中ALT、AST、TG含量下降,TP和ALB含量升高,差异显著（P<0.05）,但肝重指数差异不显著（P>0.05）。[结论]梅花鹿鹿茸粉对酒精性肝损伤小鼠血液中ALT、AST、TP、ALB、TG指标均有所改善,但对肝重系数没有影响。     

褪黑素对内毒素血症山羊肝功能损伤的影响

4月龄山羊24只,随机分成4组,每组6只.即对照组(生理盐水,NS),内毒素血症组(脂多糖LPS 1 mg/kg),内毒素血症褪黑素组(褪黑素MT 1 mg/kg),褪黑素组.在注射后0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6 h采血,测定不同组别及不同时间段血清中ALT、AST、ALP、CP、TP、ALB值.结果:LPS组血清中的ALT、AST、ALP活性明显高于NS组;LPS+MT组ALT、AST、ALP酶活性也有所升高,但至6 h时基本恢复到NS组的水平,而MT组中的各项指标与NS组差异不显著(P>0.05).LPS组血清CP、TP、ALB值明显低于NS组;LPS+MT组与NS组无显著差异.结果表明MT可减缓内毒素对肝脏的损伤作用.     

大片吸虫分泌排泄抗原对小鼠肝损伤的研究

为探究大片形吸虫分泌排泄物对小鼠肝脏的影响,将60只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为试验组和对照组各30只。每隔2天注射0.4mg FgESP 200μL,对照组注射PBS 200μL。于首次注射后第10天、4周、7周、14周、18周处死6只小鼠,观察肝脏表观病理变化,制做肝脏HE染色病理切片并测定血清中与肝功能密切相关的ALT、AST、ALP、ALB、GLB等生化指标的变化。肝脏眼观病理变化结果显示,试验组从第4周可见白色点状结节,症状随着时间的延长而加重;肝脏组织病理结果显示,从第2周开始小鼠肝脏出现空泡变性,至第18周出现大量炎性细胞浸润,并伴随轻度肝纤维化;生化指标动态变化结果显示,ALT、AST活性在整个试验进程中出现显著上升(P0.05),ALP活性在第4周~7周明显升高,之后降低(P0.05),ALB和GLB水平在整个试验进程中分别表现为显著下降和显著上升(P0.05),提示肝细胞可能发生变性、坏死导致血清中转氨酶活性升高,蛋白合成能力下降。本研究结果表明大片吸虫分泌排泄抗原(FgESP)可导致小鼠肝损伤,损伤程度随着FgESP的持续注射而加重。     

波德代和无角陶赛特羊生化指标测定及相关性分析

为了研究不同月龄波德代和无角陶赛特羊生化指标差异及相关性,试验测定了3,8月龄两品种羊的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性及白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)含量6项生化指标,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:相同月龄波德代公、母羔的AST活性分别显著、极显著高于无角陶赛特(P0.05、P0.01)。无角陶赛特公羔3月龄的LDH和AST活性分别极显著、显著高于8月龄(P0.01、P0.05);波德代公羔3月龄的ALT活性显著高于8月龄(P0.05)。波德代和无角陶赛特母羔3月龄的血清AKP、LDH、AST活性极显著高于8月龄(P0.01);波德代母羔3月龄的TP含量极显著高于8月龄(P0.01)。3月龄波德代羊AKP活性与AST活性、ALB含量,AST活性与ALB含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),LDH活性和TP含量呈显著正相关(P0.05);8月龄波德代羊AKP活性和ALT活性呈显著正相关(P0.05),ALB含量与AKP、LDH活性呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。3月龄无角陶赛特羊LDH活性与TP含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),8月龄无角陶赛特羊ALB含量与TP含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。说明相同月龄两个品种羊间除AST活性和TP含量外其他生化指标无显著差异,但LDH、ALT、AST和TP在相同品种的不同月龄间差异较明显。     

玉米赤霉烯酮对小鼠肝脏及肾脏的毒性作用

单剂量(50 mg/kg)连续3 d腹腔注射玉米霉烯酮(ZEA)后,肝脏出现弥漫性坏死、肝细胞局灶性脂肪变性;肾脏髓质、肾小管淤血,肾小球萎缩,近曲小管上皮细胞出现肿胀、颗粒变性.单剂量(100 mg/kg)单次腹腔注射ZEA后,血生化结果显示小鼠肝功能指标AST、ALT水平明显升高(P<0.05)、TP、ALB含量显著降低(P<0.05),肾脏功能指标尿素、尿酸水平明显升高(P<0.05).结果表明,ZEA肝脏、肾脏有严重的损害作用,能引发肝肾组织退行性变化,造成肝肾功能紊乱.     

黄芩苷对小鼠四氯化碳肝损伤保护作用的研究

探讨了黄芩苷对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。将50只小鼠随机分成5组:对照组、模型组和黄芩苷低、中、高剂量组。黄芩苷组皮下注射不同剂量的黄芩苷注射液,用四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤,观察小鼠采食量和饮水量、肝指数、血清及肝脏中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)含量。结果表明,黄芩苷各剂量组小鼠血清中ALT活性较模型组均明显降低(P<0.01),肝脏ALT活性较模型组均明显升高(P<0.01);其他指标差异不显著。结论:小鼠皮下注射黄芩苷对四氯化碳致肝损伤有一定的保护作用,且以中剂量为佳。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮及其联合染毒对小鼠肝脏功能及肝细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)及其联合染毒对小鼠肝脏功能和肝脏细胞凋亡的影响,成年雌性昆明小鼠360只,体质量(20±1)g,随机分为9组,腹腔单独或联合注射(每隔24 h注射1次,连续4次)不同浓度的镰刀菌素(DON 1.5,2.5 mg/kg;ZEA 20,30 mg/kg)。于感染后0,3,5,8,12 d测定小鼠肝脏AST、ALT的活性和TP、ALB的含量;3,5,8 d测定肝细胞凋亡率的变化。结果表明,DON、ZEA单独或联合染毒均显著提高小鼠肝脏AST、ALT活性及肝细胞凋亡率(P0.01或P0.05),显著降低TP、ALB含量(P0.05);联合染毒组与相应单一染毒组相比差异显著(P0.01或P0.05),呈现明显的剂量-效应关系。联合染毒具有亚加性效应,以2.5mg/kg DON与30 mg/kg ZEA联合染毒所呈现的亚加性效应更明显。     

千世杨对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护试验

为了研究千世杨对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的化学性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,试验通过对小鼠腹腔注射0.2%CCl4植物油建立肝损伤模型,再给胃灌低、中、高剂量的千世杨药液,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量,以及肝匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GSH-ST)活性。结果表明:高剂量的千世杨能明显抑制肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST活性的升高(P<0.05);抑制肝损伤小鼠血清TP和ALB水平的降低,其中ALB达到显著水平(P<0.05)。低、中剂量的千世杨使小鼠肝匀浆中GSH-ST、ALP活性升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各组GLU含量及中、高剂量组MDA含量均未出现统计学意义。说明千世杨对CCl4造成的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的改善作用。     

绍鸭两品系常规血液生化指标及其比较研究

试验对60日龄绍鸭2个主要品系红毛绿翼梢和白羽绍鸭的29个家系常规生化指标TP、ALB、AST、ALT、ACP和ALP进行了测定,并就2个品系各个家系的生化指标进行了初步统计分析,结果表明:两品系绍鸭间TP无显著性差异(P>0.05),但绍白公鸭TP低于绍红品系鸭和绍白母鸭,差异显著(P<0.05)。两品系和各品系公母之间ALB无显著性差异(P>0.05)。不同性别之间AST和ALT差异显著(P<0.05)。绍红母鸭ACP和ALP活性水平显著高于绍白和绍红公鸭(P<0.05)。不同家系之间TP、ALB、AST、ALT、ACP和ALP的差异显著性表明选择的范围较大。     

不同吸附剂处理霉变饲料的锦鲤饲喂效果研究

为探讨不同吸附剂对霉变饲料的脱毒效果,将脱霉素、葡配甘露寡糖(EMG)分别与黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)及呕吐毒素(DON)按不同配比加入锦鲤的基础日粮,分两组饲喂360条锦鲤,40天后测定锦鲤血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)水平及肝脏与体重比。结果表明:各组锦鲤血清中TP和ALB浓度均无显著(P>0.05)变化;脱霉素显著(P<0.05)抑制了高浓度DON条件下锦鲤的肝脏与体重比;AFB1显著(P<0.05)提高了AST、ALT活性,高剂量DON显著(P<0.05)提高了AST活性;两种吸附剂均能在一定程度上抑制AST、ALT活性升高,且EMG的效果要优于脱霉素。这表明脱霉素和EMG能有效缓解AFB1和DON导致的锦鲤肝功能损伤。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -