秋延迟鲜食花生的生产与加工研究

根据不同前茬作物的收获时间,对秋延迟鲜食花生生产进行了研究,结果表明,在山东省胶东半岛地区,秋延迟鲜食花生7月中旬或下旬播种,产量在3067.35～3250.05kg/hm2,纯收入在5554.32～90250.20元/hm2.探讨了秋延迟鲜食花生的几种加工方法.     

冬小麦夏直播花生两熟制栽培钾肥用量与分配研究

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,建立了冬小麦夏直播花生两熟制条件下全年钾肥用量及其分配比例与小麦、花生产量及全年效益数学模型。分析表明,本试验条件下(土壤肥力中等偏上),小麦产量最高可达7631.9kg/hm2,当茬需施K2O169kg/hm2;产量>6000kg/hm2小麦当茬K2O适宜用量为138～219kg/hm2。花生对钾分配比例的反应,与全年施钾量有很大关系,当全年钾肥不足时,花生产量随前茬小麦分配比例的增加而下降;当全年钾肥充足,花生少施或不施,均可获得高产,因此,后茬花生施肥必须考虑前作小麦的施肥量。全年效益最高可达20921.2元/hm2,此时需施K2O247.5kg/hm2,前茬小麦占71.4%;全年效益>18000元/hm2K2O适宜用量为204.0～331.5kg/hm2,前茬小麦占66.3%～84.0%。     

不同熟性花生品种早春双膜覆盖栽培鲜果产量及种植效益

连续 3年试验表明 ,不同熟性花生品种在早春双膜覆盖栽培条件下 ,鲜果产量和种植效益均存在显著差异 ,同期收获 ,中熟大粒品种鲜果产量最高 ,较早熟中粒品种增产 2 0 %以上 ,达极显著水平。以饱果率达 2 0 %为收获上市标准 ,早中熟中粒品种可比中熟大粒品种提前 1 2～ 1 7d上市 ,增产值 3 5 0 0元 /hm2 左右。本地区 6月下旬收获上市的鲜食菜用花生应选早中熟中粒品种如V3、V4、V5等 ,7月上中旬上市的要选中熟大粒高产品种如V6、V2等     

花生高产栽培有机肥与无机肥产量效应及优化配施研究

采用二次饱和D一最优设计,建立了有机肥(普通农家圈肥)和无机肥(三料复合肥)与花生产量的数学模型.对模型进一步分析得:有机肥和无机肥均具有显著的增产作用,有机肥当茬增产效果小于无机肥,其最大增产值分别为727 kg/hm2和1780 kg/hm2;有机肥和无机肥具有一定的互补性,一种肥料用量增加,另一种肥料用量可适当减少,但仅单施其中一种肥料,不能充分挖掘花生的增产潜力;本研究的最优组合为:有机肥86400kg/hm2,三料复合肥924kg/hm2,最高产量可达7960 kg/hm2;产量在6750～7950kg/hm2范围内的优化措施组合为:有机肥40620～98880kg/hm2,三料复合肥520.8～1454.4kg/hm2.     

小麦花生两熟制一体化施肥氮效应研究

小麦花生两熟制一体化双高产栽培大田N肥试验表明：前茬（小麦）施N不仅小麦增产显著,而且具有较大的后效作用;后茬（麦套）花生施N花生增产显著,而对前茬小麦籽粒无明显增产作用;在前茬小麦培肥地力的基础上,当茬配施一定数量的N肥,有利于充分发挥花生的增产潜力;小麦花生各6750～7500kg／hm2高产田全年需施N263～356kg／hm2,前后两作适宜的分配比为1：0．4～0．55。     

徐花6号夏直播高产栽培技术研究

花生新品种徐花6号高产覆膜栽培试验结果表明,徐花6号夏直播适宜的播种密度为16.5×104穴/hm2,精量播种方式为双株/穴.施用花生专用复合肥375.0kg/hm2,麦后适期早播,徐花6号产量可达7 167.5kg/hm2以上,增产显著.     

拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米产量和花后养分积累转运的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,2013～2016年于扬州大学实验农场研究拔节期追氮量(0、150、300 kg/hm2)对鲜食糯玉米产量(鲜果穗和鲜子粒)、干物质和氮素积累和转运的影响。结果表明,鲜食糯玉米子粒产量和果穗产量均随追氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在追氮150 kg/hm2时产量最高。干物质和氮素积累量随着追氮量的增加表现趋势与产量一致。氮素利用率以子粒作为收获产品时随追氮量增加逐渐降低,以果穗作为收获产品时,在150和300 kg/hm2时无显著差异,低于不追氮处理。在鲜食糯玉米生产中,拔节期适量追氮150 kg/hm2可有效增加鲜食糯玉米产量、后期干物质和氮素积累量以及氮素利用效率,提高产量的同时降低环境风险。     

不同播种时期与密度对晚播稻茬麦淮麦32群体素质及产量构成的影响

为探索苏北地区滨海黏质土播种条件下晚播稻茬麦高产栽培技术,以淮麦32为试验材料,研究不同播种时期和密度配置对小麦各生育期、群体总茎蘖数、产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明：播种时期为11月15日、密度为525万株/hm2的组合,小麦最高产量为7 917kg/hm2;播种时期为11月25日、密度为600万株/hm2的组合,最高产量为7 902kg/hm2;播种时期为12月5日,密度范围在525～750万株/hm2时,产量随密度的增加而增大,以密度750万株/hm2的小麦产量最高,最高产量为7 595kg/hm2。相同密度下不同播种时期的小麦穗粒数和千粒质量没有明显的变化规律,但产量表现为播种时期越早产量越高,而同播种时期的小麦穗粒数和千粒质量大致上随密度的增加而递减。因此,晚播稻茬麦在保证播种质量及基本苗的情况下,早播更利于获得高产。     

施钾量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究钾肥用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,0～60kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高,60kg/hm2用量下,花生产量最高3640kg/hm2,比不施钾肥增产18.17％.0～90kg/hm2范围内,高施钾量可促进氮磷钾吸收,90kg/hm2用量下,花生粗脂肪含量最高为51.56％,比不施钾肥提高5.48％.超过90kg/hm2,增加施钾量导致花生养分吸收减少,荚果数下降,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和产量随之下降.本试验条件下达到最佳经济效益的花生施钾量为63.3kg/hm2,产量可达到3611kg/hm2.     

红壤旱地花生“3414”肥料试验施肥效应研究

研究配方施肥对红壤旱地花生农艺性状和产量的影响,分析施用氮磷钾肥的施肥效应,可以为当地生产施肥提供科学依据.结果表明,与对照（CK）相比,各配方施肥处理花生的农艺性状和产量均有提高,14个处理中以N2P2K2处理（N 120 kg/hm2、P2O5 90 kg/hm2、K2O 150 kg/hm2）的产量和产值最高,分别为4302.0 kg/hm2和28393.2元/hm2,用二次回归分析,得出最佳经济施肥量为N 111.38 kg/hm2,P2O5 89.40 kg/hm2,K2O146.51 kg/hm2.综合肥料间互效拟合的方程和最佳经济施肥量,结合红壤旱地生产实际和施肥经验,建议施肥量为N 112～121 kg/hm2,P2O5 90～98 kg/hm2,K2O 147～156 kg/hm2.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).