中、意蜂抗白垩病能力的检测与分析

蜜蜂白垩病(chalkbrood disease)是由蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaeraapis)引起的蜜蜂幼虫死亡的真菌性疾病,该病已蔓延至世界各地并对养蜂业造成严重危害。本研究采用20个患白垩病蜜蜂黑色干尸混合50 g花粉粉碎,用蜂蜜混和制成条状花粉饼对意蜂蜂群进行人工接种感染,发现意蜂蜂群在接种前后患病个数差异显著(P=0.0227);自然情况下发病率差异显著不同组的蜂群之间在接种感染前后患病个数差异均显著(P=0.0238和P=0.0211),证实了不同蜂群抗白垩病能力确实存在显著差异。采用封盖子脾冷冻法检测了5群意蜂蜂群的清理能力,发现蜂群内幼虫的患病个数与清理率呈显著负相关(P=0.01 87),说明蜂群清理能力越强患白垩病的个数越少。采用蜂群白垩病人工接种方法对3个中蜂蜂群进行接种感染,结果均没有发现中蜂幼虫患白垩病。采用封盖子脾冷冻法检测蜂群的清理能力,发现中蜂和意蜂蜂群的清理能力无显著差异(P=0.2638),提示中蜂蜂群的抗白垩病能力可能由其他因素决定。     

意大利蜜蜂不同蜂群抗白垩病能力差异的研究

白垩病是意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica,简称意蜂）的一种常见真菌性疾病,不同蜂群间的抗白垩病能力强弱差异检测是抗病育种的基础.研究通过实验比较分析意蜂不同蜂群抗白垩病能力的差异.采用DPS软件方差分析系统分组实验统计分析和Tukey法多重比较,对4群患病蜂群和4群健康蜂群自然状态和接种蜜蜂球囊菌病原状态下的3次检测结果分别进行统计分析.结果表明：自然情况下不同蜂群间的抗病能力有差异;1号蜂群在接种蜜蜂球囊菌前、后蜂群患病个体数均显著高于其他蜂群（p＜0.05）;用白垩病死尸粉末拌入花粉饲喂的方法可以有效诱发蜂群发生白垩病;实验筛选出抗白垩病能力强、弱的蜂群为抗白垩病相关分子标记提供素材.     

白垩病流行病学

<正>白垩病是蜂球囊菌侵染蜜蜂幼虫(工蜂、蜂王和雄蜂幼虫)导致其死亡的真菌性传染病。尽管该病导致蜜蜂幼虫个体死亡,但是通常不会摧毁整个蜂群,不过会引起群势下降。工蜂能有效识别并清理发病幼虫,因此大部分蜂群可自愈。蜂群间甚至同一蜂群内来自不同父系的工蜂在感病性和清理行为方面有差异。白垩病在全球范围内发生,并有逐渐上升的趋势。蜂球囊菌是异菌体形,只有在两种不同株菌丝相互接触的地方才能形成孢子。     

蜜蜂白垩病的草药防治研究

以意大利蜜蜂和蜜蜂球囊菌为主要试验材料,通过记录外界温湿度、幼虫脾的温湿度、蜂群的储蜜量和储粉量以及发病幼虫数,研究养蜂生产中白垩病发病时上述指标的变化趋势,并进行了相关性分析;以桧木、喜久二醇、黄藤碱和蛇床四种中草药制剂以及蜜蜂球囊菌为主要的试验材料,研究实验室条件下这四种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌生长的抑制作用。结果显示:试验组内,外界湿度、幼虫脾温度、储蜜量与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;对照组内,外界湿度与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;在6.5%、5.0%、3.5%、2.0%和0.5%5个浓度的药剂溶液中,喜久二醇、黄藤碱、蛇床3种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌没有抑制作用;而桧木在5.0%的溶液浓度上表现出一定的抑菌作用。结果表明,蜜蜂白垩病的发病与食物储蜜量、外界湿度和幼虫脾温度有关,而蜂群的食物储备量是导致白垩病发生的关键诱发因素;桧木中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌的生长有一定的抑制作用。     

蜜蜂白垩病综合防治初探

蜜蜂白垩病多年来对蜂群的危害相当严重 ,威胁着养蜂业的发展 ,因此 ,对该病的防治非常重要。1　白垩病的病原蜜蜂白垩病原主要是蜂球囊菌 (Ａｓ ｃｏｓｐｈａｅｒａａｐｉｓ)所引起。蜂球囊菌的实体里面有许多孢囊 ,孢囊内充满大小的孢囊孢子 ,孢子的抗逆性很强 ,在适宜条件下孢囊萌发雌、雄菌丝。雌菌丝形成藏卵器并与雄菌丝生长形成藏精器结合 ,再形成膨大球形的子囊 ,子囊具有很强的生命力 ,在干燥状态下 ,存活时间很长。蜜蜂白垩病主要是通过孢囊孢子和子囊孢子传播。患病幼虫、病死幼虫的尸体 ,以及被污染的饲料 ,蜂具等都是该病的传…     

不同辐照剂量对蜂球囊菌杀灭效果的影响

本试验以蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)为研究对象,探究不同辐照剂量对蜂球囊菌的杀灭效果,以期明确有效杀灭蜂球囊菌的最低辐照剂量,为Co60γ射线辐照蜜蜂饲料(特别是蜂花粉)时的辐照剂量选择提供依据。利用细菌纯化技术从患白垩病意蜂幼虫体内分离纯化得到蜂球囊菌,并结合形态学、乳酸酚棉兰染色及5.8SrDNA序列分析技术进行鉴定;同时制备不同梯度浓度的蜂球囊菌孢子悬液加入到蜜蜂幼虫饲料中,以饲喂方式侵染3日龄意蜂幼虫,确定半数致死浓度(LC50);蜜蜂幼虫饲料中添加上述确定LC50的孢子,以不同辐照剂量处理,并通过侵染幼虫试验,确定有效杀灭蜜蜂饲料中孢子的最低辐照剂量。结果表明,通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定,从患白垩病的意蜂幼虫体内分离纯化得到真菌即为蜜蜂白垩病的病原——蜂球囊菌;蜂球囊菌对人工饲养条件下的意蜂幼虫的LC50为9.5×104个/mL;当Co60γ射线辐照剂量为7.0kGy时,幼虫患病率与未辐照组差异显著(P0.05),由此确定对添加半数致死浓度的蜂球囊菌孢子饲料的最低有效辐照剂量为7.0kGy。     

蜜蜂白垩病的防治方法

蜜蜂白垩病是由蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaera apis）寄生而引起蜜蜂幼虫死亡的真菌性传染病。该病最早由Priss博士（1911）在德国汉诺威省的患病蜂群发现（Taber1992）,1963年以前主要发生在欧洲各国,因患病蜂群少损失小,被列为次要病害,但是1970年以后迅速传播至美国、加拿大、日本等国。1983年我国台湾首次发生蜜蜂白垩病,并很快蔓延,成为台湾地区主要蜜蜂病害。     

谈谈蜜蜂真菌病

<正>蜜蜂真菌病虽然不如蜂螨那么凶猛,却是西方蜜蜂的第二杀手,每年不少蜂场因患真菌病而减产甚至垮场。治螨用的杀螨剂各地都有大量供应,而治真菌病的药物则寥寥无几,即使有也只解决不了问题。蜜蜂的真菌病主要是白垩病及真菌爬蜂病。一、白垩病1.发病症状白垩病的病原体是蜜蜂球囊菌。刚发生时只有少数白色块状物出现在巢房中,然后逐渐增多。1周后许多房孔被掀开,黑白菌丝硬块增多,最后蔓延至全群。患病蜂群由于幼虫受损,成年蜂下降,幼     

科学管理蜂群预防白垩病

科学管理蜂群预防白垩病［美国］德拉普兰．Ｋ．Ｓ白垩病是一种蜜蜂幼虫病，由真菌（蜂球囊菌）引发致病。成年蜂不生此病，但会在箱内和箱外（采集飞行时）传播真菌孢子。成年蜂因接触污染的水源、花朵、花粉或盗蜂而沾染上孢子。带回到箱里后，幼虫一吞进孢子，便得病。...     

蜜蜂白垩病防治经验谈

引起蜜蜂白垩病的蜂球囊菌繁殖快、传播快、不易消灭,因而危害大.患此病蜂群幼虫死亡率高,新老蜂接代脱节,群势快速下降,甚至全群覆灭,短时间内可弄跨一个蜂场.因此蜂农必须高度重视蜜蜂白垩病防治工作.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。